Conditional Structure
• A statement or set of statements that is executed when a particular
condition is true and ignored when the condition is false is called
conditional statement.
• Example:Suppose a program displays pass if the student gets 40 or
more than 40 [Link] displays fail when the marks are below 40. The
program checks the marks before displaying the message. This process
is known as decision-making or selection.
Relational operators
The relational operators are used to specify conditions in programs.A
relational operator compares two [Link] produces result as true or
[Link] relational operators are sometimes called the conditional
operators or comparison operators.
Relational expression
A relational expression is a statement that uses relational operators to
compare two [Link] result of relational expression can be true or
[Link] sides of a relational expression can be constant , variable or
expression.
Examples:
Relational expression Result
53 > 20 True
0 >= 0 True
0 <=0 True
‘if’ Structure
If is a keyword in C++ language. If statement is a decision-making
statement. It is the simplest form of selection [Link] is used to
execute or skip a statement or set of statements by checking a condition.
The condition is given as a relational [Link] the condition is
true , the statement or set of statements after if statement is [Link]
the condition is false, the statement or set of statements after if
statement is not executed.
Syntax of if statement
The syntax of if statement is as follows:
If(condition)
Statement;
This syntax is used for single statement. A set of statements can also be
made conditional. In this case , these statements are written in curly
brackets { }. The set of statements is also called compound statements.
If(condition)
{
Statement 1;
Continue…..
Statement 2;
:
Statement N;
}
Program on if statement.
Write a program that inputs a number and finds whether the number is
even or odd.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int num;
Cout <<“ Enter a number:”;
Cin>>num;
Continue….
if(num % 2 == 0)
Cout<<“ The number is even.”;
If(num % 2 != 0)
Cout<<“ The number is odd.”;
Getch();
}
Program2
Write a program that inputs three numbers and displays maximum
number.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a, b, c, max;
Cout<<“Enter first number:”;
Cin>>a;
Program2 continue….
Cout<<“Enter second number:”;
Cin>>b;
Cout<<“Enter third number:”;
Cin>>c;
Max = a;
if(b > max)
Max = b;
if(c > max)
Program2 continue…
Max = c;
Cout<<“The maximum number is “<<max;
getch();
}
Program:write a program that inputs two
numbers and finds if both are equal.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a,b;
Clrscr();
Cout<<“Enter a number:”;
Cin>>a;
Program3 continue….
cout<<“Enter 2nd number:”;
cin>>b;
if(a==b)
cout<<“both numbers are equal.”;
getch();
}
‘if-else’ Structure
If else statement is another type of if [Link] executes one block of
statement(s) when the condition is true and the other when it is [Link]
any situation, one block is executed and the other is [Link] if else
statement:
• Both blocks of statement can never be executed.
• Both blocks of statement can never be skipped.
Syntax
If(condition)
Statement;
Continue…
else
statement;
Two or more statements are written in curly brackets {}. The syntax for
compound statements in if else statement is as follows:
if (condition)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
Continue….
:
Statement N;
}
else
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
Statement N;
}
Program: write a program that inputs a number
and finds whether it is even or odd use if –else
structure.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a;
Clrscr();
Cout<<“Enter a number:”;
Cin>>a;
Continue….
if(a%2==0)
cout<<a<<“ is even.”;
Else
cout<<a<<“ is odd.”;
getch();
}
Multiple ‘if-else-if’ Structure
if-else-if statement can be used to choose one block of statements from
many blocks of [Link] is used when there are many options and
only one block of statements should be executed on the basis of a
condition.
Syntax
The syntax of this structure is:
If(condition)
{
Block 1;
Continue…
}
Else if(condition)
{
Block 2;
}
Else if (condition)
{
Block 3;
}
Continue….
.
.
.
Else
{
Block N;
}
Program:write a program that inputs test score of
a students and displays his/her grades on
following criteria:
Test score Grade
>=90 A
80 —89 B
70 —79 C
60 —69 D
Below 60 F
Program…
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int score;
Clrscr();
Cout<<“Enter your test score:”;
Cin>>score;
If(score>=90)
cout<<“ Your grade is A.”;
else if(score>80)
Continue….
cout<<“Your grade is B.”;
else if(score>=70)
cout<<“Your grade is C.”;
else if(score>=60)
cout<<“Your grade is D.”;
else
cout<<“Your grade is F.”;
getch();
}
Nested ‘if’ Structure
An if statement within an if statement is called nested if [Link]
nested structure ,the control enters into the inner if only when the outer
condition is [Link] one block of statements are executed and the
remaining blocks are skipped automatically.
Syntax
if (condition)
if (condition)
{
statement(s);
Syntax continue…
}
else
{
Statement(s);
}
else
{
Statement(s);
}
Write a program that inputs three numbers and
displays the smallest number by using nested if
condition.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a, b, c;
Cout<<“Enter three number:”;
Cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(a<b)
Program continue…
if (a<c)
cout<<a<<“is smallest number.”;
else
cout<<c<<“is smallest number.”;
Else
if (b<c)
cout<<b<<“is smallest number.”;
else
cout<<c<<“is smallest number.”;
Program continue….
getch();
}
Program:write a program that inputs three
numbers and displays whether all numbers are
equal or not by using nested if condition.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a, b, c;
Cout<<“Enter three number:”;
Cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(a==b)
if(a==c)
Program continue…
cout <<“All numbers are equal.”;
else
cout<<“Numbers are different.”;
else
cout<<Numbers are different.”;
getch();
}
Compound condition
A type of comparison in which more than one conditions are evaluated
is called compound [Link] is used to execute a statement or set of
statements by testing many conditions.
Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to evaluate compound [Link] are
three logical operators in C++ language:
• AND operator (&&)
• OR operator (| |)
• NOT operator (!)
AND Operator (&&)
The symbol used for AND operator is (&&).It is used to evaluate two
[Link] produces true result if both conditions are [Link] produces
false result if any one condition is false.
Condition1 Operator Condition2 Result
False && False False
False && True False
True && False False
True && True True
Program:write a program that inputs three
numbers and displays the maximum number by
using logical operators.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int a, b, c;
Cout<<“Enter three number:”;
Cin>>a>>b>>c;
If(a>b && a>c;
cout<<“Maximum number is”<<a;
Program continue….
else if(b>a && b>c)
cout <<“Maximum number is”<<b;
else
cout<<“Maximum number is”<<c;
getch();
}
OR Operator (||)
The symbol used for OR operator is (||). It is used to evaluate two
[Link] produces true result if either condition is [Link] produces
false result if both conditions are false.
Condition1 Operator Condition2 Result
False || False False
False || True True
True || False True
True || True True
Program:write a program that inputs a character
and displays whether it is a vowel or not.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Char ch;
Clrscr();
Cout<<“Enter any character:”;
Cin>>ch;
If(ch==‘A’ || ch==‘a’ || ch==‘E’ || ch==‘e’ || ch==‘I’ || ch==‘I’ || ch==‘O’ ||
ch==‘o’ || ch==‘U’ || ch==‘u’)
Program continue….
cout<<“You entered a vowel:”<<ch;
else
cout<<“You did not enter a vowel:<<ch;
getch();
}
NOT Operator. (!)
The symbol used for NOT operator is (!).It is used to reverse the result
of a [Link] produces true result if the condition is [Link] produces
false result if the condition is true.
Operator Condition Result
! True False
! False True
Program: write a program that inputs a number
and displays whether it is even or odd by using
logical operator”!”.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int n;
Cout<<“Enter any number:”;
Cin>>n;
If(!(n%2==0))
cout<<“You entered odd number.”;
Program continue…
else
cout<<“You enter even number.”;
getch();
}
‘Switch’ Structure
The switch statement is another conditional [Link] is a good
alternative of nested [Link] can be used easily when there are many
choices available and only one should be [Link] if becomes
very difficult in such situation.
Syntax of’ switch ’ Structure
Switch (expression)
{
case constant 1:
Statement(s);
break;
case constant 2:
Statement(s);
break;
Syntax continue….
case constant 3:
Statement(s);
break;
:
:
:
Default:
Statement(s);
}
Program:write a program that inputs number of
day of the week and displays the name of the day.
If user enters 1,it displays “Friday” and so on.
#include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main()
{
Int n;
Cout<<“Enter number of a weekday:”;
Cin>>n;
Switch(n)
{
Program continue….
case 1:
cout<<“Friday”;
Break;
case 2:
cout<<“Saturday”;
Break;
case 3:
cout<<“Sunday”;
Break;
Continue….
case 4:
cout<<“Monday”;
Break;
case 5:
cout<<“Tuesday”;
Break;
case 6:
cout<<“Wednesday”;
Break;
Continue….
case 7:
cout<<“Thursday”;
Break;
Default:
cout<<“Invalid number”;
}
getch();
}