Chapter 4

Motion in Two and Three

Dimensions

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-1 Position and Displacement

Learning Objectives
4.01 Draw two-dimensional 4.03 Apply the relationship
and three-dimensional between a particle's
position vectors for a particle, displacement vector and its
indicating the components initial and final position
along the axes of a vectors.
coordinate system.
4.02 On a coordinate system,
determine the direction and
magnitude of a particle's
position vector from its
components, and vice versa.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-1 Position and Displacement

 A position vector locates a particle in space

o Extends from a reference point (origin) to the particle

Eq. (4-1)

Example
o Position vector (-3m, 2m, 5m)

Figure 4-1

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-1 Position and Displacement

 Change in position vector is a displacement

Eq. (4-2)

 We can rewrite this as:

Eq. (4-3)

 Or express it in terms of changes in each coordinate:

Eq. (4-4)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

Learning Objectives
4.04 Identify that velocity is a 4.06 In magnitude-angle and
vector quantity and thus has unit-vector notations, relate a
both magnitude and direction particle's initial and final
and also has components. position vectors, the time
interval between those
4.05 Draw two-dimensional
positions, and the particle’s
and three-dimensional
average velocity vector.
velocity vectors for a particle,
indicating the components 4.07 Given a particle’s position
along the axes of the vector as a function of time,
coordinate system. determine its (instantaneous)
velocity vector.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

 Average velocity is
o A displacement divided by its time interval

Eq. (4-8)
 We can write this in component form:

Example Eq. (4-9)

o A particle moves through displacement (12 m)i + (3.0 m)k in

2.0 s:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

 Instantaneous velocity is
o The velocity of a particle at a single point in time
o The limit of avg. velocity
as the time interval shrinks to 0 Eq. (4-10)

 Visualize displacement and instantaneous velocity:

Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

 In unit-vector form, we write:

 Which can also be written:

Eq. (4-11)

Eq. (4-12)

 Note: a velocity vector does not extend from one point

to another, only shows direction and magnitude
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

Answer: (a) Quadrant I (b) Quadrant III

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
Learning Objectives
4.08 Identify that acceleration 4.11 Given a particle's velocity
is a vector quantity, and thus vector as a function of time,
has both magnitude and determine its (instantaneous)
direction. acceleration vector.
4.09 Draw two-dimensional 4.12 For each dimension of
and three-dimensional motion, apply the constant-
acceleration vectors for a acceleration equations
particle, indicating the (Chapter 2) to relate
components. acceleration, velocity,
position, and time.
4.10 Given the initial and final
velocity vectors of a particle
and the time interval,
determine the average
acceleration vector.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
 Average acceleration is
o A change in velocity divided by its time interval
Eq. (4-15)

 Instantaneous acceleration is again the limit t → 0:

Eq. (4-16)

 We can write Eq. 4-16 in unit-vector form:

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
 We can rewrite as:
Eq. (4-17)

Eq. (4-18)

 To get the components of acceleration, we differentiate

the components of velocity with respect to time

Figure 4-6

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
 Note: as with velocity, an acceleration vector does not
extend from one point to another, only shows direction
and magnitude

Answer: (1) x:yes, y:yes, a:yes (3) x:yes, y:yes, a:yes

(2) x:no, y:yes, a:no (4) x:no, y:yes, a:no

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-4 Projectile Motion

Learning Objectives
4.13 On a sketch of the path 4.14 Given the launch velocity
taken in projectile motion, in either magnitude-angle or
explain the magnitudes and unit-vector notation, calculate
directions of the velocity and the particle's position,
acceleration components displacement, and velocity at
during the flight. a given instant during the
flight.
4.15 Given data for an instant
during the flight, calculate the
launch velocity.

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4-4 Projectile Motion

 A projectile is
o A particle moving in the vertical plane
o With some initial velocity
o Whose acceleration is always free-fall acceleration (g)
 The motion of a projectile is projectile motion
 Launched with an initial velocity v0
Eq. (4-19)

Eq. (4-20)

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4-4 Projectile Motion

 Therefore we can decompose two-dimensional motion

into 2 one-dimensional problems

Figure 4-10

Answer: Yes. The y-velocity is negative, so the ball is now falling.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-4 Projectile Motion

 Horizontal motion:
o No acceleration, so velocity is constant (recall Eq. 2-15):

Eq. (4-21)

 Vertical motion:
o Acceleration is always -g (recall Eqs. 2-15, 2-11, 2-16):

Eq. (4-22)

Eq. (4-23)

Eq. (4-24)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-4 Projectile Motion

 The projectile's trajectory is

o Its path through space (traces a parabola)
o Found by eliminating time between Eqs. 4-21 and 4-22:

Eq. (4-25)

 The horizontal range is:

o The distance the projectile travels in x by the time it returns
to its initial height
Eq. (4-26)

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4-4 Projectile Motion

 In these calculations we assume air resistance is

negligible
 In many situations this is a poor assumption:

Figure 4-13
Table 4-1

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-4 Projectile Motion

Answer: (a) is unchanged (b) decreases (becomes negative)

(c) 0 at all times (d) -g (-9.8 m/s2) at all times

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.