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Understanding Claims: Policy, Value, Fact

This document discusses three types of claims: claims of policy, claims of value, and claims of fact. A claim of policy asserts that a certain action should be taken to address a problem. A claim of value makes a judgment based on subjective preferences or ideals. A claim of fact asserts an empirical truth that can be proven with evidence and observation. Key differences between the three include whether the claim involves a proposed solution, subjective judgment, or an objectively verifiable statement. Examples are provided for each type of claim.

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Jennelyn Sulit
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28 views3 pages

Understanding Claims: Policy, Value, Fact

This document discusses three types of claims: claims of policy, claims of value, and claims of fact. A claim of policy asserts that a certain action should be taken to address a problem. A claim of value makes a judgment based on subjective preferences or ideals. A claim of fact asserts an empirical truth that can be proven with evidence and observation. Key differences between the three include whether the claim involves a proposed solution, subjective judgment, or an objectively verifiable statement. Examples are provided for each type of claim.

Uploaded by

Jennelyn Sulit
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GROUP 1

What is claim of policy? It is a claim that asserts that an action should be taken.
 It suggests a solution to a problem that has been defined or described by an argument.
 It argues that certain conditions should exist. As the name suggests, it advocates adoption of
policies or courses of action because problems have arisen that call for solution.
 As with value claim, claim of policy often requires you to build upon fact and value claim. You may
need to establish with a claim of fact that there is a problem needing a solution, for instance, and
then use a claim of value to argue the rightness of solving the problem.
 When identifying a claim of policy, look for key words “should”, “ought” and “must”. They may not
always be present, but if they are, actions are usually called for.
Be guided by the following questions in formulating a claim of policy:
1. What should be done?
2. How can we solve this problem?
3. What course of action should we pursue?
4. What should not be done?

Here are examples of claim of policy:


1. Schools should adopt a Reading Enhancement Program.
2. Universal identification card should be established in the country.
3. Good Manners and Right Conduct needs to be restored in the curriculum.

Other Examples:
a) Uniforms should be required at all public high schools.
b) There should be criminal charges brought against people who use social media to bully others.
c) We should stop spending so much on prisons and start spending more on education.
d) Texting while driving should be an offense punishable by jail time.
GROUP 2

What is a claim of value? It is a claim that asserts a judgment to some sort


 It is a claim based on preference such as likes and dislikes. Thus, it deals with goals with things
we find attractive.
 Speakers provide reasoning for their judgment but ultimately, it is assent to the reasons rather
than comparison to fact that determines the agreement to the claim.
 You feel for the argument by judgment or value has to be different than that of fact.
 Claim of value is disagreement over values that are “wrong” in the sense that they are
inaccurate.
 Argument usually turns on whether the underlying value of the claim is accepted as a public
good.
 Look for key words that are matter of judgment rather than fact: good, well, kind, useful,
desirable, etc.
 Value claims are arguable statements concerning the relative merits of something which is
measured subjectively
 What makes a value claim arguable is that different people may disagree on the criteria used
to evaluate something.
 Often, claim of value is comparative.

Here are examples of claim of value:


1. It is good to stay at home to avoid getting infected with the disease.
2. Washing of hands is the best way to keep ourselves healthy.
3. Drug abuse is not an option if you have problems.

Other Examples:
a) Homosexuality is immoral because it violates religious, societal, and biological standards.
b) Requiring community service in high school will produce more community-aware graduates.
c) Honesty is the best policy.
d) Monet’s art is more beautiful than Picasso’s because of its use of soft color, uplifting subject
matter, and unique technique.
GROUP 3

What is claim of fact?


 It is a claim that asserts some empirical truth.
 It is something that can be determined by careful observation of past, present, or future.
 Generally, the truth of the assertion will be determined by events. But the speaker will offer
information or explanations that predict or characterizes the events.
 Claims of facts are those we think about rightly as being true or false. Of course, sometimes we
cannot say something as true or false, but we have to say “How likely is that true?” But the reasons
we give are the reasons we believe the statement is true or false.
 It is used to support through the use of factual evidence that is v12 Issue: Drugs and Substance
Abuse Claims of Fact: a. b. sufficient, reliable and appropriate.
 Argument usually turns on strength of evidence presented as reason for arguer’s belief in the claim.
 It must be proven absolutely true and the statement gives room for discussion.

Here are examples of claim of fact:


1. The home quarantine did not lower the number of COVID-19 infected individuals.
2. Washing of hands is the most effective measure to prevent getting infected from the virus.
3. The death penalty does not deter crime.

Other Examples:
a) Teens who engage in unprotected sex will develop STDs, become pregnant, and/or contract
AIDS.
b) Cancer is a common disease but it is not contagious.
c) The Philippine Eagle is a critically endangered species.
d) Social distancing is important during the coronavirus pandemic.

Common questions

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A claim of fact can support a claim of policy by establishing the existence of a problem that needs to be addressed. The factual basis shows the reality or severity of an issue, providing a foundation upon which a claim of policy can build to advocate for a solution. For example, proving that washing hands effectively prevents virus infection can support a policy requiring hand hygiene practices .

Claims of value are inherently subjective as they revolve around personal preferences and judgments, often focusing on what is considered good or desirable. They rely on reasoning and consensus rather than objective evidence. In contrast, claims of fact assert empirical truths and are supported by factual evidence that aims to prove their validity objectively .

Comparatives play a crucial role in formulating a claim of value because they allow an argument to evaluate something based on its relative merits. The value claim often involves comparing different entities, practices, or ideals to assert superiority or preference based on subjective criteria, e.g., claiming Monet's art is more beautiful than Picasso's because of its techniques and subject matter .

Key indicators of a claim of policy often include words like "should," "ought," and "must." These keywords suggest that action is needed, advocating for a change or solution to a problem .

A claim of fact becomes compelling when it is backed by reliable and sufficient evidence, empirical data, and logical reasoning. Demonstrating consistency with observable reality and presenting strong causal or correlational evidence enhances its credibility, making it more persuasive to an audience .

A claim of policy advocates for a specific course of action or policy change to address a problem. This type of claim involves suggesting solutions and asserting that certain conditions should exist, often using language that includes key words like "should," "ought," and "must" .

Disagreements on the validity of a claim of value arise because such claims are based on subjective criteria and personal judgments, which can vary widely among individuals. Different cultural, moral, or aesthetic preferences lead to differing standards of evaluation, making consensus challenging. For example, different religious or societal norms can influence views on issues like morality or beauty .

A claim of policy often integrates elements from claims of fact and value by first establishing the presence and seriousness of a problem (fact) and then arguing for the moral or societal benefits of addressing it (value). The policy proposal itself serves as the solution, influenced by these factual and value-based underpinnings, such as improving education by reallocating prison funds .

A claim of fact can become controversial if the evidence supporting it is contested or if interpretations of the data diverge. Additionally, empirical claims that touch on sensitive issues like public health or crime may face scrutiny over data reliability or differing scientific conclusions, making consensus difficult despite factual grounding .

An arguable claim of value distinguishes itself from mere opinion by being contestable and supported by reasoning or general criteria. While opinions are personal and subjective, value claims strive to apply broader evaluative standards that can be debated, such as equating community service in schools with societal benefits .

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