Consistency - is the most important single rule in highway design.

That is, by making every element

AASTHO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

ln 1914 - the American Association of State Highway Officials (ASSHO) was established as an
association of State Territorial and District of Colombia Highway.

Roads and Highways - is defined as strips of land that have been cleared and further improved for
the movement of people and goods.

Road - has somewhat broader application in usage while generally used to describe a public
thoroughfare. It can also refer to railways.

Highway- " The term was first used in England to describe a public road built by digging ditches on
both sides and heaping up the earth in the middle creating a way higher than the adjacent land.

Expressway- is a divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control or access and
generally provided with grade separation at major intersections. Freeway is an expressway with full
control of access.

Control of Access - is a condition where the rights of owners or occupants of adjoining land or other
persons access to light, air or view in connection with a highway is fully or partially controlled by
public authority.

Full Control of Access - The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to through
traffic by providing access connections to selected public roads only. Crossing at grade or direct
private driveway connections is not permitted.

Partial Control of Access - The authority to control access is exercised to give preference to through
traffic. Although in addition to access connections with selected public roads, there may be some
crossings at grade and some private driveway connections allowed.

Through Street or Through Highway - Every Highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is
given preferential right of way, and at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting
highways is required by law to yield right of way to vehicles on such through highway in obedience
to either stop sign or yield signs erected thereon.

Parkway - is an arterial highway for non-commercial traffic, with full or partial control of access
usually located within a park or ribbon park-like development.

Arterial Street - is an arterial route that carries traffic to the nearest access point or through traffic.
It often serves as the most advantageous routes for relatively long-distance travel.

Collector Street- form smaller mesh grid pattern where passengers are pick up from service streets
and carried to the arterial. Large commercial enterprises or amusement facilities like drive in
theaters are mostly fronting arterial roads.

Local Road - is defined as street or road primarily for access to residence, business, or other
adjoining properties. It is also defined as a road constructed and maintained by the local government.

Highway Capacity - is defined as the minimum number of vehicles that are reasonably expected to
pass a given point over a given period of time usually expressed as vehicles per hour.
(Average Annual Daily Traffic) AADT or ADT- refers to traffic volume or flow on a highway as
measured by the number of vehicles passing a partial station during a given interval of time.

The Design Speed - There is no single set of Geometric Standards that will apply to all highway.

Road shoulder- or verge is defined as that portion of the roadway between the edge of the traffic
lane and the edge of the ditch, gutter, curb or side slope

The cross slope - is provided in all tangent sections of the roadway. Slope usually falls in both
directions from the centerline of the two lane highway except where super elevation of curves
directs all water towards the inside.

Cut or Fill Slope - Earth fill of normal height is safe on a slope of I:2 ratios. Meaning, the first number
represents the horizontal distance while the second number is the vertical distance. Slope 1% to 2%
Center Line.

Number of lanes - in a segment of the highway is determined from the estimated traffic volume for
the design year (AADT) and highway lane capacity at expected level of service. AASHTO policies
accept a dually divided 16 lanes roadway with four lanes in each direction for an inner freeway and
four more lanes in each direction on the outside.

Highway Median - Recently, median in various forms, becomes absolute requirement for highways

Deterring Devices - Two sets of double strip painted on the existing pavement, raised diagonal bars,
low curbing and shallow ditches.

Non-Traversable Energy Absorbing Devices - line chain link fence I meter high supported by steel
post augmented by cables at the bottom and midpoint.

Non-traversable - rigid barriers are metal guard rail.

G.M. Barriers - A high non-mountain sloped face concrete barriers called New Jersey. It is cast or
extruded in place or precast in section and set in position by crane.

Grade line - is defined as the longitudinal profile of the highway as a measure how the centerline of
the highway rises and fall.

Fully Directional Interchanges: Three Level, Three level, Four level

Freeway Entrance and Exit - The overall effectiveness of the individual freeway systems is governed
by the flow characteristics of vehicles, and the driver's behavior near on and off the channel.

Bicycle Lane - Bicycle use is now becoming popular due to energy crises and traffic problems. It
requires separate road for the riders that is entirely separate from the vehicular traffic. The design
speed is 20 to 30 kilometers per hour for flat section. The width is 2.00 meters minimum for a 2-way
travel. The grade of the lane is 5% maximum on short distances

ENUMERATIONS
2-4 Cross Section of Typical Highway The cross section of a typical highway has latitude of variables
to consider such as:

[Link] volume of traffic.

2. Character of the traffic.

3. Speed of the traffic.

[Link] of motor vehicles and of the driver.

Highway Median becomes absolute requirement for highways because,

1. Provide deterring devices.

2. Provide non-traversable energy absorbing barriers'

3. Provide non-traversable rigid barriers.

4. Provide G.M. barriers.

Types of Interchange:

1.Y-type Interchange

2.T- or trumpet interchange

Types of Freeway Interchange:

[Link] Interchange

[Link] Cloverleaf

[Link]

Channelized Interchange

[Link] Interchange

[Link] freeway with rotary flyover with roundabout

ITEMS
2-1Consistency
2-2Definition of Terms
2-3 The Design Speed
2-4 Cross Section of Typical Highway
2-5 Road Shoulder
2-6 The Cross Slope
2-7 Cut or Fill Slope
2-8 Number of Lanes
2-9 Highway Median
2-10 The Grade Line
2-11 Vertical Curve Over Crest
2-12 Right of Way
2-13 Stopping Sight Distance
2-14 The Passing Sight Distance
2-15 Road Alignment
2-16 Circular Curves
2-17 Super Elevation -Runoff
2-t8 Widening of Curves
2-19 Island
2-20 Types of Interchange
7-21 Highway Intersection at Grade
2-22 Freeway Entrance and Lxit
2-23 Railroad - Highway Separation
2-24 Bicycle Lane