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Extra Sensory Perception Experiment Results

Q: What are the primary types of phenomena classified under extrasensory perception (ESP), and how are they defined?

The primary types of phenomena classified under extrasensory perception (ESP) include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. Telepathy involves thought transference between persons; clairvoyance refers to supernormal awareness of objects or events not necessarily known to others; and precognition involves acquiring knowledge of future events. These forms of perception occur independently of the known sensory processes .

Q: Discuss the implications of the study's findings on potential applications of ESP in investigative practices.

The study's findings, which indicate ESP results may largely be influenced by chance and psychological factors, cast doubt on its reliability for investigative purposes. If ESP cannot be consistently demonstrated under controlled conditions, its application in important practices like finding missing persons would be scientifically unfounded and potentially misleading. This underlines the need for caution in its use and the pursuit of more empirical evidence before accepting ESP as a valid investigative tool .

Q: How do researchers attempt to provide evidence for ESP using controlled experiments, and what criticisms have been raised against these methods?

Researchers attempt to provide evidence for ESP through controlled experiments such as card-guessing tasks with Zener cards, where subjects guess symbols on cards hidden from view. A statistically significant number of correct guesses beyond chance is considered evidence of ESP. However, critics argue that these methods lack reliability and are often poorly controlled, suggesting that observed effects may be due to chance, fraud, or flawed methodologies rather than genuine paranormal abilities .

Q: What are the main findings and conclusions drawn about ESP in the provided experimental study, and how do these findings contribute to existing knowledge or controversies?

The experimental study concluded that extrasensory perception (ESP) is most likely based on chance and not significantly influenced by controlled variables, as shown by the lack of substantial evidence from the subjects' performance. Despite some significant test results suggesting an effect, the overall data analysis led the researchers to question the existence of ESP. This contributes to the ongoing controversy over ESP by emphasizing the need for better scientific validation and more rigorous research methods to confirm its existence .

Q: What methodological approach was used in the ESP experiment described in the sources, and what were the specific steps followed?

The methodological approach in the ESP experiment involved the use of Zener cards. The experimenter shuffled a deck of 50 cards split into symbols and had subjects guess the symbols while observing a barrier to prevent visual cues. Each trial consisted of subjects guessing 10 symbols, and the experimenter recorded the number of hits and misses. Subjects guessed within 4-5 seconds per card, and the experiment was set up to detect any cheating attempts, which would result in stopping the session .

Q: How do results from the described ESP experiment reflect on the broader scientific community's view of ESP as a credible phenomenon?

The results of the described ESP experiment, which emphasize the potential role of chance and lack clear evidence for ESP, reflect the broader scientific community's skepticism. Despite notable attempts to statistically measure ESP, the inability to consistently produce extraordinary results under controlled conditions supports the view that ESP may not meet scientific credibility standards. This contributes to the ongoing debate about its legitimacy and highlights the necessity for more robust evidence to shift scientific consensus .

Q: What factors might interfere with the results of ESP experiments, and how can future research design account for these factors?

Interfering factors in ESP experiments include environmental distractions, participant bias, and methodological flaws such as inadequate blinding and control for cheating. Future research design can address these by enhancing experimental controls, ensuring double-blind procedures, systematically accounting for statistical anomalies, and rigorously testing for confounding variables. Better participant selection and constraints on conditions like noise levels could further ensure the integrity of results, granting a more reliable assessment of ESP claims .

Q: Evaluate the use of a t-test in the ESP experiment to determine statistical significance and the implications of its results.

A t-test was used to compare the means of the number of hits between Subjects A and B, assuming equal variances. The t-Stat was significantly greater than the t-critical value, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis that ESP does not affect guessing accuracy. However, the implications of these results are contentious as the experiment's design and the influence of chance on results may undermine the robustness of ESP claims, suggesting the need for more rigorous studies to substantiate the findings .

Q: What insights do the authors offer regarding the psychological implications of ESP belief and its impact on experimental outcomes?

The authors suggest that belief in ESP can impact experimental outcomes by influencing the way subjects engage with tasks, potentially leading to bias or self-fulfilling prophecies. They propose that such beliefs may affect an individual's focus, expectation, and interpretation of success or failure during experiments. This could skew results, reflecting psychological rather than paranormal influences, thereby complicating the study of ESP's validity .

Q: Analyze and compare the performance of Subjects A and B in the ESP trials. What patterns or significant differences can be identified from their results?

Subject B performed better than Subject A in the ESP trials, scoring 59 hits compared to Subject A's 27 hits, indicating a greater number of correct guesses. The mean scores also highlight this disparity, with Subject B having a mean of 19.6 compared to Subject A's 9. This suggests that Subject B consistently guessed more accurately across trials. However, such results still question the legitimacy of ESP as they could be attributed to chance rather than genuine extrasensory abilities .

The document describes an experiment on extrasensory perception conducted with 3 subjects. 50 Zener cards with 5 symbols were used in the experiment. The experimenter shuffled the cards and the subject tried to guess the symbol being drawn over 5 trials without seeing the cards. The experimenter recorded the hits and misses. The results for Subject A showed hits on 6 out of 50 guesses, which does not indicate ESP ability beyond chance level. The average score and number of hits for all subjects will be analyzed to determine if any exhibited ESP. The experiment aims to investigate claims about ESP and determine if factors like practice affect potential ESP ability.

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Extra Sensory Perception Experiment Results

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University of Perpetual Help System Laguna-JONELTA

Biñan Campus
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA – JONELTA

Binan, Laguna

College of Arts and Sciences

In Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements in

Experimental Psychology

EXPERIMENT TITLE:

Extra Sensory Perception

PROPOSED BY:

Magano, Alyssa Khae B.

Reyes, Marianne Jane C.

Almazora, Athenna A.

SUBMITTED TO:

Mary Easter Claire Perez Torres

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Abstract … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3

Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4

Method … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5

Results … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 7

Discussion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 13

Conclusion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 14

Appendix … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 15

References … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 18
ABSTRACT

Extra-sensory perception has been a thought provoking subject among Psychologists

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and Philosophers of Science. The concept of Extra-sensory perception (ESP) or what

we regard as the sixth sense is that man can make contact or communicate with distant
events and people by unknown procedures that does not engage the application of
sensual organs. Natural experimental scientists and critics of this phenomenon, posit
that claims associated with it are fraudulent, pseudo-scientific and nonsensical. The
reason for this position is that it does not fit into the whole gamut of information acquired
through the Natural sciences. This chapter explicates the content of ESP and
questioned why it has not been acclaimed a monumental discovery. It concludes in its analysis
that extra sense makes sense and contributes to the advancement of human knowledge.

INTRODUCTION

Extrasensory perception (ESP), perception that occurs independently of the known sensory
processes. Usually included in this category of phenomena are telepathy, or thought
transference between persons; clairvoyance, or supernormal awareness of objects or events
not necessarily known to others; and precognition, or knowledge of the future. Scientific
investigation of these and similar phenomena dates from the late 19th century, with most

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supporting evidence coming from experiments involving card guessing. Subjects attempt to
guess correctly the symbols of cards hidden from their view under controlled conditions; a
better-than-chance percentage of correct calls on a statistically significant number of trials is
considered to be evidence of ESP. Although many scientists continue to doubt the existence of
ESP, people who claim this ability are sometimes used by ininvestigative teams searching for
missing persons or things.

METHOD

* There are 50 Zener cards in the deck consisting of 10 cards per symbol, #2 Mongol pencil and
short bond paper covered with folder so the subject won’t be able to see the recording of data done
by the experimenter.
* The experimenter will shuffle the deck of cards very well in order to pre-arrange the cards to be
guessed. It is going to be the arrangement of the cards from trials 1-5. The experimenter will just
mark the paper with x if the subject missed the correct guess of symbol and √ if the subject hit the
correct guess.

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* The experiment will start with two desks facing each other to create a barrier between the subject
and the experimenter, and to prevent the order of the deck of Zener cards from being visible to the
subject in the other side.
* While the subject is seated, the experimenter will pick up a card from the shuffled deck and take
note of the hit and miss the subject is making from guessing the symbol on the card.
* If the subject is cheating to get a high ESP score, the experiment should be stopped.
* The subject makes a guess of what the symbol is within 4-5 seconds, then the experimenter
records every response and observe every behavior.
* The experimenter will continue picking up cards and recording until all 50 cards have been used.

There are 50 Zener cards in the deck consisting of 10 cards per symbol. The experimenter will
shuffle the deck of cards in order to pre-arrange the cards to be guessed. The experimenter will just
mark the paper with X if the subject missed the correct guess of the symbol and √ if the subject hit
the correct guess.
The experiment will start with two desks facing each other to create a barrier between the subject
and the experimenter. While the subject is seated, the experimenter will pick up a card from the
shuffled deck and take note of the hit and miss the subject is making from guessing the symbol on
the card. The subject makes a guess of what the symbol is within 4-5 seconds, then the
experimenter records every response and observes every behavior. The experimenter will continue
picking up cards and recording until all 50 cards have been used.

H0: ESP not affected the person’s instinct

H1: ESP affected the person’s instinct

Furthermore, the experimenter also sought to answer the following questions:

1. If the subjects score above 10, does it indicate that the subject has ESP?
2. If the subjects score above 10, does it indicate that the subject has ESP? If the subjects

scored less, does it indicate that the subject has a negative ESP?

3. What is the average score of the subjects? What is the meaning of the score?

4. How many hits were scored? How many cards is possible to guess by chance?

5. Can one respond to the color without responding to the number of items that make up

such a form?

6. If the symbol is guessed correctly, why should it be more difficult to guess it again?

7. On the basis of results, what does the experimenter believe in ESP?

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8. What other factors that can affect a person's potential ESP ability?

RESULTS

Table 1.1 Raw Data Scores of Hits and Misses of Subject A to 5-Trial Experiment

CARDS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5

SYMBOL
Wave ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
circle ✓ ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓
star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕

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cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Square ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✓ ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕

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Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕

Table 1 shows the results of Subject A to a 5 trial experiment. Based on the results shown,

Subject A guessed the cards for 26 hits, while the subject’s misses were 223.

Table 1.2 Raw Data Scores of Hits and and Misses of Subject B to 5-Trial Experiment

CARDS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 TRIAL 4 TRIAL 5

SYMBOL
Cross ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
. Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✓
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
. Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✓

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Square ✓ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕
circle ✓ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Wave ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕ ✓
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
. Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✓
Wave ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✕ ✓ ✓ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Wave ✓ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕ ✓
Square ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Cross ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✓
Square ✕ ✓ ✕ ✕ ✕
Star ✓ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕ ✓
Square ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓ ✕
Circle ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✓
Wave ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕
Cross ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓ ✕
Cross ✕ ✓ ✕ ✓ ✕

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Table 1.2 shows the result of Subject B to a 5 trial experiment. Based on the results shown,

Subject B guessed the cards 57 hits, while the subject’s misses were 93.

Table 2 Summary Results of Hits and Misses of Subject A and Subject B

TRIALS SUBJECT A’S SUBJECT A’S SUBJECT B’S SUBJECT B’S

HITS MISSES HITS MISSES

1 6 44 9 41

2 4 46 6 44

3 4 46 10 40

4 7 43 16 34

5 6 44 18 32

TOTAL 27 223 59 191

MEAN SCORE 9 19.6

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Table 2 shows the summary of the results of hits and misses of Subject A and B. Based on the

overall results, Subject B were able to guess more cards with a total of 59 hits than Subject A

that only got 27 hits. The mean score of both the hits of Subjects A and B were also calculated.

For Subject A, the mean score of the hits is 9, while the mean score of Subject B’s hits is 19.6.

Figure 1. Chart of Hits and Misses of Subject A and B

Figure 1 shows the graph of the hits and misses of Subjects A and B in a form of chart. Subject

A had more misses 223, while Subject B only had 191 misses.

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Table 3. T-test Result of Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances of Subject A and B to 5-trial

Experiment

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

5 5 4 5
0.4285 1.0204 0.3541 1.0204
Mean 71 08 Mean 67 08
0.7083 0.7287 0.4463 0.7287
Variance 33 41 Variance 65 41
Observations 49 49 Observations 48 49
-
0.0704 0.5890
Pearson Correlation 2 Pooled Variance 4
Hypothesized Mean Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0 Difference 0
df 48 df 95
- -
3.3402 4.2745
t Stat 9 t Stat 7
0.0008 2.28E-
P(T<=t) one-tail 13 P(T<=t) one-tail 05
1.6772 1.6610
t Critical one-tail 24 t Critical one-tail 52

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0.0016 4.55E-
P(T<=t) two-tail 26 P(T<=t) two-tail 05
2.0106 1.9852
t Critical two-tail 35 t Critical two-tail 51

0.0008
2 -0.00306

Table 3 shows the t-test result of the two samples assuming eaqual variances of Subject A and B

to the 5-trial experiment that conducted. Based on the table, the t-Stat of -4.27457 is greater than

t-critical value 1.661, which suggests that the experimenters must reject the null hypothesis that

the subject does not have an extra sensory perception.

DISCUSSION

Before the experiment, the researcher will often monitor the subject’s behavior before, during,

and after the experiment. Subject A distracted by the noise of the students in the same room.

Subject B on the other hand, guessed the cards seriously. She takes her time to attempting to

identify the shapes on the cards. Both individuals seemed happy that the trials were completed.

Both subjects were satisfied with their trials of the experiment. The researcher concluded that

extrasensory perception is just based on chances and

possibilities based on their observations and analyses of the experiment's data. Extrasensory

perception is assumed to be associated with paranormal events and activities because there is

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currently no additional scientific proof supporting the existence of the ESP phenomenon.

Controlled variables appeared to have little to no impact on a person's ESP capacity. Finding the

variables that could specifically influence extrasensory perception requires more research.

CONCLUSION

As the result of the experiment, it is proven that the mental state of an individual does not affect

the Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) ability. It has been determined by the participants number of

guesses and hits after fifty (50) chances per trial.

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APPENDIX

APPENDIX A: LETTER OF CONSENT

I’m Alyssa Khae Magano, a 2nd Year BS Psychology student from University of Perpetual Help

System Binan-Campus. I am inviting you to participate in a research study. Involvement in the

study is voluntary, so you may choose to participate or not. We are now going to explain the

study to you please feel free to ask questions that you may have about the experiment; I will be

happy to explain anything in greater detail. I am interested in learning more about Extra Sensory

Perception You will be asked to guess the symbol or shape that will be flash by the experimenter

through Zener cards. This will take approximately 30-50 minutes of your time. All information

will be kept. anonymous and confidential, this means that your name will not be appear

anywhere and no one except us will know about your specific answers. If confidential, we will

assign a number to your responses and only we will have the key to indicate which number

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belongs to which participant. In any articles, we write or any presentations that we make, we will

use a made-up name for you and we will not reveal details nor we will change details about

where you work, where you live any personal information about you and so on, so forth.

Participant - “All of my questions and concerns about this study have been addressed I choose

voluntarily to participate in this research project. I am certifying that I am at least 18 years of age

and have signed with the experiments.

APPENDIX B: APPARATUSES

Mongol pencil #2

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Short bond paper

Short white folder

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Zener cards

APPENDIX C: SUBJECTS

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REFERENCES

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Charpak, Georges, Henri Broch, and Bart K. Holland (tr). Debunked! ESP, Telekinesis, and Other

Pseudoscience. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2004. ISBN 0801878675

 Edge, Hoyt L., et. al. Foundations of Parapsychology: Exploring the Boundaries of Human
Capability. Routledge; Kegan Paul, 1986. ISBN 0710202261
 Feather, Sally Rhine and Michael Schmicker. The Gift: ESP, the Extraordinary Experiences of
Ordinary People. St. Martin's Press, 2005. ISBN 0312329199
 Kurtz, Paul. A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books, 1985. ISBN
0879753005
 Milbourne, Christopher. ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell
Co., 1970. ISBN 0690268157
 Milbourne, Christopher. Mediums, Mystics & the Occult. Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1975.
 Milbourne, Christopher. Search for the Soul. Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979.
 Mishlove, Jeffrey. Roots of Consciousness: Psychic Liberation Through History Science and
Experience, 2nd ed., 1997 (original 1975). Marlowe & Co. ISBN 1569247471. Retrieved

June 21, 2022

 BBC News "Psychic dog phenomenon brought back down to earth". Retrieved June 21, 2022.
 Myers, David G. Psychology. Retrieved on June 21, 2022. Contains information concerning the
Randi Foundation tests.
 Radin, Dean. Entangled Minds. Pocket Books, 2006.
 White, John. ed. Edgar D. Mitchell et al. Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science. ,
1974. ISBN 0399113428
 Wiseman, Richard. Deception and self-deception: Investigating Psychics. Amherst, USA:
Prometheus Press, 1997.
 Wolman, Benjamin B. ed. Handbook of Parapsychology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977. ISBN
0442295766

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Common questions