TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHERS LEARNERS METHOD OF AV AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY TEACHING
INTRODUCTION
5 Introduce the Teacher Listening Lecture cum Black board
mints topic. History is a meaningful record of human [Link] term introduces discussion
history is derived from a roman word “Historics” which means the topic.
knowledge through enquiry. History is a record of opportunities
recognized and informed which produces profound change in a
given [Link] r whole series and record of past events that
occurred chronologically in relation to psychiatry were described.
We will use the history to understand the present in light of past
events and developments.
History is the record of opportunities, recognized and
informed that produce changes in a given field. History of
psychiatry and psychiatric nursing illustrates this and is based on
this concept. Mentally ill was always associated with ignorance,
superstitions and fears. Mentally ill patient went through a lot of
torture and problems for lack of development in the field of
psychiatry. With the introduction of understanding of human
behavior during the later part of 19th century, it brought changes in
the care and attitude towards the mentally ill.
20 Describe the History of psychiatry
mints history of Historically mental illness was viewed as a demonic Describes the
psychiatry possession,The influence of ancestral spirits,the result of violating a history of Listening Lecture cum Black board
taboo or neglecting a cultural ritual and spiritual condemnation. psychiatry. discussion.
The earliest treatments of psychiatric mental disorders
are practiced by Stone Age cave dwellers. For certain mental
disorders, the early medicine man, treated the disorders by means of
operation now called trephining. This operation was performed with
crude instrument with stone by making a hole in the skull. The
opening is called trepanning. It was presumed that evil spirit evil
Describe the
20 history of spirit will escape through it. Describes the Listening Lecture cum Black board
mints psychiatry The period of persecution (1552 BC-1440 AD) history of discussion transperencies
psychiatry.
Earlier, treatment of mentally sick depend on means
various superstitious beliefs. It was thought that sounds and
motions are the factors of illness of health, black spirit and
black magic was harmful and white magic and good spirit did
not bring illness. Patients with mental illness were thrown out
of society and beaten up by the people. During this period no
nursing was required as nobody was allowed to keep any
relationship with these patients. They were tortured and left on
their town.
Period of segregation (1545AD-1800AD)
To prevent the mentally ill patients from staying into
streets, they were put separately into asylums. The government
funded these hospitals but patients did not have adequate
conditions to live. During this period the field of psychiatry had
not developed. The aim was to segregate patients from general
public.
Humanitarian period (1745 AD-1826 AD)
During this period more and more asylums were set up. Physicians
got interested in working on mental illness. In the later part of the
century Phillippe Pinel in France and William Tuke in England
opened the chains of mentally ill. More patients were taken on
humanitarian grounds. But no special training was given to nurses
who were working in hospitals. Nurses with general nursing
qualification looked after mentally ill patients.
After Pinel another French scientist Esquirol improved the
classification of mental illness and propagated principle advanced
by his predecessor. But in 19th century psychology and medicine
could not exchanged much data for the treatment of mentally ill
patients. Neither did the doctors see any use in the application of
psychology for the curving of mental afflictions as a result mental
remained part of and parcel of medicine.
Beginning of scientific attitude (1878 AD -1976 AD)
Now the development of insanity is considered as illness. By this
illness time, Jean Martin Charkot practiced hypnotism. Sigmund
Freud founder of psycho analysis believed in hypnotism for easing
psychic tension. Around 1840, a lady Dorothea Dix started taking
interest in the mentally ill and affected considerable social reform,
through her qualities of pertinence, courage and practice.
During this period the Florence Nightingale School was
opened at St. Thomas Hospital London (1860) in 1873, Linda
Richards, the 1st American, psychiatric nurse was graduated from
New England Hospital for women and children. Her work loaded to
start first school of nursing to prepare nurses to care mentally ill
patients.
Period of prevention (1885 AD-1960 AD)
Between, 1920-1972 there is a little change in the role of
psychiatric nurse because all procedures like insulin shock therapy,
psycho surgery and ECT required skilled medical surgical nurses.
People also felt the nurses have a very important role to play in
Milieu therapy. In 1946 psychiatric nursing was added as a subject
in nursing curriculum, in many schools of nursing in 1950 the
National Association of mental health was formed.
An integral basic psychiatric nursing concept was
introduced in the general nursing program in 1956, in 1960 the 1 st
doctoral programme in psychiatric nursing was started and that year
the First world wide mental health Year was celebrated.
There was a tremendous progress in academically too.
Various journals and books were published regarding psychiatric
20 Explain about the nursing. In 1972 American Nurses association published standards Explains the listening Lecture cum Black board
mints history of of psychiatric nursing practice. history of discussion. and
psychiatry in IN INDIA psychiatry in transperencies
India. India. .
Mental hospital as they exist today in India was entirely a British
concept. The early institutions for the mentally in Indian .
subcontinent were greatly influenced by the ideas and concepts as
prevalent in England at that time. Primarily mental asylums were
built in community to protect them from insane and not to cure
them. Their function was more custodial and less curative.
First mental hospital was constructed at Culcutta in 1787. Until the
early part of 19th century the asylums were situated mainly on main
cities like Madras, Bombay and Culcutta. These asylums were
primarily custodial and created to the needs of Britishers and the
Indian Sepoys employed by them. The large mass of local
population was left untreated. The mentally ill from this population
were taken care of by the local communities and by qualified Indian
medicine doctors, qualified in Unani and Ayurveda.
In 1858 British parliament enacted the first lunacy act,
which later results in the establishment of more lunatic asylums
during next 20 yrs in the eastern parts of India in Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.
There was adverse publicity in the British and Indian press
about the inhuman condition of hospital run by British Government.
In 1905 the control of mental hospitals was transferred from the
inspector general of prisons to the directorate of health services and
at the local level to civil surgeons. In 1906 govt decided to have
central super vision by legislation of all lunatic asylums which led
to the Indian Lunacy Act 1912.
The term asylum was replaced by hospital in 1920.
Psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, pathologists and occupational
therapists were trained for the management of psychiatric patients
during the period of 1920-1947. Physical treatment methods, like
ECT, insulin comma treatment and psychosurgery began in the late
Enumerate thirties. For the first time the emphasis shifted from custodial care Enumerates Listening Lecture cum
important mile to a curative approach in some hospitals. the important discussion Black
15 stone of mile stones . board ,charts
mints psychiatry. SOME IMPORTANT MILESTONES
. 1773: First mental hospital in the U.S was built in Williams burg in
Virginia.
1793:Philip pinel removed chains from mentally ill patients
confined in Bicetre,a hospital outside paris,thus bring about the first
revolution in psychiatry.
1812: The first American textbook in psychiatry was
written by Benjamin Rush, who is referred to as the
Father of American Psychiatry.
1908: Clifford Beers, an ex-patient of a mental
hospital, wrote the book, "Tie mind that found itself
based in his bitter experiences in the hospital, lie
founded the American Mental health Association, which
made a major contribution towards the improvement of
conditions in mental hospitals.
1912: Eugene Bleufer, a Swiss psychiatrist coined the
term 'schizophrenia'. The Indian Lunacy Act was passed
1927: Insulin shock treatment was introduced for
schizophrenia.
1936: Frontal lobotomy was advocated for the
management of psychiatric disorders.
1938: ECT was used for the treatment of psychoses.
1939: Development of psychoanalytical theory by
Sigmund Freud led to new concepts in the treatment of
mental illness.
1946: The Bhore committee presented the situation with
regard to mental health sendees. Based on its
recommendations, 5 mental hospitals were set up at
Amntsar (1947), Hyderabad (1953), Srinagar (1958),
Jamnagar (1960) and Delhi (1966). An all India
Institute of mental health was also setup at Bangalore
(Now NIMHANS)
1949: Lithium was first used for the treatment of
mania.
1952: Chlorpromazine was introduced which brought
about a revolution in psychopharmacology and changed
the whole picture of mental health care.
1963: The community mental health centres Act was
passed.
1978: The Alma Ata declaration of "Health for all by
2000 AD" posed a major challenge to Indian mental
health professionals. In order to achieve mental health
for all in 1980 the Government of India called for
experts in the field for assessing the mental health
needs of the people and recommended steps for
providing mental health care
1981:community psychiatric centres were set up to
experiment with primary mental health care approach at
Raipur Rani. Chandigarg. Sakaiwara, and Bangalore.
1982. The central council of Health, Indias highest
health policy making body accepted the National
Mental Health Policy and brought out the National
Mental health programme in India.
1987 :The Indian Mental Health Act was passed.
1990: The government of India formed an action group
at Delhi So pool the opinions of mental health experts
about the National Mental Health programme.
NIMHANS, Bangalore has taken up the leadership in
orienting health care professionals about the mental
health programs of our country. A number of innovative
approaches for the treatment and rehabilitation of
mental illness have been initiated and the most
important one are
Integration of mental health care with general
health care.
School mental health programs.
Promotion of child mental health through the
involvement of anganwadis (ICDS program).
Crisis intervention for suicide prevention.
Halfway homes for mentally ill individuals
for social skills training, vocational training.
education and involvement of the general public,
through the activities of nongovernmental
organizations.
Media material's for public education
Training for non professionals to work with
mentally ill individuals
Conclusion
The attitude towards mental illness and the
trearment of mentally ill have undergone
considerable changes through the years there have
been progressive periods and dark ages.
REFERENCE
1. Stuart GM, Laria MT. Principles and practice of psychiatric
nursing. 8 ed. Mosby publications.
2. Bimla Kapoor,Text book of Psychiatric nursing, Kumar
publishing house. Reprint 2006,p.422,437-439
3. [Link], Essentials of Mental health and psychiatric
nursing,Jaypee brothers publications. First
[Link].l.p358-361
4. Neeraj Ahuja.A Short text book of Psychiatry, Jaypee
brothers [Link] edition Reprint 2004.p242-245.
5. Srivani R, Prashanti N. A guide to mental health and
psychiatric nursing. Jaypee Brothers publication
TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHERS LEARNERS METHOD OF AV AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY TEACHING
TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHERS LEARNERS METHOD OF AV AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY TEACHING
TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHERS LEARNERS METHOD OF AV AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY TEACHING