MECHANICS: SUPPORT REACTION
➢ The study of the relationship among forces and
their effects on bodies.
RIGID BODIES:
➢ Bodies that neither change in shape nor size
after the application of forces.
1. Statics
2. Dynamics
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES INTERNAL LOADINGS
▪ Study of the relationship between externally Internal Resultant Loadings
applied loads and their internal effects on ▪ statics is primarily used
deformable bodies. to determine the
NOTE: resultant loadings that
act within a body.
▪ In Rigid Bodies,
• Only the external effect of forces acting
on a body is considered. Four different types of resultant loadings can then be
defined as follows:
• The bodies are assumed perfectly rigid
(no deformation). 1. Normal force, N.
▪ In Deformable Bodies, ➢ This force acts perpendicular to the
area.
• Internal effects of the forces on the
➢ It is developed whenever the external
body will be considered.
loads tend to push or pull on the two
• Deformations will be of great segments of the body.
importance. 2. Shear force, V.
➢ It lies in the plane of the area, and:
➢ it is developed when the external loads
tend to cause the two segments of the
body to slide over one another.
3. Torsional moment or torque, T.
➢ This effect is developed when the
external loads tend to twist one
segment of the body with respect to
the other about an axis perpendicular
to the area.
▪ The main objective of the study is to provide the 4. Bending moment, M.
future engineer with the means of analyzing ➢ The bending moment is caused by the
and designing various machines and load-
external loads that tend to bend the
bearing structures.
body about an axis lying within the
▪ Both the analysis and the design of a given plane of the area.
structure involve the determination of stresses
and deformations. CONCEPT OF STRESSES
3 Considerations in Analysis and Design Stresses
▪ The analysis and design of a given structure ➢ the strength of material per unit area or per
involve the determination of stresses and unit strength.
deformations.
➢ It is also defined as force per unit area.
Considerations:
σ=P/A
1. Strength
▪ 𝝈 𝐨𝐫 𝚻 - stress.
2. Serviceability ▪ Sigma (𝜎) - Normal Stress; and
▪ Tau (Τ) - Shear Stress in MPa (Megapascal)
3. Economics ▪ P - force in N (newton)
▪ A - the contact area in mm2 (sq. millimeter)
3. SHEAR STRESS
➢ Stress component that acts in the plane
of the sectioned area
➢ (parallel to the cross-section).
1. NORMAL/AXIAL STRESS
Assumptions Single Shear Stress VS Double Shear Stress
Axial Load
• Acts along the length of the member
• Centric loading
Axial Member
i. Prismatic
➢ the cross-section is the same at any
location across the long axis of the
beam 4. PUNCHING STRESS
➢ A special type of shear stress.
ii. Isotropic
➢ Experienced when punching a hole in a
➢ materials whose properties remain the member.
same when tested in different
directions
iii. Homogenous
➢ A material of uniform composition
throughout that cannot be
mechanically separated into different
materials.
• Bar is straight (plane remains plane)
Saint Venant’s Principle
“If the forces acting on a small portion of the surface of
an elastic body are replaced by another statically CONCEPT OF STRAIN
equivalent system of forces acting on the same portion STRAIN
of the surface, this redistribution of loading produces
substantial changes in the stresses locally but has a ➢ Also known as unit deformation,
negligible effect on the stresses at distances which are
➢ strain is the ratio of the change in length
large in comparison with the linear dimensions of the
caused by the applied force, to the original
surface on which the forces are changed.”
length.
In simpler terms…
➢ Unit: mm/mm; m/m; in/in; dimensionless.
“We can use a more practical loading technique that is
Whereas,
statically equivalent to the theoretical loading and
obtain similar results at distances greater than the
largest cross-sectional dimension from the load.”
2. BEARING STRESS
➢ δ = Δ𝐿 , Deformation
▪ Special type of axial stress
➢ Lo = Original Length
▪ Commonly seen in:
➢ Connections (pins, bolts, rivets).
➢ Baseplates or bearing plates of
columns.
NORMAL STRAIN STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
1. Tensile Strain 1. Elastic Behavior: Proportional limit
➢ The elongation per unit length as ➢ returns to its original length after
shown in the figure unloading.
Elastic Limit
➢ stress is no longer proportional to
strain, but (still) exhibits elastic
behavior.
2. Plastic Behavior: Yield Point
➢ continues to deform without further
increase in load:
2. Compressive strain ➢ deformation becomes permanent
➢ If the applied force is compressive then
the reduction of length per unit length
is known as compressive strain.
➢ It is negative.
3. Strain Hardening
➢ after yielding ends, the additional load
can be applied until ultimate stress is
reached
SHEAR STRAIN (𝜸)
4. Necking
➢ When a force P is applied tangentially to the ➢ reduction in cross-sectional area,
decrease in load-carrying capacity
element shown.
➢ Its edge is displaced to a dotted line.
➢ Where 𝛿 is the lateral displacement of the
upper face of the element relative to the lower
face and:
➢ L is the distance between these faces. MATERIAL TESTING
➢ the determination of Material
Strength
➢ Based on its ability to sustain loads
➢ Inherent to the material itself and is
determined thru experiments
ADDITIONAL DEFINITION
DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Hooke’s Law
HOOKE’S LAW ➢ the stress is directly proportional to strain i.e.,
- Discovered by the English Scientist, Robert Hooke. • normal stress (σ) α normal strain (ε); and
- “Ut tension, sic vis” As tension, so force • shearing stress (τ) α shearing strain (γ).
▪ E = modulus of elasticity
▪ G = shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of
rigidity.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY • Ductile – a material with a
high capacity for
➢ a mechanical property deformation.
that indicates the
stiffness of a material. • Brittle – a material with a
low capacity for
Materials that are very stiff, deformation.
such as steel, have large values
of Et = 200Gpa AXIAL DEFORMATION
RECALL: SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE
Whereas,
Essentially it states that "the stress and strain produced
Spongy materials such as at points in a body sufficiently removed from the region
vulcanized rubber may have a of load application will be the same as the stress and
low value of Er = 0.70MPa. strain produced by any applied loadings that have the
same statically equivalent resultant and are applied to
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY the body within the same region".
➢ indicates resistance offered by a solid to change DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL LOADS
in its shape.
For a rod loaded within the elastic region,
Assumptions:
• Homogeneous
• Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
• Loaded at Ends
SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS:
A. For prismatic members that experience
STRAIN ENERGY constant internal force throughout their length
➢ As the material is deformed by B. For members subjected to different (not
an external loading, it tends to varying) external loads or different cross-
store energy internally sectional area on each segment
throughout its volume.
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE, Ur
➢ When the stress reaches
the proportional limit, the
stress-strain density is THERMAL STRESS
referred to as the Modulus Temperature Effects
of Resilience.
➢ This is the capacity of ➢ Change in temperature causes changes in the
material’s dimensions.
material for deforming
• Thermal Expansion Gap
elastically. (Area under elastic region)
Deformation due to change in Temperature
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS, Ut
➢ The deformation of a member due to a change
➢ This quantity represents the in temperature can be calculated using:
entire area under the stress-
strain diagram, and:
➢ therefore it indicates the σT = Deformation due to change in Temperature
strain-energy density of the • α= Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion,
material just before it fractures.
➢ This is the capacity of material for energy [ in 1/˚C or 1/K ]
absorption (Area under stress-strain diagram) • L = Original Length of the Member
NOTE: • ΔT = Change in Temperature of the Member
• Strength – capacity of a material for high stress Thermal Strain
(Ult. Stress)