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CSC 218 Foundation of Sequential Program

Lecture Note 3
(Assemblers Specification and Translation of P/L)

Translators

A translator is a programming language processor that converts a computer

program from one language to another. It takes a program written in source code
and converts it into machine code. It discovers and identifies the error during
translation.

Purpose of Translator
It translates high-level language program into a machine language program
that the central processing unit (CPU) can understand. It also detects errors in the
program.

Different Types of Translators

There are 3 different types of translators as follows:

Compiler
A compiler is a translator used to convert high-level programming language to
low-level programming language. It converts the whole program in one session
and reports errors detected after the conversion. Compiler takes time to do its
work as it translates high-level code to lower-level code all at once and then saves
it to memory. A compiler is processor-dependent and platform-dependent. But it
has been addressed by a special compiler, a cross-compiler and a source-to-source
compiler. Before choosing a compiler, user has to identify first the Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA), the operating system (OS) and the programming language that
will be used to ensure that it will be compatible.

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Fig.: Compiler
Interpreter
Just like a compiler, is a translator used to convert high-level programming
language to low-level programming language. It converts the program one at a
time and reports errors detected at once, while doing the conversion. With this, it
is easier to detect errors than in a compiler. An interpreter is faster than a
compiler as it immediately executes the code upon reading the code.
It is often used as a debugging tool for software development as it can execute a
single line of code at a time. An interpreter is also more portable than a compiler
as it is not processor-dependent, you can work between hardware architectures.

Fig.: Interpreter

Assembler
An assembler is is a translator used to translate assembly language to machine
language. It is like a compiler for the assembly language but interactive like an
interpreter. Assembly language is difficult to understand as it is a low-level
programming language. An assembler translates a low-level language, an
assembly language to an even lower-level language, which is the machine code.
The machine code can be directly understood by the CPU.

Fig.: Assembler

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Examples of Translators
Here are some examples of translators per type:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Translators

Here are some advantages of the Compiler:
• The whole program is validated so there are no system errors.
• The executable file is enhanced by the compiler, so it runs faster.
• User do not have to run the program on the same machine it was created.

Here are some disadvantages of the Compiler:

• It is slow to execute as you have to finish the whole program.
• It is not easy to debug as errors are shown at the end of the execution.
• Hardware specific, it works on specific machine language and architecture.

Here are some advantages of the Interpreter:

• You discover errors before you complete the program, so you learn from
your mistakes.
• Program can be run before it is completed so you get partial results
immediately.

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• You can work on small parts of the program and link them later into a
whole program.

Here are some disadvantages of the Interpreter:

• There’s a possibility of syntax errors on unverified scripts.
• Program is not enhanced and may encounter data errors.
• It may be slow because of the interpretation in every execution.

Here are some advantages of the Assembler:

• The symbolic programming is easier to understand thus time-saving for the
programmer.
• It is easier to fix errors and alter program instructions.
• Efficiency in execution just like machine level language.

Here are some disadvantages of the Assembler:

• It is machine dependent, cannot be used in other architecture.
• A small change in design can invalidate the whole program.
• It is difficult to maintain.

INTRODUCTION TO ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Assembly Language is a low-level programming language. It helps in understanding
the programming language to machine code. In computers, there is an assembler that
helps in converting the assembly code into machine code executable. Assembly
language is designed to understand the instruction and provide to machine language for
further processing. It mainly depends on the architecture of the system whether it is the
operating system or computer architecture.
Assembly Language mainly consists of mnemonic processor instructions or data, and
other statements or instructions. It is produced with the help of compiling the high-level
language source code like C, C++. Assembly Language helps in fine-tuning the
program.

Why is Assembly Language Useful?

Assembly language helps programmers to write human-readable code that is
almost similar to machine language. Machine language is difficult to understand
and read as it is just a series of numbers. Assembly language helps in providing

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full control of what tasks a computer is performing.

Example:
Find the below steps to print “Hello world” in Windows
1. Open the notepad.
2. Write below code
global _main
extern _printf
section .text
_main:
push message
call _printf
add esp, 4
ret
message:
db 'Hello, World!', 10, 0
3. Save the file with any name example [Link], the extension should be
“.asm”.
4. The above file needs to compile with the help of an assembler that is
NASM (Netwide Assembler).
5. Run the command nasm –f win32 [Link]
6. After this, Nasm creates one object file that contains machine code but not
the executable code that is [Link]
7. To create the executable file for windows Minimal GNU is used that
provides the GCC compiler.
8. Run the command gcc –o [Link] [Link]

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9. Execute the executable file now “XYZ”

10. It will show the output as “Hello, world”.

Why You Should Learn Assembly Language?

The learning of assembly language is still important for programmers. It helps in
taking complete control over the system and its resources. By learning assembly
language, the programmer is able to write the code to access registers and able to
retrieve the memory address of pointers and values. It mainly helps in speed
optimization that increases efficiency and performance.
Assembly language learning helps in understanding the processor and memory
functions. If the programmer is writing any program that needs to be a compiler
that means the programmer should have a complete understanding of the
processor. Assembly language helps in understanding the work of processors and
memory. It is cryptic and symbolic language.

Why you should learn Assembly Language?

The learning of assembly language is still important for programmers. It helps in
taking complete control over the system and its resources. By learning assembly
language, the programmer is able to write the code to access registers and able to
retrieve the memory address of pointers and values. It mainly helps in speed
optimization that increases efficiency and performance.
Assembly language learning helps in understanding the processor and memory
functions. If the programmer is writing any program that needs to be a compiler
that means the programmer should have a complete understanding of the
processor. Assembly language helps in understanding the work of processors and
memory. It is cryptic and symbolic language.

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Assembly Language helps in contacting the hardware directly. This language is

mainly based on computer architecture and it recognizes the certain type of
processor and its different for different CPUs. Assembly language refers as
transparent compared to other high-level languages. It has a small number of
operations but it is helpful in understanding the algorithms and other flow of
controls. It makes the code less complex and easy debugging as well.

Features
The features of the assembly language are mentioned below:
1. It can use mnemonic than numeric operation code and it also provides the
information of any error in the code.
2. This language helps in specifying the symbolic operand that means it does
not need to specify the machine address of that operand. It can be
represented in the form of a symbol.
3. The data can be declared by using decimal notation.

Assemblers
The assemblers are used to translate the assembly language into machine
language. There are two types of assembler are:
1. Single-pass assembler: A single assembler pass is referred as the complete
scan of source program input to assembler or equivalent representation and
translation by the statement on the basis of statement called as single pass
assembler or one pass translation. It isolates the label, mnemonics and
operand field of the system. It validates the code instructions by looking it
up in mnemonic code table. It enters the symbol found in the label field and
the address of the text available machine word into the symbol table. This
pass is fast and effected, and no need to construct the intermediate code.
2. Multi-pass assembler: In this, an assembler goes through assembly
language several times and generates the object code. In this last pass is

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called a synthesis pass and this assembler requires any form of an

intermediate code to generate each pass every time. It is comparatively
slower than single pass assembler but there can be some actions that can be
performed more than once means duplicated.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Mentioned are some advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages
Below are the advantages:
1. It allows complex jobs to run in a simpler way.
2. It is memory efficient, as it requires less memory.
3. It is faster in speed, as its execution time is less.
4. It is mainly hardware oriented.
5. It requires less instruction to get the result.
6. It is used for critical jobs.
7. It is not required to keep track of memory locations.
8. It is a low-level embedded system.

Disadvantages
Below mentioned are the disadvantages:
1. It takes a lot of time and effort to write the code for the same.
2. It is very complex and difficult to understand.
3. The syntax is difficult to remember.
4. It has a lack of portability of program between different computer
architectures.
5. It needs more size or memory of the computer to run the long programs
written in Assembly Language.