Iloilo Science and Technology University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Criteria Literature/Prior Literature/Prior Literature/Prior Proposed
Art 1 art 2 Art 3 Research
Title Development and Design and Fabrication Development of a Design and
Testing of a Power of Portable Segmented – Screw Construction of an
Operated Coconut Oil Coconut/Seed Oil type Expeller for Improvised Coconut
Expeller Extraction Machine Production of Virgin Oil Expeller Machine
Coconut Oil
Field of Invention This invention relates to This invention is related This invention is This invention is
machinery. To be more to machinery that related to the machine related to the
specific, this invention focuses on that focuses on machine that focuses
pertains for extracting Coconut/Seed Oil extracting oil, on extracting oil,
oil from coconut. extraction. specifically virgin specifically copra oil.
coconut oil.
Background of Coconut (Cocosnucifera) Extraction machine Coconut oil (CNO) is Making copra is one of
Invention is one of the most refers both to manual one of the important the common ways of
important agricultural and economically as a food commodities used people from remote
crops in lowlands. The mode of daily for food preparation areas to make living. It
coconut is known for its commuting aspects as and for various other is the process of
great versatility, all parts well as the use of virgin applications. CNO is a harvesting coconut
of coconut are useful in oil in a commercial major kernel product meat and drying there
one way or other. activity which is the next to desiccated under the sun until
Commonly used edible natural oil obtained coconut (DC). Coconut dried. They deliver
by-products of coconut from fresh coconut by oil has been used in and sell it in their
are coconut milk and various extraction ciyumeda for various town but a copra price
coconut oil. Normally methods as well as medicinal oil fluctuates greatly. The
coconut oil obtained being efficient in productions and skin low and
from dried coconut. It operation and durable. ailments. Therefore, wildly fluctuating
can be also obtained This paper is deals with CNO fetches superior prices for the raw
without drying coconut design and fabricate position among the material discourage
and it is known as virgin virgin oil extraction other edible oils. Hitton coconut producers
coconut oil. Dried machine using simple & Ethering, 1997 have while the high price of
coconut meat (copra) is designs and mechanism introduced a process of coconut oil
used after for producing is carried out. It is used direct micro expelling discourages the use of
coconut oil. Nowadays, in small scale and mass (DME), in which fresh the oil. Remote
coconut oil extracting production for grated coconut is dried locations have small
industries are having utilization of advance to 10% -12% moisture markets but
improved modern mechanism. The content, packed into a high potential profit
machines like twin machine is efficient in cylinder and heated in margins if a processor
screw press to extract both biological and an over, to 60 - 80"C can convert the low-
the oil with less power mechanical terms. The for about 30 min. The priced export
consumption and profitability of oil cylinder is then placed commodity (copra)
Iloilo Science and Technology University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
increased oil quality. processing depends on in a press and oil is into a final (import-
Compared to other oil reducing the capital and extracted by applying substituting) good
seeds, copra is harder operating costs as much sufficient pressure for (oil). Producing high
and is very difficult to as possible, and at the 10 minutes. NERD grade oil at a village
extract oil from it. This same time maximizing Centre has developed a level is the first major
fact retards the growth the income from the similar method of innovation in small
of small industries and sale of oil and by- drying grated coconut scale coconut
they cannot afford high products. in the sun for 2 hrs, processing
costly machines. until oil is visible when technology. Village oil
the coconut is pressed production, as a new
between thumb and technology, faces new
forefinger (moisture is and varied challenges
10% wb). Then it is due to the lack of
pressed in a specially support
modified string hopper infrastructure, trained
mould. personnel, and a
defined marketing
channel beyond the
confines of the village.
This paper deals with
design and
construction of an
improvised coconut
oil expeller machine.
Using an oil extraction
machine, it will be the
main tools to help the
farmers in extracting
oil out of their copra.
Description of The power operated An oil expeller is a Screw type extractors / One of the most
the Invention coconut oil expeller screw-type machine presses are extensively common machines
mainly consists of a that presses oil seeds used in oil extraction as use in industry for
screw shaft, barrel, through a caged barrel- they can be used to coconut oil extraction
hopper, oil and cake like cavity. Expeller twist and compress the is Coconut Oil Expeller
output. Induction motor pressing (also called oil material. There are Machine. The
was used as a prime pressing) is a basically five types of extraction of oil from
mover. Spider coupling mechanical method for screw shafts used in copra is one of the
made of cast iron is extracting oil from raw the industry for various oldest seed crushing
used for the materials. The raw purposes. These operation. This is
transmission of rotary materials are squeezed expellers are designed done with the help of
motion from prime under high pressure in a to extract oil from expellers. The oil
mover to the expeller single step. This granular type particles expeller is essentially
shaft. Screw shaft extraction machine like seeds, as the a mechanical screw
(Figure 2.1), is the actual consists of a cylindrical volume reduction of press in which the oil
working component of chamber in which screw material in squeezing is is expelled from the
the expeller. On rotation crusher rotates; a high replaced by the inter- copra by the pressure
Iloilo Science and Technology University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
of the screw shaft, the speed mixer is set up for granular space and exerted by a
sliced copra gets grinding the coconut also, for particles which continuous rotating
compressed in the into smaller pieces and are not sticky at the warm shaft in the
enclosed barrel and oil a heating unit for feeding point. The barrel or cage of the
is squeezed. A barrel heating the chamber. bottom of the hopper press. The barrel is
was made of GI pipe. A The heating unit is fixed has to be designed to built with openings to
slot was made on its to the chamber and it is avoid any bridging of allow the escape of
upper side for an switched on first so that material just over the oil. Locally available
opening to the hopper. the temperature screw. Therefore, the material such as belt
Another was provided at increases inside the section just over the pulley, screw press,
the bottom of the barrel chamber which results screw was widened in mild steel, etc. was
for oil outlet and at the in efficient release of oil. order to drop the used in construction
other extreme end of The screw crusher can material on to the of the oil expeller. In
the barrel with a cap to be operated by using a wider exposed screw as the construction of oil
obtain the cake output. Motor. The motor is shown in (figures 2.4 expeller firstly it was
The hopper was made connected to the and 2.5). A screw shaft designed. After
of MS plate, with small gearbox through with a uniform pitch is constructing the oil
aperture. Aperture coupling and the screw easy to fabricate than extraction barrel
dimension can be shaft is connected to the the other types. In rectangular bars
adjusted according to gearbox. The screw order to avoid building were placed
the feed rate. shaft is connected to up of material within surrounding it as it
gearbox though a bush the screw rib space by permits the passage of
and to tighten the grip rotating it with the oil only and helps to
of this bush on the screw, a few pegs are create pressure inside
shaft, two sets of screws welded to the barrel. the barrel. The choke
are drilled into the bush This arrangement is a mechanism was set in
and it touches the shaft. new concept and it is the screw at the
This way the screw does easy to fabricate outlet of extraction
not allow the shaft to compared to the other barrel. It was adjusted
slip from the bush. screws of variable accordingly to control
pitch, increasing the output of wastage
diameters and twin and to increase and
screw. decrease pressure
accordingly. A
reducing gear was
used to reduce the
rpm of the motor and
to increase the energy
in the screw shaft.
Summary of Although, large scale This paper, aim on A continuous type Coconut trees are very
Invention coconut oil extraction is design and fabrication expeller, which is common plants in the
excessively available, it of portable presently pending a Philippines,
cannot meet the Coconut/Seed oil patent, was developed specifically in the
requirements for a small extraction machine. The to extract virgin quality remote areas. They
scale farmer. Deficiency machine is light in coconut oil. are very helpful to
in coconut production weight which makes it Segmented-screw farmers. They serve as
Iloilo Science and Technology University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
and high cost of coconut portable and can be helical ribs with a source of living. One
oil extraction impede used for small scale stationary pegs fitted of the common ways
the small scale coconut industries and for to the screw barrel to make a living on
farming. To overcome household oil facilitate forward these coconut trees is
these problems a power extraction. Since this movement of material by making copra.
operated coconut oil machine requires less without clogging and Making copra It is the
expeller was developed space to move, it can be generating heat. A process of harvesting
and tested. It consists of used in a more versatile movable pressure cone coconut meat and
a screw shaft, a prime manner as compared to fitted at the discharge drying there under the
mover, barrel, hopper heavy powered end provides sufficient sun until dried. They
and outlets are fitted on machines that are pressure inside the deliver and sell it in
a supporting frame. The mounted on heavy and screw barrel. Optimum their town but a copra
feed rate was optimized bulky industries. This performance of the price fluctuates
to 3.5 kg h -1 and in machine can be efficient expeller was at 33.6 greatly. The low and
order to increase oil and easy to operate and RPM of the screw wildly fluctuating
recovery. The sliced maintain. The oil shaft and 10-12 liters prices for the raw
copra is fed to expeller extracted has various of virgin coconut oil in material discourage
through hopper and applications in food, an hour with a 60% oil coconut producers
gets compressed medicine, and industry. yield was realized. while the high price of
between screw shaft It can be used to extract Sieve analysis of press coconut oil
and the barrel. The around 650 to 1300ml in cake showed that the discourages the use of
effective compression 1 to 2kgs of coconut material was subjected the oil. Producing high
and the amount oil thus covering more time to extensive shearing grade oil at a village
recovered depend on compared to hydraulic while compressing, level is the first major
moisture content. jack machine. Design is which leads to high oil innovation in small
made in such a way recovery. Power scale coconut
that easy to assemble requirement was 1.38 processing
and dissemble, it serves kW. Since the expeller technology. This
the dual use of work is operated by a single- paper, aim on design
and it can be used in a phase 2HP motor, it and construction of an
more versatile manner can be used to produce improvised coconut
as compared to power virgin quality coconut oil expeller machine.
machines that are oil at cottage level as a Using an oil extraction
mounted on heavy and self-employment. Due machine, it will be the
bulky industries. to simplicity of the main tools to help the
expeller, it can be farmers in extracting
fabricated in a medium oil out of their copra.
level workshop. It may help them
saving their time and
force in bringing and
selling their copra in
town. Instead this
machine will work
easily and fast.
Through this machine,
the farmer can use
this to their business.
Iloilo Science and Technology University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
By this, it can be an
opportunity for their
economic
development.
Claim Amretha K., Manshooba Pramod, K.N., Nagar, S., Adhikarinayake, T. Abajenza, A. (2021).
P., Sa-ada A., Saroop C. Rakshith, B., Pragath, (2007). Development Design and
L., and Dr. Jayan P. R. S.,and Parikshith, P. . of A Segmented -Screw Construction of an
(2017). Development (2017). Design and Type Expeller for Improvised Coconut
and Testing of a Power Fabrication of Portable production of Virgin Oil Expeller Machine.
Operated Coconut Oil Coconut/Seed Oil Cocobut Oil. The Iloilo.
Expeller. International Extraction Machine. Institution of Engineers
Journal of Engineering International Journal of ,13-18.
Research and Research, 01-06.
Applications (IJERA), 01-
05.
The design and construction of an improvised coconut oil expeller machine are one of the most
valuable not only because this is part of my study but this is useful most especially farmers from remote
areas. This invention is focused on extracting oil from copra which is one of the living sources of the
farmers. This improvised coconut oil expeller machine is designed with simple yet valuable and
construct with cheaper material but ensures its reliability and durability. This machine is cheaper than
the one sold in the market, which has advantages to the farmers so that they have capable to buy it. It
serves as the key to the economic development of the remote areas and becomes the source of their
business. This study is an opportunity to share my knowledge and ideas, as well as this invention, will
lead the farmers to design and construct their own expeller machine. The uniqueness of this machine is
not all about its physical appearance but it is unique in its own way. Its way is to help the farmers to
earn also for their economic development.