UM MEENA INTERNATIONAL wea Training & Certification Division Svel2 Review Examination. PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 1 ‘Student Name: Date: ‘These questions have only one correct answer 1. Consumable electrode, flux shielded, manual process is a description of which welding process: a 1G bo MMA ©. Submerged are D. MIG. 2. Poot fitted sections of a mould in casting will result in a Laps b. sinks chottears cracking 3. Open, drop and press are varieties of wha! manufacturing process? a. casting baling forging .—extusion 4. Pouring molten metal into moulds of varying shapes to produce components describes which production method: a. casting b. forging extrusion welding 5. Anargon purge is frequently used when welding stainless steel welds by the TIG process. The purpose is to: a. increase deposition rates b. avoid oxidation c. dissipate excess heat 4. mix with metal to increase strength 6. Another name for injection moulding is a, extrusion b. investment casting cde casting pressure moulding 7. The working of metal with hammers or presses to change its form describes what process a casting broling forging extrusion Page 1 of1" 12, 13 14, 15, ‘Which of the following would be used to produce castings of great intricacy and accuracy? a sand casting b. Injection moulding investment casting cold chamber casting Gompressively forging metal to flow through a shaped die to form a product with reduced cross section describes which process? a die casting b. extrusion investment casting 4 press forging Inability of cooling metal to compensate for the contraction which occurs during the cooling of a casting will cause a porosity cold shuts c sinks dames MMA, TIG and MIG welding processes share a common source of energy for the process of welding, is it a Friction b. electrical resistance electric arc 4. electron beam Which of the following is not an advantage of Concast steel production over the use of ingots? a Faller b. Lower losses due to piping and shrinkage &. —_Lower costs (no moulds or stripping) d. Can utilize lower quality raw materials Which of the folowing is not a method of casting? sand investment top die Cold shuts in castings are typically caused by ‘a. solidification of one layer before a second flows over it b. entrapped gases ©. uneven cooling of thick and thin sections 6. improper heat treatment Slag inclusions are never found in welds produced by which of the following process? a MMA b. Electrostag Submerged arc a TG Page 2 01417, 18 19 20. a 22. During ingot production 2 head of molten steel 's used to compensate for volume decrease during solidification and to reduce losses due to a piping >. shrinkage © porosity laminations Which ofthe following are defects typical ofthe casting process? a bursts, laps, cracks b. porosity, lack of fusion, cracking cc. —_lamination, seams, folds d. cold shuts, hot tears, laps Electrosiag welding can be distinguished from the MMA, TIG and MIG welding processes by what factor? a. its use of gas shielding b. the use of consumable electrodes ©. the high degree of operator skill employed d. the use of electical resistance as its heat source Working metal al too low a temperature or attempting too rapid or great as reduction in section during forging will cause a Laps bursts laminations seams ‘Three basic methods of extrusion are: drop, press, hot chamber investment, injection, cold chamber ©. Cold, chamber, hot chamber, impact impact, direct indirect In addition to the obvious reduction of thicknesses and increase in width, roling produces other changes. Which of the following is not an effect of rolling? improved strength and ductility reducing grain size climinating dofects spreading oul of impurities Laminations, inclusions, stringers and folds are defects which typically occur after which process? a Casting forging rolling extrusion ‘A welding process chosen for high quality welds but offering low deposition rates and requiring a high degree (of operator skills is a MMA b MIG . 116 D. submerged are Page 30424, 26. 26. 27. 28, 31 ‘Which ofthe folowing metal alloys are used for manufacturing castings by the injection moulding process? Aluminium alloys Copper alloys, c— Zinealloys 4. allot the above ‘A scab in a casting is formed by Molten metal eroding cores ‘Over heating of the casting mould The casting sticking to the mould wall ‘Sand from the mould being incorporated into the casting surtace ‘The inabilty of gasses to escape from within the molten metal during solidification can result in laminations Inclusions: © Cold shuts 4 Blow holes ‘An outlet incorporated into the design of a casting to indicate that the mould is full is referred to as a a Header b Runoff © Runout ¢. Riser Defects formed during the iquid to solid contraction of metal during the casting process are relerred to as a. Shrinkage detects b. Contraction defects Bursts Blowholes Patter makers shrinkage in he casting process is overcome by @ Under sizing of the moula b. under sizing of the pattern from which the mould is produced © making the mould larger than the finished product 4. Machining of the final product ‘A metal support used to support cores within a casting is called a riser b. Achill © Achaplet 4. receiver ‘The reservoir of molten metal provided by risers and feeders inthe casting process is to compensate for a Hottears Bursts C. Inclusions d Shrinkage Blow holes within castings are most ikely to be found at The pouring site Changes in section Where the two halves of the casting meet Surface of the casting close to inside cores. Page sotMbriexa ne MEENA INTERNATIONAL, Training & Certification Division RI Course Work - 2 1 When radiographing a component constructed from 3mm aluminum tubing exposure time can be reduced by, A. Using lead screens B. Decreasing the KV C. Using a faster film * D. Using fluorescent screens The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called:- A. Sensitivity B. Resolution a C. Subject contrast aw D. radiographic contrast * jx. ° we Fluorescent screens emit. ‘A. Alpha particles B. Beta particles C. fight » BD. Xrays When radio graphing a weld it may be advisable to grind the surface to a smooth or at least clean surface, the purpose of this is to ‘A. reduce exposure time B. ensure uniform density over the total surface C. reduce chance of missing defects * D. improve film contrast The use of a wetting agent before drying is: A. To clean the film B. To ensure even drying * C. For more efficient washing D. To remove developer ‘When radio graphing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated? ‘A. Lower the KV and use fluorescent screen B. Lower the KV and use lead screens C. Raise the KV and use lead screens + D. Raise the KV and use fluorescent screens The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following? A. Slow speed films » B. Longer object to film distances C. Larger size films D. AandB above Page tof 48 10 "1 12, 13, 14. 15, When radio graphing a part which contains a large crack, the crack will appear on the radiograph as A dark, intermittent or continuous line # A light, irregular line Either @ dark or light line A fogged area on the radiograph pom> A radiograph is seen to have grainy leathery appearance and is known to have been exposed to sudden extreme temperature change during processing. This film fault is referred to as A. Polarization B. Characterization C. — Reticulation D. None of the above ‘The purpose of replenishing the developer is to: Stop streakiness Ensure quicker fixation Keep the strength and level constant © Improve radiographic definition, pom> A densitometer is ‘A. Ameter to measure X-ray intensity B. —_Aninstrument for measuring film density » C. Ameter to measure density of metal D. — Ameter to measure tube current (mA) ‘The equivalence factor for steeV/iead using iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be required to shoot 1.5 cm of lead if the exposure for the same thickness of stee! was 15 curie minutes? A. 3.75 curie minutes. B. 7.5 curie minutes C. 30 curie minutes D. 60 curie minutes » 11 sensitivity is: A. Used to determine the exposure required B. Used to assess the size of the smallest defect that can be detected * C. Used to assess the radiographic technique D. Calculated by dividing specimen thickness by the diameter of the smallest wire For an area of a radiograph with a density of 3 the ra A 10:4 of the incident and transmitted light is B 100:1 C.— 1000:1 + D. — 10000:1 Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors? ‘A. definition and resolution B. resolution and contrast Page 20t416. 17. 18. 19, 20 24 22. 23, C. Contrast and definition * D. _Unsharpness and resolution ‘The purpose of indicating distance along a weld on a radiograph by means of lead numbers is to A. correct for parallax B. Meet code requirements C. accurately locate defects © D. allofthe above Which of the following will affect film contrast? A Scatter B. grain size of the film + C. radiation energy D. Changes in section thickness E, all of the above will affect film contrast Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation? Lead foil screens Masks Diaphragms Aand B above all the above * moomp> ‘The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as:- A. Contrast B. resolution C. latitude + D. sensitivity: You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use? A 150 KV X-ray unit , B. Iridium 192 C.—Thulium 170 set! D Cobatt6o » Ae 7 _—_ Splashes of fixer on an exposed film prior to processing will result in:- ‘A. Areas of significantly decreased density + B. Brown staining of the radiograph C. Areas of significantly increased density D. no visible effect Which of the following represents the order by which films are processed? Developer, fixer, stop bath, wash, dry Developer, stop bath, fixer, wash, dry Developer, stop bath, Wash, fixer, dry Fixing, stop bath, Developer, wash, dry gom> ‘Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as:~ A. Side scatter Page 3 of 424. 26. 27. 28. 29. B. back scatter C. Internal scatter D. Radiographic undercutting Penumbra is a measure of ‘A. Darkness of a radiograph B. Contrast of a radiograph C. Sharpness of image « D. Doss received ‘The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as: - A Fixing B. Development * C. Latent imaging D. transformation Pb screens are not normally required below A. 120KV « B. 200KV Cc. 300KV D. 150KV To achieve a luminance of the illuminated radiograph of 30cd/m2, the luminance of the illuminator, for a film density of 3.0, needs to be:- _, A. 3,000 edim2 qo? B. 300cdim2 gor C. 30,000 cdim2 * a D. 300,000 cdim2 Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition? A Lead foil screens * B. Fluorescent screens C. _Fluoro-metallic screens D. all the above will give a similar definition ‘The advantage of double coating radiographic film is, To prevent scratching To stop chemical fogging To prevent drying marks To improve speed and contrast * pom> Collimation Reduces beam size reduces scattered radiation Concentrates the radiation beam Botha&b. « pom> Page 4 of 4MEENA Aigaronat MEENA INTERNATIONAL Training & Certification Division RT Film Interpretation Course Work - 3 1. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated? ‘A. Lower the KV and use fluorescent screen B. Lower the KV and use lead screen C. Raise the KV and use lead screens * D. Raise the KV and use fluorescent screens 2, An unshielded gamma-ray source produces a dose rate of 1200m Svihr at a distance of 2 meters What does rate would the same source give at 8 meters? 4 A. 750 mSvihr fe B. 2400 mSvihr CA C, 300 mSvihr 6 D. —-75mSvihr « 9 3. The use of a wetting agent before drying is: A. Toclean the film B. —Toensure even drying * C. —_ Formore efficient washing D. To remove developer 4. To achieve a luminance of the illuminated radiograph of 30cd/m2, the luminance of the illuminator, for a film density of 3.0, needs to be:- A. 3000 od/m2 B. 300 cdim2 © 30,000 cd/m2 * D. 300,000 cdma 5. Adensitometer is: A. Ameter to measure X-ray intensity B. —_Aninstrument for measuring film density * C. — Ameter to measure density of metal D. — Ameter to measure tube current (mA) 6. The appearance of light crescent shaped areas on a radiograph would be the result of:- ‘A. Pressure marks due to faulty handling or buckling of the film prior to exposure B. Dust or other foreign bodies trapped between the flm and intensifying screens C. Splashes of water or fixer on the film prior to development + D. Pressure marks due to faulty handling or buckling of the film after exposure. 7, What IQI sensitivity has been attained when the thinnest element visible on the radiograph is 0.63 mm and the specimen is 35mm thick? com> 0.55% 1.8% 2.0% 5.5% go 0 “ag Page tof 410. "1 2 13, 14, 15, Calculate the geometric Un-sharpness given the following:- Object thickness = 25mm, Source to film distance = 350mm, Source effective size = 3mm A 0.21mm¢ n 8 467mm of ak C 433mm // hg D. 0.23mms A source of iridium-192, whose half life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposure of a given test object today with an exposure 20 minutes. Five months from now, what exposure time would be required forthe same radiograph density, under similar exposure cancitons? A. 10 minutes ‘ B. 20 minutes LO wl c. y ' {hour and 20 minutes + oe D. 6 hours Collimation ‘A. Reduces beam size © B. Reduces scattered radiation C. Concentrates the radiation beam D. Botha&b When radiographing a component constructed from 3mm aluminum tubing exposure time can be reduced by~ A. Using lead screens B. Decreasing the KV C. Using a faster film « D. Using florescent screens Calculate the density when incident light source is 5000 candelalm? and the transmitted light intensity is 70 candelalm?:- A 0.92 Bo 185° Cc 421 Do 7.44 ‘The purpose of replenishing the developer is to: Stop streakiness B. Ensure quicker fixation C. Keep the strength and level constant + D. Improve radiographic definition > ‘The purpose of indicating distance along a weld on a radiograph by means of lead numbers is to Correct for parallax B. Meet code requirements C. accurately locate defects = D. —_allof the above > ‘The inverse square law is used to:- A. Calculate new intensities at new distances Calculate new exposures at new distances B. (Sc. Calculate image sharpness Page 2 of16. 17. 18, 19, 20. 24 22, be D. Botha&b » For an area of a radiograph with a density of 3 the ratio of the incident and transmitted light is A 10:4 B. 1001 C.— 1000:1 © D.— 10000:1 4 good radiographic is produced in 3.0 minutes at 15mA. What exposure time would be needed if the mA were reduced to 5mA? A 1.0 minute B. 2.0 minute C. — 9.0minute # D. 10.0 minute Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors? ‘A. definition and resolution B. resolution and contrast C. Contrast and definition * D. —_Un-sharpness and resolution \When radiographing a part which contains a large crack, the crack will appear on the radiograph as: A. Adark, intermittent or continuous line = B, Aight, irregular line C. Either a dark or light line D. A fogged area on the radiograph Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition? A. Lead foil screens » B. Fluorescent screens C. —_Fluor-metallic screens D. _alllthe above will give similar definition The calculated minimum source to film distance necessary to produce 2 penumbra of 0.2mm, when using a source size of 1.3 mm on a specimen with a material thickness of 60mm would be:- A 390mm gee kth be B 425mm = Sow bo wae nl no C. 135mm : Sede ch? D. 450mm * “or ie X-rays, gamma rays and alpha particles are all: A. Particulate radiations B. electromagnetic radiations C. Microwave radiations D. ionizing radiations « Using a SWS! technique with a centrally placed isotope, what is the new time if the pipe diameter has increased from 24” to 30’, ifthe old exposure time was 2 mins? A. 3.425 min B 31min © 83min ee < D. Simin 7 te24, 25. 26. 27, 28, 29 30, ‘The equivalence factor for steel/Lead using iridium 192 is 1.0 to [Link] exposure would be required to shoot 1.5 cm of lead if the exposure for the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes . A. 3.75 curie minutes B.—7.5curie minutes C. 30 curie minutes D. — 60-curie minutes » ‘When radiographing a weld it may be advisable to grind the surface to a smooth or at least clean surface. The purpose of this is to reduce exposure time, ensure uniform density over the total surface reduce chance of missing defects + improve film contrast pom> Splashes of fixer on an exposed film prior to processing will result in:- Areas of significantly decreased density & Brown staining of the radiograph Areas of significantly increased density No visible effect vom> A radiograph is seen to have grainy leathery appearance and is known to have been exposed to a sudden extreme temperature change during processing. This fil fault is referred to as A Polarization B. Characterization C. — Reticulation « D. None of the above ‘An acceptable radiograph was made at 300mm for 20 mA minutes? What would be the new exposure at 500mm? ; 0008 A. 40.8mAmin oe Lee B.§56mAmin y ie C. 33.3 mA min Ze D. 12 mAmin i: You are required to radiograph a 80mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use? A. 180 KV X-Ray unit B. Iridium 192 Cc. Thulium 170 D. — Cobalt60 , ‘The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as:- A Fixing B. development » C. Latent imaging D. transformation Page 4 of 4MEENA INTERNATIONAL Training & Certification Division RI Course Work - 4 1 mn electromagnetic radiation, the distance between a point on one wave to the corresponding point on the subsequent wave called the A. Wavelength » B. Period © Wave velocity D. Frequency Rectilinear propagation is: A. The ability of x and gamma rays to travel in straight lines + B. The ability of x and gamma rays to penetrate certain materials C. The ability of x and gamma rays to scatter D. The ability of x and gamma rays to self rectify within certain materials ‘The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: A. MeV (milion-electron volts) B. Cig (curies per gram) » C. ihr (roentgens per hour) D. —_c/min (counts per ininute) Radioactive decay is a series of events happening at. A. random + B. equally spaced C. interconnected D. controllable Visible light has a frequency that is ‘A. higher than x-rays B. lower than radio waves C. higher than infra-red radiation D. none of the above The half life of iridium 192 is A. 53years B. 6 years C74 days D. 74 days» ‘Which of the following is true with respect to the radiation from gamma ray isotopes and x-ray tubes? A. Xrays are produced at a single wavelength B. Gamma ray isotopes produce a spectrum of wavelengths similar to white light C. X-rays produce a spectrum of wavelengths similar to white light = D. Both Band C are true Page 1 of10, 1". 12 18 14, 16. The smallest from in which a substance retains all ofits physical properties is a (an) A. nucleus B. Crystal ©. Molecules. > D. photon ‘Two isotope sources of 50 Ci strength have different specific activities. The source with the higher specific activity wil ‘A. be of smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity - B. havea shorter halflife than the source with a lower specific activity C. produces harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activity D. _ has a greater output than the source with the lower specific activity X-rays & gamma rays always travel AL Inpairs B. orbital sphere C. _Instraight lines - D. In converging lines When an isotope emits a gamma photon, the atomic number changes by O° 1 2 pom> In its neutral state, the helium atom has electrons, 0 com> AR Almost all gamma radiography is performed with: natural isotopes artificially produced isotopes + radium ‘Thulium-170 pom> The angstrom unit is a measure of A. Wavelength « B. Frequency C. Velocity D. force The technique where by X-rays are transmitted through a specimen onto a fluorescent screen which is viewed either directly or indirectly is called ‘A. radiography B. Fluoroscopy + Cc. cctv D. Transmission viewing Page 2of16 17. 18, 19, 20. 24 22, 23. Ifitwas doubly ionized, a helium atom would contain electrons Acar O's Bian Caren) D4 In fluoroscopic viewing, thin sections of a specimen of uniform material are brighter than thick sections » darker than thick sections Not likely to show any defects Not possible to contrast with thick sections com> ‘Sealed sources may be handled ‘A. Whenever necessary B. only when changing sources c — Monday ~ Friday D. Should never be handled = ‘The absorption of radiation by a material varies: A. Directly with the square of the distance from the source B. Directly with the thickness of the material C. _ Inversely with the amount of scattering in the material D. _Inan approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material Ultraviolet light has a wavelength that is longer than A X-rays B. gamma rays ©. Cosmic rays D. all of the above « The electric charge associated with gamma rays is, O° 4 4 2 pom> The effect of increasing the frequency of a gamma photon would be to increase its wavelength . B. Increase its velocity C. decrease its wavelength « D. decrease its velocity > A combination of atoms having a specific structure or from called a (an) A. element B. molecule + Cc. crystal D. Chain Page 3 of 424, 25, 26. 27. 28. 30. Arificial isotopes used in industrial radiography are produced by bombarding an element with Which of the following neutrons + electrons ions Protons pop> ‘Which one of the following isotopes has a half life of 5.3 years A. Iridium 192 B. Cobalt 60+ C. Cesium 137 D. — Yiterbium 169 Which of the following are located in the nucleus of an atom? A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. both A and B are located in the nucleus = ‘Atoms are usually made up of: A. Alpha particles B. Radio Waves C. Protons, neutrons and electrons * D. xrays lionization is: ‘A change in blood constituents ‘The electrical imbalance of an atom ‘The removal of an orbiting electron from an atom * Both b &c vom> Radiation absorption of a material depends on Its thickness type of material Type of isotope Allofthe above © pom> The haif life of an unstable isotope can be altered by varying temperature pressure chemistry of surrounding atmosphere none of the above + com> Page 4 of 416. 17. 18, 19, 20. 24 22, 23, If it was doubly ionized, a helium atom would contain electrons A oe B14 (Came! D4 In fluoroscopic viewing, thin sections of a specimen of uniform material are brighter than thick sections » darker than thick sections Not likely to show any defects Not possible to contrast with thick sections pom> Sealed sources may be handled A. Whenever necessary B. only when changing sources c. Monday ~ Friday D. Should never be handled» ‘The absorption of radiation by a material varies: ‘A. Directly with the square of the distance from the source B. Directly with the thickness of the material C. Inversely with the amount of scattering in the material D. _Inan approximately exponential manner with the thickness of the material» Ultraviolet light has a wavelength that is longer than xrays, gamma rays Cosmic rays all of the above « pop> ‘The electric charge associated with gamma rays is O° 4 4 2 pom> The effect of increasing the frequency of a gamma photon would be to ‘A. increase its wavelength ¢ B. Increase its velocity C. decrease its wavelength - D. decrease its velocity ‘A combination of atoms having a specific structure or from called a (an) element molecule + crystal Chain pom> Page Sof 424, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Artificial isotopes used in industrial radiography are produced by bombarding an element with which of the following A. neutrons + B. electrons C. ions D. Protons Which one of the following isotopes has a halflife of 5.3 years A. Iridium 192 B. Cobalt 60+ C. Cesium 137 D. — Ytterbium 169 Which of the following are located in the nucleus of an atom? ‘A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. both A and B are located in the nucleus * ‘Atoms are usually made up of: A. Alpha particles B. Radio Waves C. Protons, neutrons and electrons * D. xrays lionization is: ‘A. Achange in blood constituents B. The electrical imbalance of an atom C. The removal of an orbiting electron from an atom D. — Bothb&c Radiation absorption of a material depends on: A. ts thickness B. type of material C. Type of isotope D. Allofthe above * The halt life of an unstable isotope can be altered by varying temperature pressure chemistry of surrounding atmosphere none of the above + com> Page 4 of 4Mk MEENA INTERNATIONAL hs EEN Training & Certification Division Radic of Course ssment: A densitometer is A ameter used to measure X-ray intensity Ban instrument for measuring fim density C. ameter used to measure the density of a material D. ameter used to measure tube current ‘Which one of the following isotopes has a half life of 5.3 years? A Iridium 192 B. Cobalt 60 / Cesium 137 D.— Yiterbium 169 ‘Aluminum is commonly welded by which of the following processes A 1G B. Submerged arc C. Electro slag D. MMA ‘A temporary backing bar is used to: Maintain root alignment B. Control root penetration ©. Reduce porosity D. More easily spread excess heat > Xcrays & gamma rays always travel, A. In pairs 8B. otbital sphere ©. instraight lines D. —Inconverging lines As the effective energy of the radiation increases Film image quality increases Film image quality decreases Radiographic definition increases Film speed decreases gom> ‘The primary from of energy conversion produced when electrons strike a target in n X-ray A Primary X-rays B. secondary X- rays ©. Short wavelength X-rays D. heat Films should always be fixed for:- A 2 minutes B. The clearing time C. Twice the clearing time D4 minutes y tube is: The difference in brightness between two adjacent areas on an illuminated radiograph or fluorescent screen image is termed:~ A. Subject Contrast B. Image Contrast ©. Radiation Contrast, D. Radiographic Contrast Page 1 of8" 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 17, 18, Hole type |A's are generally positioned where when performing weld radiography ‘A. Next to the weld at the centre of the pitch B. Next to the weld at the end of the pitch ©. Across the weld at the centre of the pitch D. Hole type IQ's are not used in weld radiography The focal spot in an x-ray tube: A. Isinclined at an angle of 30 from the normal to the tube axis B. _Is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations C. Should be as large as possible to ensure a narrow beam of primary radiation D. Should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life of tube. A film with density 1.0 transmits 1/10 of the incident light, therefore a film which transmits 1/100 of its incident light would have a density of:- 2.0 / 40 60 80 pomp Which of the following causes would NOT result in a radiograph with a general excessive density:~ Over-exposure Excessive development or developing temperature to high Unsuitable or wrongly mixed developer Exhausted developer gom> The time required for one ialf of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive material to disintegrate 's called: ‘A. The inverse square law B. Thecurie © The halflife D. The exposure time Calculate the density when incident light source is 3000 candela/m* and the transmitted light intensity is 80 candelaim®- A 42 B 1.35 C187. Dot Static marks, which are black tree-like or circular marks on a radiograph, are often caused by: ‘A. Film being bent when inserted in a cassette or holder B. Foreign material or dirt embedded in screens C. Scratches on lead foil screens D. Improper film handling techniques ~ The range of thickness over which densities are satisfactory for interpretation is a measure of the: A Subject contrast of a radiograph B. sensitivity of a radiograph ©. atitude of a radiograph ~ D. definition of a radiograph How can the appearance of diffraction mottling be reduced Increasing the kilo voltage Using lead screens Changing the orientation of the beam of ragation with respect tothe item being radio graphed All of the above Dom> Page 20f819, 20. 2 22, 23, 24, 25. 26 7. Doubling the distance from a source of radiation ‘A. Increases the intensity by four B. Increases radiographic exposure by four times C, Reduces the intensity by a factor of four D. Has no effect on intensity or exposure E. Both B& Care correct v ‘A welding process which employs carbon dioxide or a mixture of carbon dioxide and argon for the gas shield around a solid wire electrode fed from a reel is: MMA, Ie MIG or MAGS “ Electro slag pomp> Which of the following can be used to determine the depth of a defect? A. Tube shift B SWSI c. FIso D. 2 film technique ‘The correct term for blurring at the edges of a radiographic image resulting from the fact that the radiation source is of finite dimensions is:~ A. Film Unsharpness. B. Inherent Unsharpness ©. Screen Unsharpness D. Penumbra 7 In the electromagnetic spectrum Ultraviolet rays and x-rays are separated by visible light rays 8B. Ultraviolet rays and radio waves are separated by visible light rays ~ C. Ultraviolet rays and x-rays are separated by infra red rays. D. None of the above > How many wires are contained in a DIN type 101? A Ss BR 6 G7 One When welding by the submerged arc process which of the following defect is least likely to occur? A incomplete penetration B. Lack of root fusion ©. Lack of penetration D. porosity ‘The use of filter will reduce the amount of. Electrons Background radiation High energy radiation in the primary beam Low energy radiation in the primary beam pom> Splashes of water on an exposed film prior to processing will result in: ‘A. teas of significantly decreased density B. Brown staining of the radiograph C. Areas of significantly increased density D. —Novisible effect Page 3 0f828. 28, 30, 3 32 33 35. 36. 37. For a constant thickness, an increase in kilo voltage wil A. Increase contrast for a constant flm density B. Decrease film density for a constant contrast C. Increase film density for a constant contrast D. Decrease contrast for a constant flm density In order to achieve uniformity of development over the area of an X-ray film during manual processing} ‘A. the film should be placed in a dryer after being developed B. the developer should be agitated by means of mechanical stirers or pumps C. the film should be agitated while in the developer ~ D. _ the film should be transferred directly from the developer to the fixer A positron and an electron have similar A mass B. charge ©. both aande D. none of the above Film sharpness increases as the:- ‘A. Radiation energy decreases B. Radiation source dimension increases C. Radiation energy increases D. Radiation source dimension decreases ~ Exposure time is directly proportional to: A. Kilo voltage B —_Millamperage ~ C. Film focus distance D. —_Allof the above ‘Which of the following rules would not keep the penumbra to @ minimum:- A. Keeping the source to film distance to the practicable minimum » B. Keeping the source dimensions to a minimum C. Keeping the object to film distance to minimum D. Keeping the source to film distance to the practicable maximum ‘The slope of a characteristic curve is sometimes referred to as Radio graphic contrast film contrast —~ subject contrast all of the above pomp Contrast on a radiograph is controlled by: A. Density B. Movement Cc. FFD D. —Allof the above Which of the following is the most commonly used target material in an X-ray machine A Lead B. Tungsten C. Copper D. Steet ‘A monochromatic X-ray beam: ‘A. is anarrow beam used to produce high-contrast radiographs B, __ Is also referred to as a heterogeneous X-ray beam C. Consists only of a single wavelength ~“ D. Consists only of characteristic radiation Page 4 of38, 39, 40. an 42 43, 48, 46. Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source- to-specimen distance and specimen-to- film distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. This is A Astigmatic effect B. —Penumbral shadow ©. Focus variation D. None of the above ‘Which of the following can be used to determine definition? A Wire type 1a’. B. Duplex type 1al's ©. —Alead letter B placed at the centre of the pitch D. densitometer X-rays, gamma rays and alpha particles are all ‘A. Patticular radiations B. Electromagnetic radiations C. Microwave radiations D. ionizing radiations A tube current is set at SmA and energized for 2 minutes for an X-ray exposure of 10mA minutes. If it ‘were desired to achieve the same exposure while reducing the time factor to 1 minute, then the tube current would have to be raised :- A 10mA B 15mA Cc. 20mA Dd. 18mA Distortion of a weld through lack of restraint is due to A. Hottears B. Porosity C. Electrode material D. _Contractional stresses Which of the following is naturally occurring radioisotope? A ridium 192 B. Cobalt 60 ©. Radium 226 D. —_Allof the above are naturally occurring Radiographic contrast can be reduced by: A. Increasing the FFD B. Decreasing the SFD C. Decreasing the wave length of the radiation D. Increasing the development time Fine grain films are ‘Slower than coarse grain films Faster than coarse grain films Used to reduce exposure times Used to reduce the effect of scatter pomp As the developer temperature increases A Development time increases B. _Noadjustment of time is necessary €. Development time reduces = D. Development temperature should always be 20(C. Page Sof847 48, 49. 50. 51 52 53, 56. A satisfactory radiograph is achieved with an exposure time of 10 minutes at an SFD of 1 meter, if the SFD is changed to 700 mm what will be the exposure time A. 49 minutes B— 6 minutes ' \ ©. 3 minutes D. none ofthe above ‘A method of radiographic examination in which the source of radiation is outside the pipe and the film is close to the inside surface of the intervening wall is called the: A. Double wall method B. Double wall, single image method C. Double wall, double image method D. Single wall, single image method If @ good radiograph is produced with a source to film distance of 200 cm with an exposure of 4 curie minutes, what is the exposure at 600 cm? A. Bcurie minutes B. 24 curie minutes ©. 30curie minutes ! D. 36 curie minutes ‘The time taken for a flm to lose its “milky” appearance during fixation is referred to as: A. Fixing time B. Development time ©. Clearing time D. Dwell time ‘The penetration abilty of an x-ray beam is governed by: ‘A. Kilo voltage or wavelength B Time C. _millamperage D. —_Source-to-film distance Abasic difference between 2 radiographic and a fluoroscopic image is that ‘A. The fluoroscopic image is more sensitive B. The fluoroscopic raw image is positive whereas the radiographic image is negative C. The fluoroscopic image has higher contrast D. There is no basic difference between the two ‘The radiation intensity of an isotope ‘A. Increases with time B. Decreases with time C. Decreases with use D. Is not affected by time Inherent Unsharpness is also referred to as ‘A. Geometries Unsharpness B. Film Unsharpness C.— Penumbra D. Film contrast ‘The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known as the: A. Speed of the curve B. latitude C. average gradient D. density Page 6 of56. 87. 58. 59, 60. 61 62 63, Which diameter wire would indicate 2% sensitivity on a 15mm weld? A [Link] B.0.125mm C016 mm D. 03mm ~ Even with the use of image intensifiers, fluoroscopy in industrial radiography has limited application because A Sensitivity is poorer than film 8. _No permanent record can be made C. tis not as safe as film radiography D. —Allof the above Electro slag welding can be distinguished from the MMA, TIG and MIG welding processes by what factor? ‘A ts use of gas shielding B. The use of consumable electrodes ©. The high degree of operator skill employed D. The use of electrical resistance as its heat source ‘The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high velocity electrons in a solid body called a: Focusing cup filament target Cathode gom> For high speed films offering low fim contrast, the characteristic curve wil ‘A. Have a shallower gradient compared to that for a high contrast film B. Be to the right of that for a high contrast film C. Have a steeper a gradient than that for a very fine grain film D. Both A and B are correct The Developer solution is: A Acid 8 Alkaline Cc. Saline D. Colloidal Calculate the penumbra for the following:~ t Source size 3 X 4mm, OFD = 14mm, FFD = 280mm, A 026mm 8B 26mm ©. 025mm D. 2.5mm X and gamma rays of the same energy: A Have different properties B. Are essentially the same apart from their origins. ©. _Darken films to differing degrees D. Have differing wavelengths Which of the following are located in the nucleus of an atom? Protons Neutrons Electrons. Both A and 8 are located in the nucleus. ~ pom> Page 7 of65. Gamma isotopes produce radiation ‘A. With a continuous spectrum of wavelengths , B. atone or more discrete wavelengths dependent upon the isotope C. _atlonger wavelengths than 120 KV x-rays D. Both A and C are Correct 66. Rectilinear propagation is: A The abilty of X and gamma rays to travel in straight lines B. The ability of X and gamma rays to penetrant certain materials C. The ability of X and gamma rays to scatter D. The ability of X and gamma rays to self rectify within certain materials. 67. A combination of atoms having a specific structure or form called a (an) A element B. molecule c. arystal D. Chain 68. Consumable electrode, flux shielded, manual process is @ description of which welding process: A 1G Bo MMA ~ ©. Submerged are DMG 68. Using a film with a slow speed and very fine grain size would result in radiographs having A Medium contrast B. Low contrast with poor definition C. Very high contrast D. High contrast with poor definition 70. Atoms are usually made up of: A Alpha particles B. Radio waves C. Protons, neutrons and electrons. ~ Dd. X-rays. 71. Practical use of radiography was introduced during A 1895 B 1898 C.— Eatly 1920s D. None of the above 72.” Gamma rays were discovered by: A. Rontgen B. Perse Curie & Marie Curie Cc. -HHLester D. _None of the above 73, PCN Offers how levels of Certification? 5 Levels 2 Levels 3 Levels None of the above 74. Which of the following documents of BINDT deals with vision requirements? PSL-S7A PSL-57C PSL-ad cp Page a ofaNDT TRAINING & CERTIFICATION SERVICES DIVISION Mbacena PCN Preparatory Course Review Test — 4 INTERNATIONAL lL eraee ceca ated SUBJECT Radiography (RI): LEVEL-2 1. X-rays and Gamma rays have significant penetrating power due to their: a Short wavelenath b Medium wavelength c Long wavelength peo d Wide range of wavelengths wd 2. The factor that indicates how much attertuation will take place per centimeter is known as the: a Mass attenuation coefficient b Linear attenuation coefficient Decay rate Atomic number 3. Who is given credit for the discovery of X-ray? a Henri Becquerel b Wilhelm Roentgen Marie Curie d Pierre Curie 4. Image quality indicators (IQs) provide information about the level of: Resolution and contrast sensitivity b Resolution and film latitude ¢ Contrast sensitivity and latitude d Contrast sensitivity only 5. A radiograph made with an exposure of 8 mA m produces a density of 1.8. The sensitometric curve shows a difference in relative exposure between a density of 1.8 and the target density of 2.6 is 4. What must the new exposure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.52 4 mA minutes [Link] minutes 32 mA minutes None of the above aoce 6. Attenuation of radiation is due to: a Absorption b Scattering ¢ Radioactive decay @ Both AandB 7. Exposure to ionizing radiation can be limited a With the use of shielding b By increasing distance form the source c By limiting the time exposed to the radiaiton d Allofthe above 8. _ Bremsstrahlung production of X-rays produces radiation that is composed of: 2 Asmall number of very defined energies b Acontinuous spectrum of energies over some range ¢ Radiation of only one energy d__ None of the above10. X-rays and Gamma rays: a Are both affected by radioactive decay b Are both produced by a radioactive atom ¢ Have completely different properties 4 Differ only in their source When penetrating radiation is directed at a material, the radiation intensity decreases: a Decreases exponentially with increasing material thickness b Increase linearly with increasing material thickness © Decrease linearly with increasing material thickness d__ None of the aboveINTERNATIONAL me MEENA INTERNATIONAL. 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