MA2002 Calculus Tutorial 7
Uploaded by
yu hanyueMA2002 Calculus Tutorial 7
Uploaded by
yu hanyueCommon questions
Powered by AITo find the limit \( \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{\sqrt{3-x} - \sqrt{1+x}}{x^2 + x - 2} \), first note that direct substitution leads to an indeterminate \( \frac{0}{0} \) form. Applying L'Hôpital's Rule requires differentiating the numerator and the denominator. Let \( f(x) = \sqrt{3-x} - \sqrt{1+x} \); its derivative is \( f'(x) = \frac{-1}{2\sqrt{3-x}} - \frac{1}{2\sqrt{1+x}} \). The denominator, \( g(x) = x^2 + x - 2 \), has derivative \( g'(x) = 2x + 1 \). Thus: \[ \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)} = \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{3-x}} - \frac{1}{2\sqrt{1+x}}}{2x + 1}. \] Evaluating this yields \( -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{6} \), which results in an alternate evaluation from Source 1's given answer of \( -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{6} \).
For a continuous periodic function \( f \) with period \( T \), the integral over any interval \([a, a+T]\) equals the integral over one period \([0, T]\). This can be shown by noting that a shift by the periodic length does not change the evaluation of the integral due to the periodicity \( f(x+T) = f(x) \). Thus, \( \int_a^{a+T} f(x) \, dx = \int_0^T f(x) \, dx \). This is due to the function's invariance to translations by \( T \), hence maintaining the same area under the curve .
The assessment of \( \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3}{x+\sin(5x)} \) highlights the complexity added by trigonometric terms that influence limit evaluation. This expression initially presents a \( \frac{0}{0} \) form, prompting consideration of specific properties of \( \sin(x) \) near zero. While typical problems might directly apply L'Hôpital’s Rule, handling the trigonometric component here requires careful expansion or manipulation to accommodate the oscillatory behavior, showcasing the intricacies present in multi-component limits .
Direct substitution in \( \lim_{t \to -3} \frac{t^3 - 4t + 15}{t^2 - t - 12} \) leads to an indeterminate form \( \frac{0}{0} \), which suggests the expression can be simplified by algebraic manipulation rather than direct evaluation. Factorization of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator can help cancel out common factors, resolving the indeterminate form to calculate the limit effectively \( = -\frac{23}{7} \).
To prove \( \int_{a+T}^{a} f(x) \, dx = \int_{0}^{T} f(x) \, dx \) for a function \( f \) with period \( T \), consider \( \int_a^{a+T} f(x) \, dx = \int_a^T f(x) \, dx + \int_T^{a+T} f(x) \, dx \). Since \( f(x+T) = f(x) \), the integrals can be shifted by \( T \) without changing their value: \( \int_T^{a+T} f(x) \, dx = \int_0^a f(x) \, dx \). Combining the two integrals, shows the original limit transformation holds \( \int_0^T f(x) \, dx \).
For \( F(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t)(x-t) \, dt \), where \( f \) is continuous, differentiate under the integral sign to find \( F'(x) = \int_{a}^{x} -f(t) \, dt + f(x)(x-x) = -\int_a^x f(t) \, dt \). Differentiating again for \( F''(x) \) yields \( F''(x) = f(x) \) straightforwardly. This result uses Leibniz's integral rule for differentiating integrals of varying limits .
The significance of periodic functions in computing definite integrals over equivalent intervals lies in their property of translating periodic behavior to maintain constant integral values over these intervals. For a periodic function \( f \) with period \( T \), the definite integral over any interval \( [a, a+T] \) equals that of \( [0, T] \), demonstrating invariance under translation, crucial for simplifying calculations across repeated cycle evaluations in applications from physics to engineering .
The derivative of \( F(x) = \int_{h(x)}^{g(x)} f(t) \, dt \) is given by applying the Leibniz rule for differentiation under the integral sign with variable limits. This results in \( F'(x) = h'(x)f(h(x)) - g'(x)f(g(x)) \). For the function evaluated at \( F(x) = \int_{5x}^{\cos(x)} \cos(t^2) \, dt \), applying the rule yields \( -5\cos(25x^2) + \sin(x) \cos(\cos^2(x)) \).
To compute \( \int_0^a x^3 \, dx \), we can approximate the definite integral using Riemann sums. By partitioning the interval \([0, a]\) into \( n \) subintervals, each of width \( \Delta x = \frac{a}{n} \), the Riemann sum becomes \( \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i^*)^3 \Delta x \) where \( x_i^* = \frac{i \, a}{n} \). Substituting \( x_i^* \) and simplifying, it follows that \( \sum_{i=1}^n \left( \frac{i \, a}{n} \right)^3 \frac{a}{n} = \frac{a^4}{n^4} \sum_{i=1}^n i^3 \). Using the formula \( \sum_{i=1}^n i^3 = \left( \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \right)^2 \), the integral evaluates to \( \frac{a^4}{4} \) as \( n \to \infty \).
The evaluation of \( \lim_{x \to \pi/2^-} \sec(x) \tan(x) \) involves recognizing \( \sec(x) = \frac{1}{\cos(x)} \) and \( \tan(x) = \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} \). As \( x \to \pi/2^- \), \( \cos(x) \to 0^+ \) causing both \( \sec(x) \) and \( \tan(x) \) to tend towards infinity. This results in an undefined form indicating an asymptotic behavior. However, left-hand limit calculations can result in converging expressions, thus leading to \( 1 \) as the limit .