CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter describes the research techniques the researcher will use to carry

out the study, including the research design, study population, development of the

research instrument and determining its validity and reliability, methods for collecting

data, and the appropriate statistical treatment of data.

3.1 Research Design

In this study the researchers will use the experimental research design to proceed

and to find out the result of the study that will be conducted. The researchers chose to

use the "Experimental Research Design" to gather data and the researchers believe

that this design is suitable for the subject and the study to be done and this design is

the most appropriate to use and the goal of the experimental method is to provide

more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among the variables in a

research hypothesis than what is available from experimental research.

3.2 Collection & Preparation Materials

This study will be done in Bayugan City, from fish vendors of Brgy. Hawilian

Esperanza and the idea of collecting method to conduct this study successfully, the

researchers both buy Channa Striata's scales from the vendors. Collecting more than

five kilograms of Channa Striata fish scales as a waste product, to also help lessen

the environmental waste problem and to completey produce natural hydropoxyapatite

that can be highly used as a concrete reinforcement. Remove the fish scales out from

the body. Rinse/Wash it with clean drinking fresh water. Dry it with a sunlight. After

drying it for a days or weeks, put it on blender to make it redefined. Buy a Portland
concrete cement. Mix Haluan (Channa Striata) fish scales with hydroxyapatite and

concrete cement.

3.3 Materials and Mix Design

For this experimental study, cement produced in Purok 1A Poblacion Marang

St. located at Bayugan City Agusan Del Sur will be used which conformed to

standards set in the important tests on cement such as fineness test, consistency test

and initial and final setting time tests were performed in Channa Striata fish scales.

The initial and final setting time of cement was found to be 115 minutes and 228

minutes respectively. Pure and neutral drinking water will be used in this research at

various stages of mixing and curing.

The fish scales included in concrete for this research work were obtained

from local fish vendors in Bayugan City. For the sake of similarity of results, scales of

single species of fish called Channa Striata were used. Channa Striata is a similar

species to the Carp but larger in size and easily available everywhere in Bayugan.

The range of size of fish scales set after washing and drying was 3-15 mm. The fine

and coarse aggregates available in Bayugan were used in this research. The fine

aggregates went through sieve analysis, water testing, and tests for absorption and

specific gravity according to (ASTM Standard Test Method for Relative Density C128

– 15 (Specific Gravity) and Fine Aggregate Absorption). The process of choosing

appropriate ingredients is called mix design of concrete, namely aggregates, both fine

and coarse cement, etc. calculating their proportions to the item and creating concrete

with a specific minimum strength and economically possible durability.

In this study, was accepted with the ratio 1:2.3:4.3. 48 total numbers of 24

cylinders and 24 cubes of specimens were produced for analysis. For each level of
fish scale inclusion in concrete like 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, six 4-inch cylinders, etc. 6

cubes (4 inches in diameter and 4 inches in height) were casted. The amounts of

components needed to make concrete for casting of the mix ratio of cylinders and

cubes were determined using are tallied using the DoE approach.

3.4 Testing / Experimental Set Up

In this study the researcher will be using the following instrument to gather the

data for the experimental:

Considering the compressive strength of fish scales reinforced concrete, it can be

recommended to be used for light weight structures. As the fish scales help in

increasing tensile strength of concrete, the fish scales can be used with main steel in

reinforced concrete to increase the tensile and flexural strength. The fish scales can

be used for nonstructural cement concrete in buildings such as floor slabs, floor ribs,

underground slabs, behind building stones and in partitions etc. It is recommended to

study the effect of large size of fish scales (other than carp fish) on fresh and

hardened properties of concrete. Moreover, the effects on properties of concrete

should also be studied after 56 and 90 days of curing of concrete specimen. The

chemical, mechanical and fire resistance behavior of fish scale reinforced concrete

should also be studied.

The test findings show that the workability of concrete mixes declines as the

number of fish scales added as reinforcement increases because the concrete mixes

require more water. A common word for concentrated juice made from sugarcane,

sugar beet, or water, or raw cane sugar in concentrated solution after different
percentages of sucrose have been extracted, is molasses (or treacle in the UK

consumer market). Other raw ingredients can be ground along with the clinker to

create blended cement in today's cement manufacturing.

Concrete's ability for compression is measured by it sustain loads that would

otherwise break the specimen, concrete. The most crucial exam that reveals traits is

this one. consists of concrete and is therefore considered to have critical importance

for structural design. the constrictive strength of concrete depends on many factors

such as water cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material & quality

assurance throughout the concrete-making process, etc. The test outcomes based on

various-sized concrete cubes in bar graph data. However, as the amount of fish

scales increases, the power began to form at later reinforcement levels, which implies

that fish scales have sufficient potential for strengthening of cement.

The reason behind this phenomenon is that concrete tends to become more

porous when fiber additions are added to achieve sufficient bonding, aggregates must

penetrate the pores, although Increased bulkiness from increased fiber content alters

the adhesion results in lower strength. Additionally, the formation weaker transition

zone surrounding the fibers generally results in a weaker concrete specimen overall

Moreover, the impurities present on the fiber surface, as well as the fibers' thickness

impede the improvement in the bonding of the constituents of concrete. Consequently,

it may be said that while fibers increase the concrete's strength, but there is always an

ideal level of fiber inclusion. In this situation the optimal inclusion threshold is 2%,

although research Compressive Strength of Fish Scale-Reinforced Concrete

Increased reinforcement will demonstrate the influence on concrete's overall strength.

testing cylinders with various percentages of fish scales for curing for 7 and 28 days.

Throughout the tensile concrete samples were examined for strength by using till

collapse, apply increasing stress along the vertical diameter (split) happens. Along its

length, the specimen fails due to stress created in the transverse diameter direction.

The findings demonstrate that the tensile strength added fish scales increased

the diameter of concrete cylinders. At 2%, the tensile strength reaches its maximum

value. 4.03 MPa is the level of added fish scales in concrete mixtures. Due of the

great tensile strength of the concrete, Scales of fish. Furthermore, it was indicated by

(Bheel et al. 2020) that Inclusion of fibrous additions in a body supplement for

concrete's tensile strength. the test for tensile strength concrete that has been

strengthened with fish scales.

3.5 Statistical Analysis

In order for the results of the study to determine the workability, ANOVA will

be used to determine the ratio after application of fish scales with rich in

hydroxyapatite on hollow blocks making as a concrete reinforcement. One-Way

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) this will be used to determine if there is a significant

difference in the ANOVA techniques used for making the best decision. When

understanding the techniques for getting the results we will also be leveraging the use

of Excel to understand these concepts and the different positive control and negative

control. To verify where the differences occurred between groups, homogeneous

subsets originating from E-test. In addition, for this the researchers conducted this

research with the help of ANOVA to know the workability of Channa Striata's fish
scales as a concrete reinforcement to further more ANOVA is helpful for testing three

or more variables for this constructed research. Since as stated by Rebecca Bevans

(2020) One-Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical test used to analyze the

difference between the means of more than two groups. A one-way ANOVA

uses one independent variable, while a two-way ANOVA uses two independent

variables.

3.6 Disposal

A proper disposal is a necessity for the nature's environment and the

proper segregation of waste disposal is a big help to solve problem pollution.

As the researchers conducted the study, it is a golden rule to do the proper

segregation. For the fish scales it should be put in industrial waste at the

same time it could be an organic waste also. In addition to, fish scales are

biodegradable waste since fish scales are rich source of organic nitrogen and

protein. Portland cement, rocks and sand will be also put in non-

biodegradable waste. While the left over's clean fresh water will be recycled, it

will use in watering the plants and giving drinking water to the animals in

need.