Republic of the Philippines

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Module in
Industrial Arts

Annaliza C. Ariban
BTVTED FSM 3B

Peter John A. Abinal

Instructor

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Table of Contents-----------------------------------------------------------------------2
About the Author------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Module 1: Basic Electronics------------------------------------------------------6
Lesson 1: Terminologies-------------------------------------------------------------7
Lesson 2: HACCP in Electronics--------------------------------------------------24
Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment --------------------------------------------------28
Lesson 4: Common Symbols in Electronics------------------------------------33
Reflection-------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Module 2: Drafting Technology-------------------------------------------------46
Lesson 1: Terminologies------------------------------------------------------------47
Lesson 2: HACCP in Drafting Technology-------------------------------------57
Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment -------------------------------------------------60
Lesson 4: Types of Drawing-------------------------------------------------------69
Lesson 5: Drawing conventions and symbols---------------------------------71
Reflection-------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
Module 3: Plumbing----------------------------------------------------------------79
Lesson 1: Terminologies------------------------------------------------------------80
Lesson 2: HACCP in Plumbing----------------------------------------------------93
Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment --------------------------------------------------99
Lesson 4: Various Types of Plumbing symbols------------------------------102
Lesson 5: General Principles in Plumbing------------------------------------103
Reflection------------------------------------------------------------------------------106
Module 4: Automotive Technology------------------------------------------107
Lesson 1: Terminologies----------------------------------------------------------108
Lesson 2: HACCP in Automotive Technology-------------------------------143
Lesson 3: Power Tools and Equipment of Automotive-------------------149
Lesson 4: Automotive Technology Carrier----------------------------------158

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Reflection----------------------------------------------------------------------------164
Module 5: Civil Technology---------------------------------------------------165
Lesson 1: Civil Technology Terminologies----------------------------------166
Lesson 2: HACCP in Civil Technology---------------------------------------169
Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment-----------------------------------------------172
Lesson 4: Civil Drafting Employment Opportunities----------------------175
Lesson 5: Terms and Elements related to maps and civil--------------178
Reflection----------------------------------------------------------------------------184
Bibliography-------------------------------------------------------------------------185
Resume------------------------------------------------------------------------------187

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

About the Author

She’s Annaliza C. Ariban, a third year Bachelor of Technical

Vocational Teacher Education Major in Food Service Management
student at Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. She is 22 years old
and living in Sta. Elena Buhi, Camarines Sur. Born on December 3.
The youngest daughter of Rommel Ariban and Mercedita C. Ariban.
Have two older sisters.
The first word she uses to describe herself is approachable.
And also think of herself as an incredibly friendly person, as she
enjoys interacting with her friends. Second, empathetic. She always
tries to understand others' perspectives and find ways to relate to
them. And last, she would describe herself as an open and honest
person who doesn't believe in misleading other people and tries to
be fair in everything she does. She's simple and also a shy type
person.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Introduction
Industrial Arts is an educational program that features the
fabrication of objects in wood or metal using a variety of hand,
power, or tools and equipment.
This module is prepared to study and learn industrial
courses, discussion are carefully stated for you to understand each
courses such as-Basic Electronics, Drafting Technology, Plumbing,
Automotive Technology and Civil Technology.
This module compared of different parts, each part
discusses the courses step-by-step for you to discover and
understand.
In the courses, you will be exposed to different,
terminologies, HACCP, tool and equipment, common symbols in
Electronics, Types of drawing, drawing convention and symbols,
various types of plumbing symbols, general principles of plumbing,
automotive technology carrier, civil drafting employment
opportunities, terms and elements related to maps and civil drafting.
This may help you in your current study as BTVTED student, heads
up CSPCEAN! Padayon future educator! Enjoy learning!

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Module 1:
Basic Electronics

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Lesson 1: Terminologies

Alternating Current (ac) – Current from a power source that

changes polarity periodically.
Alternator – A device that supplies alternating current.
American wire gauge (AWG) – A standard for wire sizes, with the
smallest being designated as forty (40) and the largest as four
aught (4/0).
Ammeter – An instrument used for measuring current.
Ampacity – The current–carrying capacity of conductors in
amperes.
Amperage (A) – The amount of electric current in amperes.
Ampere (A) – The unit of measurement for current. One ampere is
that current whereby one coulomb of charge passes through a point
in one second. Named for André Ampere.
Ampere-hour (Ah) – Unit of measurement for cell or battery
capacity. One Ah generally means that a current of one amp has
been flowing for one hour.
Amplifier – An electronic circuit that boost the voltage and/or the
current level of a signal.
Analog – Generally refers to signals that have many discrete values
versus digital binary signal that have only two states. Also, refers to
the branch of electronics dealing with such signals and their circuits.
The term linear is another term often used for such circuits and
signals.
Analog-to-digital converter (A/D) – A circuit or devise used to
convert an analog signal to a digital form.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

AND gate or logic – Generates a logic 1 only if all of its two or more
inputs are 1.
Apparent power – The product of voltage time’s current in a circuit
containing reactance’s and measured in volt-amps.
Armature – The moving part of a motor or generator.
Autotransformer – A power transformer having one continuous
winding that is tapped.
Ballast – A device used to provide starting current for certain types
of lamps (fluorescent).
Battery – A direct-current power source consisting of two or more
cells.
Binary – In electronics, a number system that has two as its base;
therefore, any position has only two possible values, 0 or 1. A
signal that has only two possible states at any instance.
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) – A transistor type having two PN
junctions, configured as NPN or PNP. May be used as an amplifier
or switch.
Bit – A single binary digit, can be either a 0 or 1.
Bridge – See Wheatstone bridge
Brush – A conductive block used to make sliding contact with an
armature.
Byte – A group of eight binary bits, commonly used to represent
digital data.
Cable – A stranded conductor or group of individual conductors
insulated from each other.
Capacitance (C) – The ability of two conductors separated by an
insulator to store an electrical charge; measured in farads (F).
Capacitive reactance (XC) The opposition that a capacitor offers
to alternating current. This opposition, in the form of a counter
electromotive force (cemf),is expressed in ohms.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Capacitor – A device designed to provide a specific amount of

capacitance.
Cell – A device that transforms one form of energy into electrical
energy. An example would be a chemical dry cell commonly used
in flashlights (D, C, AA, AAA) and other electric devices. These are
often referred to as batteries.
Central processing unit (CPU) – The part of a computer that
performs the arithmetic, logic, and control functions.
Circuit – An arrangement or connection of circuit devices and
components to perform a specific objective. In the simplest form it
would require an energy source, a load to transform the energy into
the desired task, and conductors to connect the source to the load.
In most applications a control device (switch) would be included and
may also include a protective device. Common example of a
simple circuit would be a flashlight.
Circuit breaker – A circuit protection device that opens the circuit
automatically when an overload or short circuit occurs.
Closed circuit – A circuit that provides a complete path for current.
Coil – A wound spiral of two or more turns of insulated wire, used to
introduce inductance into a circuit, produce a magnetic field from
current flow, or to respond to a changing magnetic field by
producing a voltage or mechanical motion.
Component/s – In electronics, a general term to refer to a part or
parts of a circuit without reference to specific names.
Commutator – A cylindrical arrangement of insulated metal bars
connected to the armature coils of a direct-current electric motor or
generator, providing a unidirectional current from the generator or a
reversal of current into the coils of the motor.
Conductance (G) – The ability of a conductor to allow the flow of
electrons. Measured in Siemens (S). The reciprocal of resistance.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Conductor – A low-resistance material to provide a path for current.

Used to interconnect components in a circuit.
Conventional current – A direction flow assignment that has current
flowing from positive to negative.
Coulomb – Base unit of electrical charge equal to 6.25 X 1018
electrons. Named for Charles Coulomb, the French physicist who
pioneered research into magnetism and electricity. He also
formulated Coulomb's law which states that the force of attraction or
repulsion between two charged bodies is equal to the product of the
two charges and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. F= Q1 x Q2/d2
Crystal – A natural or synthetic crystalline material having
piezoelectric properties. As a transducer, used to convert dynamic
pressures (vibrations) to ac electricity or change ac electricity into
vibrations.
Current (I) – The rate of flow of electrons through a conductor or
component; measured in amperes. The symbol (I) stands for
intensity of the electron flow.
Cycle – One complete wave of alternating voltage or current.
Dielectric – A nonconductor of electricity. An insulator that is
capable of concentrating electric fields.
Difference of potential – See electromotive force and voltage.
Digital – Generally in electronics, refers to signals, devices, or
circuits that are binary, meaning they only have two states (high or
low, 1 or 0, on or off). The branch of electronics dealing with such
signals and their circuits.
Digital-to-analog converter (D/A) – A circuit that converts a binary
signal to an equivalent analog form.
Diode – A semiconductor device that only allows current to pass
through it in one direction, cathode to anode. Also, a classification

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

of semiconductor devices having only one junction. Examples

include: rectifier, zener, varactor, and tunnel diodes.
Direct Current (dc) – Current from a power source that continually
flows in the same direction. An electrical source of constant
polarity.
Duty Cycle – The ratio of pulse width to period, indicates the
percentage of time a pulse is present during a cycle.
Electricity – The physical phenomena arising from the behavior of
electrons and protons that is caused by the attraction of particles
with opposite charges and the repulsion of particles with the same
charge. The physical science of such phenomena. Also, electric
current used or regarded as a source of power.
Electric energy – The energy carried by free electrons from a
source to a load. Also, the potential energy of a stationary charge.
Electric power (P) – The rate at which energy is consumed in a
circuit or load. Measured in watts (W).
Electrolyte – A chemical solution used in cells and some capacitors
to produce an electrically conductive medium.
Electrolytic capacitor – A capacitor whose dielectric is formed
through the reaction of an electrolyte and its electrodes.
Electromagnet – A device that produces a magnetic field as the
result of current flow through a coil of wire.
Electromechanical – A classification of actions or devices whereby a
mechanical action is caused by the forces of attraction or repulsion
created when current flow generates magnetic fields
(electromagnetic).
Electromotive Force (emf) – The force or electrical pressure that
has the potential to cause electron flow in a circuit. Also called
voltage, potential difference or difference of potential. Measured in
volts (V).

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Electrostatic field – An electric field produced by stationary charges.

Farad (F) – The basic unit of measurement for capacitance. One
farad is that capacitance that will store one coulomb of charge when
the charging force is one volt. Since the farad is a very large unit,
capacitance will more commonly be expressed as microfarad (uF)
or picofarad (pF) values. Named for Michael Farady, the British
physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction
and proposed the field theory later developed by Maxwell and
Einstein.
Field Effect Transistor (FET) – A transistor type that uses voltage to
control current through the device. See JFET and MOSFET.
Filter – A circuit designed to pass a specific frequency range while
rejecting all others.
Flux – Generally refers to a magnetic line of force but may also
describe an electric line of force.
Frequency – The number of cycles per second for a periodic
waveform. Measured in hertz (Hz).
Fuse – A protective device designed to interrupt current flow (open)
through a circuit when current exceeds a rated value.
Gate – A logic circuit performing a specific logic function. See AND,
OR, NAND, OR and NOT.
Gauss – A unit of measurement for magnetic field.
Generator – A device that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy.
Ground – The common return path for current in an electrical circuit.
Serves as a reference point for measuring all other potentials in a
circuit. Generally assumed to be at zero potential with respect to
the earth. Other than earth references may be used such as the
chassis of an automobile (chassis ground) or some arbitrary point in
a circuit (circuit ground) like the negative side of the power source.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Heat sink – A device attached to a component to aid in the

dissipation of heat.
Henry (H) – The unit of inductance in which an induced
electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is
varied at the rate of one ampere per second. Named for Joseph
Henry, an American physicist who performed extensive studies of
electromagnetic phenomena.
Hertz (Hz) – A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
Named for Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who was the first to
produce radio waves artificially.
Impedance (Z) – Opposition to current flow from the combined
effects of resistance and reactance measured in ohms (S).
Inductance (L) – The property of a circuit that opposes a change in
current. Also, the property of a circuit to store energy in the form of
a magnetic field and release it back into the circuit at a later time.
Inductive Reactance (XL) – The opposition that an inductor offers to
alternating current. This opposition, in the form of a counter
electromotive force (cemf), is expressed in ohms.
Inductor – An electrical device designed to provide a specific
amount of inductance; measured in henrys (H).
Insulation – Nonconductive material used to cover wires and
components to prevent shock and short circuits.
Insulator – A material that has a high resistance to current flow.
Integrated Circuit (IC) – The placement of numerous components
and circuits on to a silicon chip.
Internal resistance – The resistance within a power source.
Inverter – A logic devise (NOT function) whose output is always
opposite the input. Also refers to a devise that converts dc to ac.
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) – A transistor type made by
diffusing a gate region into a channel region. Voltage applied to the

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

gate controls current in the channel by either depleting or

enhancing the channel.
Joule – The basic unit of electrical, mechanical, and thermal energy.
As a unit of electrical energy, it is equal to the energy carried by 1
coulomb of charge being propelled by an electromotive force of 1
volt. Named for James Joule, the British physicist who established
the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of
thermodynamics.
Kilo (k) – Metric prefix for units of measurement equal to thousands
(1000 or 103). As an example: 1 kilohertz (kHz) equals 1000hz.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – Unit of energy consumption equal to 1000
watt-hours or the energy consumed at the rate to one kilowatt (kW)
for a time of one hour. Equivalent to 3,600,000 joules. Generally
used to specify a large energy consumption over a specific time
interval. Residential energy is usually priced at the number of
kilowatt-hours used for a month.
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert – The German physicist noted for his
research in spectrum analysis, optics, and electricity. Developed
fundamental DC circuit laws dealing with current characteristics in a
parallel circuit and voltage characteristics in a series circuit. His
current law states that the current entering a connection has to
equal the current leaving that connection, and that the sum of the
load currents has to equal the source current (or sum of source
currents for multiple parallel sources) (IT = I1+I2+------+IN). His
voltage law states that around any closed loop of series connected
components, the sum of the voltage drops must equal the source
voltage (or sum of source voltages for multiple series connected
sources. (VT = V1+V2+ ------ +VN).
Lamp – A light producing device consisting of a filament placed in a
vacuum.

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4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Law of magnetic poles – Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) – A display type using changes in
reflectivity to generate various characters.
Lenz’s Law – Basic law of electromagnetic induction which states
that an induced voltage will have a polarity that opposes the current
change that produced it.
Light-emitting diode (LED) – A semiconductor diode that emits light
as current flows from the cathode to the anode across its PN
junction.
Linear – A circuit or component where the output is a straight line
(direct proportion) function of the input.
Load – A device or apparatus that uses the energy of a circuit to
perform work. May also refer to the power used by a device,
machine, or a combination of many.
Magnet – An object which produces a magnetic field in the
surrounding space.
Magnetic field – The detectable magnetic flux issuing from a
magnet or electromagnet.
Magnetic poles – The two points of strongest concentration of
magnetic flux around a magnet or electromagnet. By assignment
the flux leaves the north pole and returns to the south pole.
Magnetic saturation – The point where an increase in magnetic
force produces no further magnetic effect in a magnetic material.
The material can have no further increase in flux. Iron, nickel,
cobalt, and their alloys are considered to be magnetic materials.
Magnetism – The physical phenomena exhibited by magnets and
electric current flow that is represented by lines of force.
Mega (M) – Prefix for units of measurement equal to millions
(1,000,000 or 106).

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Memory – The part of a computing device where data and

instructions are stored. See RAM and ROM.
Metal oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) – Also called insulated
gate field effect transistor (IGFET). A transistor type that uses an
electric field to control conduction.
Micro (u) – Prefix for units of measurement equal to millionths
(1/1,000,000 or 106).
Microprocessor – A CPU that is manufactured on a single
integrated-circuit (IC) chip.
Milli (m) – Prefix for units of measurement equal to thousandths
(1/1000 or 10-3).
Modem – Abbreviation for modulator-demodulator. A device that
converts data from one form into another, as from one form usable
in data processing to another form usable in telephonic
transmission.
Multimeter – An instrument that can measure current, voltage, and
resistance on various ranges.
Many multimeters can measure other circuit values such as
frequency and capacitance. May have digital (DMM) or analog
displays (VOM).
NAND gate or logic – Stands for NOT-AND. Gives an inverted
output of AND logic.
Negative – For sources, implies the terminal that has an excess of
electrons. Also, can imply the polarity of a point in a circuit in
respect to some other point.
Nonlinear – A circuit or component whose output versus input graph
is not a straight line.
NOR gate or logic – Stands for NOT-OR. Gives an inverted output
of OR logic.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

North-seeking pole – That pole of a magnetic which points to the

earth’s north pole when free to turn.
Norton’s theorem – A method of reducing a complex network of
bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components to
one current source and one shunt resistance across the load
terminals.
Ohm (S) – The unit of measurement for resistance. Named for
Georg Simon Ohm, the German physicist noted for his contributions
to mathematics, acoustics, and the measurement of electrical
resistance. One ohm is that resistance that limits the current to one
ampere when a potential of one volt exists across its terminals.
Ohm’s law – Very basic circuit law that defines the relationships
between current, voltage, and resistance in a DC circuit. Ohm’s law
states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely
proportional to resistance. (I = V/R) The other forms of the formula
are V = IR and R = V/I.
Ohmmeter – An instrument for measuring resistance.
Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) – A highly stable direct coupled
amplifier resistant to oscillation. May be packaged in an IC format.
OR gate or logic – Generates a logic 1 if any one of its two or more
inputs are 1.
Oscillator – A circuit that converts dc power into ac signals with
constant frequency. Also, an instrument that generates ac signals
whose frequency and amplitude can be varied. These are also
referred to as signal generators.
Oscilloscope – An instrument that displays a plot of voltage over
time. Often referred to as a scope.
Overload – A load in excess of the design limit for a circuit.
Parallel circuit – A circuit with two or more loads (or sources)
connected such that all have the same voltage but different

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currents. Each load can be operated independent of the others.

Parallel sources should have equal voltage ratings.
Period – The time in seconds that is required to complete one cycle
of a waveform.
Permeability – The ability of a magnetic material to conduct
magnetic lines of force.
Phase – A time relationship between two electrical quantities.
Polarity – For electrical charge, the indication of a charge as either
positive (+) or negative (-). Voltage at a point would be indicated as
being either positive or negative with respect to some other point.
For magnetic poles, the indication as either north or south.
Positive – For sources, implies the terminal that has a deficiency of
free electrons. Also, can imply the polarity of a point in a circuit in
respect to some other point.
Potentiometer – A three-terminal resistor with an adjustable center
connection generally used to control voltage; widely used for
volume control in radio and television receivers. In this sense, also
called a Pot.
Power – The rate at which energy is consumed. In electronics it
refers to the consumption of electrical energy in joules over time;
measured in watts.
Power factor (PF) – The ratio of true power to the apparent power in
a circuit, especially those that are not purely resistive. It is also
equal to the cosine of the phase angle for the circuit.
Power supply – Generally, a device or circuit used to convert
alternating current (ac) of specific voltage to one or more direct
current (dc) values of specific voltage and current ratings. May have
variable voltage ability in some instances. May also refer to a
device that converts a specific dc value to another dc value (dc to
dc converter).

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Primary cell – A device that uses up its ingredients to convert

chemical energy to electrical energy and therefore cannot be
recharged.
Primary winding – The input winding to a transformer.
Printed circuit (PC) board – A fiberglass board with copper foil as
the conductors to interconnect the attached electrical components.
Random-access memory (RAM) – A read/write memory that allows
date storage (Write) and data retrieval (Read) to any location in any
order. Considered to be temporary (volatile) in that the contents
are lost if power is turned off.
Reactance – Opposition to current offered by capacitors and
inductors in the form of a counter-electromotive force (cemf), but
expressed in ohms. Reactance does not consume power but gives
the appearance that it does.
Read only memory (ROM) – A classification of non-volatile memory
that has its contents built in at time of manufacturer and which
cannot be changed and cannot be lost if power is turned off.
Variations include Programmable (PROM) and Erasable
Programmable (EPROM) which has provisions for user
programming.
Rectifier – A solid state device that converts alternating current to
pulsed direct current.
Relay – An electromechanical device that uses electromagnetism to
mechanically switch electrical circuits. The output contacts are
designed to be either normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC).
Some relays provide both arrangements and multiple switches.
Resistance (R) – The opposition to current flow in a circuit;
measured in ohms.

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
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Resistor – An electrical component designed to provide a specific

resistance. Available in many formats such as fixed, tapped, and
variable. See potentiometer and rheostat.
Resonance – A circuit condition when the inductive reactance (XL)
equals the capacitive reactance (XC). A resonant circuit is one that
has been tuned to that condition and resonant frequency is that
frequency that resonance occurs in a circuit and provides a
maximum output for one of its circuit variables.
Rheostat – A two-terminal resistor with an adjustable center
connection and one end connection generally used to control
current.
Ripple – The small amount of ac voltage that still remains in the
output of a dc power supply.
RMS Root mean square – The value of an ac sine wave that
indicates its equivalent dc value for producing heat. Also called the
effective value, it is equal to 70.7% of the maximum value (peak
value) for the waveform.
Schematic or schematic diagram – A drawing depicting how the
components are connected using standardized symbols.
Secondary cell – A device whose ingredients convert chemical
energy to electrical energy but can be recharged.
Secondary winding – The output winding of a transformer or one of
several output windings.
Series circuit – A circuit arrangement of two or more loads (or
sources) connected end-to-end only allowing for one current path.
Therefore, all components have the same current but can have
different voltage. An open at any point or in any component
interrupts current flow for all.
Semiconductor – Any of various solid crystalline substances, such
as germanium or silicon, having electrical conductivity greater than

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insulators but less than good conductors. In electronics these are

generally doped to from either N type or P type material. These
materials are the foundational material for diodes and transistors.
Short circuit – An undesirable low resistance path between two
points in a circuit.
Siemen (S) – The unit of measurement for conductance. Named for
Ernst Werner von Siemens, a German engineer who made notable
improvements to telegraphic and electrical apparatus.
Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) See thyristor
Sine wave – A waveform whose instantaneous amplitude is a
function of the sine of the angle of rotation for that instant. The
output waveform produced by rotating a loop in a magnetic field,
and the output of an oscillator generating a pure frequency.
Solar cell – A device that converts light energy to electrical energy.
Also called a photovoltaic cell.
Solder – Any of various fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, used to
join metallic parts. In electronics used to connect components to PC
boards or to aid the conductivity and mechanical junctions of
connections and splices.
Solenoid – Electromechanical device that use electromagnetism to
produce a mechanical operation.
Solid-state – The term that describes components or circuits that
use semiconductors technology.
Source – General term to describe devices that provides electrical
energy at their output terminals to operate a circuit. Examples:
battery, solar cell, generator and alternator, or power supply.
Static electricity – A stationary electrical charge on an object.
Stator – The electromagnetic part of a motor or generator that does
not rotate.

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Stepper motor – A motor type driven with digital codes that moves
in discrete angular increments with each code change.
Superposition theorem – A method for analyzing a complex network
of bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components
having multiple sources.
Surge – A very rapid increase of current or voltage.
Switch – A device used to open (turn off) and close (turn on)
electrical circuits that can be designed to operate by numerous
actions such as toggle, slide, and pushbutton actions. Standard
configurations include SPST, SPDT, DPST, and DPDT.
Terminal – A connection point for electrical components or
conductors.
Thermistor – A resistor made of semiconductor material having
resistance that varies rapidly and predictably with temperature.
Used as a temperature sensor, the resistance varies inversely with
temperature.
Thermocouple – A thermoelectric device used to measure
temperatures accurately, consist of two dissimilar metals joined so
that a potential difference is generated that is representative of the
temperature of the junction.
Thevenin’s theorem – A method of reducing a complex network of
bilateral (conducts equally well in both directions) components to
one voltage source and one resistor in series with the load
terminals.
Thyristor – A broad classification of semiconductor devices used as
electronic switches. Examples include diacs, SCRs, and triacs.
Tolerance – Used to describe the allowable variance in a
measurement or a components value.
Transducer – A device used to convert input energy of one form into
output energy of another.

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Transformer – A device used to transfer electric energy from one

circuit to another, especially a pair of multiply wound, inductively
coupled wire coils that effect such a transfer with a change in
voltage, current, phase, or other electric characteristic. Generally
used to convert one voltage-current relationship to another. Step-up
transformer, increase the voltage while decreasing the current, and
step-down transformer decrease the voltage while increasing the
current.
Transistor – A small electronic semiconductor device having at least
three electrical contacts, used in a circuit as an amplifier or a
switch. See: BJT, JFET, MOSFET.
True power – The actual power consumed by a circuit; measured in
watts.
Volt (V) – The unit by which an electromotive force or voltage is
measured. Named for Alessandro Volta, the Italian physicist who
invented the first electric battery (1800).
Voltage (V) – Same as emf. The force or electrical pressure that
has the potential to cause electron flow in a circuit.
Voltage divider – A series circuit that divides voltage.
Voltage drops – The difference in potential between two points
caused by current flow through a component.
Voltmeter – An instrument used to measure voltage.
Watt (W) – The unit of measurement for power. One watt equals to
the work done when one joule is used per second. Named for
James Watt the British engineer and inventor.
Watt-hour (Wh) – Unit of energy consumed at the rate of one watt
(W) for a time of one hour. Equivalent to 3,600 joules.
Wheatstone Bridge – An instrument or a circuit consisting of four
resistors or their equivalent in a series-parallel arrangement, used

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to determine the value of an unknown resistance when the other

three resistances are known.
Wiring diagram – A graphic representation of how circuit
components are connected.
Zener Diode – A semiconductor device designed to operate at a
fixed voltage as a voltage regulator.

Lesson 2: HACCP in Electronics

HACCP in Basic Electronics

What is HACCP?
HACCP, short for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point,
is an international standardized hygiene management method
designed to prevent harm and ensure safety by analyzing hazard
factors such as food poisoning bacteria and foreign matter
contamination in the food manufacturing process and controlling
critical points to reduce or eliminate these factors.
This approach was developed by the the CAC (Codex
Alimentarius Commission), a joint agency of the FAO (Food and
Agriculture Organization) of the UN and WHO (World Health
Organization), whose guidelines were published in 1993.
In Japan, the revised Food Sanitation Law was passed in
June 2018, clearly stating the mandatory implementation of HACCP

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as an approach to control processes that are particularly important

for preventing the occurrence of food sanitation hazards.

Principles of HACCP
HACCP, which consists of 2 principles, the HA part (short for
Hazard Analysis), and CCP (signifying the determination of Critical
Control Points), involves applying the 5 elements of ‘setting
tolerance limits’, ‘establishing corrective actions’, ‘monitoring’,
‘recording’, and ‘verification’ to the determined critical control points.

[Hazard Factor Analysis and Important Control Points]

Hazard factors are analyzed and identified in terms of
biological, chemical, or physical risk and management standards
and corrective actions established to reduce or eliminate these risks
while continuously performing monitoring, recording, and
verification.

Examples of Products Suitable for Process Control

ROHM offers a number of products suitable for process control
when implementing HACCP.
For example, ROHM can propose products compatible with 2
wireless standards for collecting process data wirelessly. Namely,
Wi-SUN and EnOcean. Adoption examples are shown in the figure
below.
[Wi-SUN/EnOcean Adoption Examples]

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For example, when sending data from a sensor device to a gateway

once every 10 minutes using Wi-SUN/EnOcean, the approximate
characteristics of each are shown below. These difference will allow
users to select the ideal protocol suitable based on application
requirements.

[Wi-SUN / EnOcean Characteristics Comparison]

■Wi-SUN

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Wi-SUN, referred to as Specified Low Power Wireless in Japan, is a

communication standard that uses the 920MHz band which is less
likely to cause interference with existing 2.4GHz wireless while
enabling long distance communication with low power consumption.
In addition, excellent radio wraparound characteristics ensures
stable communication even in places with walls and/or obstacles
such as factories.
● Wi-SUN (to Electronics Basic)
Wi-SUN Product IntroductionAdditional details
■EnOcean

EnOcean offers wireless sensor and switch solutions that support

energy harvesting.
When retrofitting a sensor for monitoring, it is often necessary to
reroute the power supply.
However, EnOcean sensor modules require no batteries, making
them easy to install and maintenance-free.
● EnOcean (to EnOcean’s site)
EnOcean Product Introduction Additional details

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Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment

Basic Electronics Tools and Equipment

Solder
Station
- use to
heat up
the
metals that you are going to join together using solder.

Desoldering Tool - used to

remove solder when a join
is to be taken apart.

Solder - the material that will be used to join

metals together. It has a low melting point

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Needle Nose - mainly used to hold small wire and parts when your
figures just can't do it.

Wire Strippers - as
the name implies,
used to strip wire
to bare the
conductor.

Diagonal Cutters - used to cut wires and

especially the wires sticking out from the
bottom of a circuit board after soldering a part
in place

Multimeter - a piece of test equipment used to check

that wires are not broken, solder joins are good,
resistance, voltage, etc.

Power Supply - used to supply power to

circuits that you are working on. It can be
varied from 0 volts to 30 volts.

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Dremel Drill - used in the shop strickly for drilling small holes in
circuitboards for parts to be soldering into.

Allen Wrench - This is an L- shaped hexagonal steel bar

either end of which fits the socket of a screw or bolt.

Artist’s Cutter - This is very sharp device used in cutting a phenolic

board.

Magnifying Glass - This is a tool made of

transparent plastic or glass with a metal
frame, usually round in shape.

Minidrill - This is a tool used for drilling small

holes through printed circuit board.

Needle Files - These

are hand-cutting tools

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made of high carbon steel and having a series of teeth cut on a flat
body face.

Paint Brush -This is a tool made of soft

hair like insulating materials used in
cleaning components mounted on PCB.

Pliers - These are designed for

gripping and holding small parts in
electronics servicing, assembly and
troubleshooting.

Reamer - This maybe defined as a rotary cutting tools with one re

more cutting elements used for enlarging the size of a previously
drilled hole.

Screwdrive RS
- These are
instruments
designed to
drive in and take out screws.

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Soldering Gun - This tool is used in joining

two or more electronic components and
terminals, and in connecting wire ion PCB.

Soldering Iron - This tool

used in joining two or more
electronic components and
terminals, and in
connecting wires on PCB.

Soldering Iron Stand -

This is a tool usually
made of metal used
to support a heated soldering
iron when not in use.

Solid- State Vom - This is

the transistorized version of
the Vacuum Tube Volt-
Meter (VTVM).

Transistor Tester - This is an instrument used

to test transistor leakage, and an open short
terminal.

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Lesson 4: Common Symbols in Electronics

1. What are Electrical and Electronics Symbols?

If you are a beginner in electronics and electrical plan, then the first
one you have to learn about is the schematic or the circuit diagram.
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And to make it, you have to learn about the schematic

symbols. Electrical symbols and electronic symbols are those
symbols that are used for drawings schematic diagrams. Here we
provided these electrical symbols in the form of a table where you
get each and every symbol with their family.

Image Source: EdrawMax Online

2. Common Electrical and Electronics Symbols

As we are drawings any circuit diagram so we can’t draw the actual

components or the part that we need to make a circuit.

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Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol that
Electrical Wire is used to represent
a wire.

This Symbol
Connected Wires represents the wire
connected crossing.

This Symbol shows

Not Connect that wires are not
Wires connected on
crossing.

So to overcome this problem we use electronic symbols because

they are easy to draw and this makes circuit easily. Below is a list of
the most commonly used electrical symbols.

2.1 Electrical Symbols

Wires Symbols

Switches Symbols

Symbol Name Description

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SPST
It is the symbol of a switch that
Toggle
disconnects current when open.
Switch
SPDT
This Symbol of switch selects
Toggle
between two connections.
Switch
Push It is a symbol that denotes
Button Momentary switch - normally
(N.O) open.
Push
This denotes the symbol of a
Button
Momentary switch - normally
Switch
closed.
(N.C)

It is the symbol of the DIP switch

DIP
which is used for onboard
Switch
configuration.

Relays

Symbol Name Description

This shows the symbol of relay

SPST
that close connection by an
Relay
electromagnet.

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This shows the symbol of relay

SPDT
that open connection by an
Relay
electromagnet.

Earthing

Symbol Name Description

This Symbol is used for zero

Earth
potential reference and electrical
Ground
shock protection.

This symbol shows the wire

Chassis
Connected to the chassis of the
Ground
circuit.

Digital It refers to the reference voltage

Ground of digital-analog if.

Inductors

Symbol Name Description

Symbol of a Coil / solenoid that

Indicator
generates a magnetic field.

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Iron Core It is the symbol of the iron core

Inductor Inductor Which Includes iron.

Variable It is the coil or solenoid that has a

Inductor Variable magnetic field.

Motor and Transformer

Symbol Name Description

Symbol of motor, which changes

Motor
electric energy to kinetic energy.

AC Transformer changes AC voltage

Transformer from high to low or low to high.

2.2 Electronics Symbols

An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various

electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires,
batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an
electrical or electronic circuit.

Electronic symbols are also known as symbol schematics because

they are used in an electronic circuit schematic.
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Resistance

Symbol Name Description

Variable It is the symbol of an adjustable

Resistance resistor which has 2 terminals.

It is the symbol of an adjustable

Potentiometer
resistor that has 3 terminals.

It is the symbol of a trimmer

Trimmer
which is also known as a
Resistor
Preset resistor.

It is the symbol of a Thermal

resistor that changes the
Thermistor
resistance when temperature
changes.

It is the symbol of Photo-

Photoresistor resistor - change resistance
with light intensity change.

Diode

Symbol Name Description

Diode allows current flow in

Diode one direction only - left (anode)
to the right (cathode).

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It allows current flow in one

direction, but also can flow in
Zener Diode
the reverse direction when
above breakdown volt.

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Schottky diode is a diode with

Schottky Diode
a low voltage drop.

This represents the varicap

Varicap Diode diode. Variable capacitance
diode.

Light Emitting LED emits light when current

Diode flows through it.

This is the symbol of

Photodiode Photodiode that allows current
flow when exposed to light.

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Capacitor

Symbol Name Description

Capacitor is used to store

electric charge. It acts as a
Capacitor
short circuit with AC and an
open circuit with DC.

Variable The Symbol represent the

Capacitor adjustable capacitance.

Sources

Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol of a voltage

Voltage Source Source which generates
constant voltage.

It is the symbol of a current

Current Source Source which generates
constant current.

AC Voltage This symbol shows the AC

Source Voltage Source.

It is the symbol of single cell

Battery Cell
use to generate constant volt.

It is the symbol of a battery

Battery which is the combination of
two or more cells.

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It is the symbol of a constant

Controlled voltage Source that gives
Voltage Source controllable voltage at the
output.

It represents the controlled

Controlled Current source which gives
Current Source controllable current at the
output.

Meter Symbols

Symbol Name Description

It is the symbol that shows

Voltmeter Voltmeter which is used to
measure the voltage.

It represents the ammeter

Ammeter whose work is to measure
the current in the circuit.

It is the symbol of the

ohmmeter which is needed to
Ohmmeter
measure the value of a
resistor.

This represents the power

Wattmeter meter which shows the power
consumption.

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Converter and Amplifier Symbols

Symbol Name Description

Operational This operational gives

Amplifier Amplify input signal.

This is the symbol of ATD

Analog to Digital
converts analog signal to
Converter
digital numbers.

This is the symbol of DTA

Digital to Analog
converts digital numbers to
Converter
analog signals.
Transistors Symbols

Symbol Name Description

It allows current flow when the
NPN Bipolar
high potential is at the base
Transistor
(middle).
It allows current flow when the
PNP Bipolar
low potential is at the base
Transistor
(middle) of the symbol.
It is made from 2 bipolar
Darlington
transistors. Has total gain of the
Transistor
product of each gain.

JFET-N Symbol of JFET N-channel field

Transistor effect transistor.

This is the symbol of JFET P

JFET-P
which is a P-channel effect
Transistor
transistor.

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NMOS This is a symbol of Mosfet N-

Transistor channel MOSFET transistor.

PMOS This is a symbol of Mosfet P-

Transistor channel MOSFET transistor.

Utility Symbols

Symbol Name Description

Produce a buzzing sound when

BUZZER
current flows through it.

This is the symbol of Bell which

Electric Bell
Rings when activated.

The fuse disconnects when

current above the threshold---
Fuse
used to protect a circuit from
high currents.

The bus symbol contains

Bus several wires. usually for data /
address.

Convert electrical signal to

Loudspeaker
sound waves.

Microphone Converts sound

Microphone
waves to the electrical signal.

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This is the symbol of a lamp that

Lamp/Light
glows when current flows
Bulb
through it.

Logic Gates and Multiplexer Symbols

Symbol Name Description

This is the symbol of NOT Gate.

Not Gate
Output 1 when input is 0.

This is the symbol of AND Gate.

AND Gate Output 1 when both inputs are
1.

This shows NAND Gate, which

NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are
1. (NOT + AND).

This symbol shows or Gate,

OR Gate which Outputs 1 when any input
is 1.

Symbol of XOR Gate, which

XOR Gate Outputs 1 when inputs are
different. (Exclusive OR).

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Symbol of the multiplexer.

Multiplexer Connect the output to the
selected input line.

This shows DE multiplexer.

DE multiplexer Connect selected output to the
input line.

This shows Optocoupler.

Optocoupler Optocoupler isolates connection
to other board.

2.3. Electrical Symbols Chart and PDF

We have created a printable Electrical Symbols Chart PDF file

that you can download and print if you wish to have a quick
reference. You can download the file by clicking on the Image
below.

Click the image to download Electrical Symbols Chart PDF

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3. Expert Tips for Using Electrical Schematic Symbols

So in the upward table shows you all the electrical schematic

Symbols and electronic symbols which are needed to create a
circuit diagram with their name and description. Now you can draw
any circuit diagram easily with the help of this symbol.

Here are the tips for using these symbols.

3.1 Use a Professional Electrical Diagramming Tool

If you want to maximize your efficiency and come up with visually

appealing diagrams, then consider using EdrawMax Online. Open
EdrawMax Online and go to the Library first, then click on the
Electrical. There you get all components' names, select which you
need to take.

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Reflection

In addition to the usual suspects like current, voltage, resistance,

capacitance, and inductance, fundamental electronics also has a
number of fascinating extras. Even while some of them might
appear to be quite complicated, it is still possible to comprehend
them fully without delving too far into their complex aspects. The
essentials of electrical quantity, such as electrical current, voltage,
and power, are especially important because they are all of utmost
significance. Next, we'll discuss how schematic diagrams are used
during the planning and construction of circuits. Some essential
knowledge about electronic circuits is provided by knowledge put
into practice by creating our own fundamental circuit. A circuit is a
structure that controls and directs electrical currents, likely to carry
out some beneficial task. The term "circuit" also suggests that the
structure is closed, similar to a loop. In this situation, the term
"current" refers to the flow of electric charge, which is commonly

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referred to as "charge" because it is the only sort of charge that

actually exists.

Module 2:
Drafting Technology

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Lesson 1: Terminologies

Alternating Current (ac) – Current from a power source that

changes polarity periodically.
Allowance – An intentional difference between the maximum
material conditions (MMC) of mating parts. If specified it can also
mean the difference between the least material conditions (LMC) of
mating parts. As the minimum clearance it is called positive
allowance or at maximum interference between such parts, the
negative allowance.
Altered item – An item taken from existing stock (usually a
commercial part) or standard part, altered or reworked to meet a
specific design need.
Approximate – Usually, an interim term applied to a calculated or an
estimated dimension until the actual size is determined. Reference
dimensions may be thought of as approximate.

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Assembly – Two or more parts or subassemblies, or combinations

thereof, joined together to perform a specific function. The
distinction between an assembly and subassembly is determined by
the individual application. For example, in one instance an
assembly could be a subassembly of a higher-level assembly.
Auxiliary view – An additional view to supplement the information
conveyed by the views given in conventional form on a drawing; a
view of a surface not in the usual plane of projection.
Axis – A straight line or curve about which a feature of revolution
revolves or about which opposing features are symmetrical. Note
that in numerical control nomenclature, three mutually
perpendicular straight axes form the basis of a Cartesian coordinate
system
Basic hole system – A system of fits in which the design size of the
hole is the basic size and the allowance is applied to the shaft
Basic shaft system – A system of fits in which the design size of the
shaft is the basic size and the allowance is applied to the hole.
Basic size – See Dimension, basic.
Burr – A feather-like cross section of material developed along the
cut edge of a surface.
CAD/CAM – Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing
are computer systems for use in component design and fabrication.
Center line – A unique line used to represent axes of symmetrical
features.
Circularity – Formerly known as roundness. A tolerance zone
bounded by two concentric circles within which each circular
element of the surface must lie.
Coaxiality – A condition where the axes of two or more surfaces of
revolution are coincident. The amount of permissible variation from
the coaxiality may be expressed by a positional or runout tolerance.

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The selection of the proper control depends on the design’s

functional requirements. See also Concentricity.
Concentricity – A condition where the median points of all cross-
sectional elements of a surface of revolution are congruent with the
axis of a datum feature.
Condition, least material (LMC) – The condition where a feature of
size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of
size, e.g., the upper limit or maximum hole diameter and lower limit
or minimum shaft diameter.
Condition, maximum material (MMC) – The condition where the
feature of size contains the maximum amount of material permitted
within the stated limits of size; for example, minimum hole diameter
and maximum shaft diameter.
Condition, regardless of feature size (RFS) – The term used to
indicate the default geometric tolerance or material condition of the
datum reference applied at any increment of feature size within its
tolerance where MMC or LMC is not specified. The RFS symbol is
no longer used.
Condition, virtual – The boundary generated by the collective
effects of the MMC or LMC material condition of a feature and any
applicable geometric tolerances. (See Condition, maximum material
or Condition, least material).
Coordinate dimensioning – Rectangular coordinate dimensioning
where all dimensions are measured from two to three mutually
perpendicular datum planes.
Coplanarity – A condition where all points on two or more surfaces
fall within the tolerance zone of a single plane.
Cylindricity – A condition of a surface of revolution where all points
are equidistant from a common axis.

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Datum feature – An actual feature of a part used to establish a

datum, such as a surface, hole, or slot.
Datum feature simulated – A point, axis, or plane established by
processing or inspection equipment; for example, a surface plate,
gage surface or a mandrel.
Datum feature simulator – A surface of sufficient precision (such as
a surface plate, gage surface or a mandrel) contacting the datum
feature(s) used to establish the simulated datum(s).
Datum plane – A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived
from the true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. A
datum is the origin from which the location or geometric
characteristics of a part’s features are established.
Datum target – A specified point, line or area on a part used to
establish a datum plane.
Delineation (graphic) – The lines which represent the object’s form,
outline, or contours as differentiated from the dimensions, notes,
other non-pictorial representations, or descriptions of the part or its
details.
Dimension – A numerical value expressed in appropriate units of
measure and indicated on a drawing and in other documents, along
with lines, symbols and notes which are used to define geometric
characteristics, a part, or a part feature.
Dimension, basic – A numerical value used to describe the
theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, location, a feature, or
location of a datum target. It is the basis from which permissible
variations are established by tolerances or other dimensions in
notes or in feature control frames.
Dimension, form – A dimension that specifies a feature of a part
which cannot be properly defined by dimensions of size or location

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such as: the angle of the frustum of a cone, the involute angle of a
gear, or the angle of a thread.
Dimension, location – A dimension that specifies the position or
distance relationship of one feature of a part with respect to
another.
Dimension, reference – A dimension, usually without tolerance,
used only for information purposes and shown in parenthesis. It
does not govern production or inspection operations.
Dimension, size – A dimension that specifies the position or
distance relationship of one feature of size on a part with respect to
another.
Drawing, non-part – An engineering drawing that provided
requirements, procedures, instruction, etc., applicable to an item
when it is inconvenient to include such information on the applicable
part of assembly drawing. Examples include test requirements
drawing, wiring diagram drawing, index drawing, etc.
Eccentricity – A condition wherein the center of one symmetrical
feature is offset from the center of another. (Note – this term is no
longer used.)
Envelope, actual mating (external feature) – The perfect counterpart
of the smallest size that can be circumscribed about a feature as it
contacts the surface at the highest points.
Envelope, actual mating (internal feature) – For an internal feature,
the perfect counterpart that can be inscribed within the feature as it
contacts the highest points.
Feature – Any physical portion of a part, for example, a hole, slot, or
surface.
Feature of size – One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of
two opposed elements or opposing parallel surfaces associated
with a size dimension.

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Fit – The general term used to signify range of tightness or

looseness which results from application of a specific combination
of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
Fit, clearance – A clearance fit is one having limits of size so
specified that a clearance always results when mating parts are
assembled.
Fit, interference – An interference fit is one having limits of size so
specified that an interference always results when mating parts are
assembled
Flatness – A condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.
Full indicator movement (FIM) – The total movement of an indicator
when applied to a feature in an appropriate manner to measure its
variations. Also known as total indicator reading (TIR).
Interference – The total amount of deformation to be overcome in
order to force an internal member into a smaller external member.
Item – A nonspecific term used to denote any product, including a
system, part, subassembly, set, accessory, etc. It is also used
interchangeably with find numbers used to locate part numbers on
assembly drawings and parts lists.
Item levels – From the simplest division to the more complex
entities as follows: Part, Subassembly, Assembly Unit, Group Set,
Subsystem, System.
Limit system – A system which indicates only the largest and
smallest permissible dimensions.
Limits – Maximum and minimum values prescribed for a specific
dimension.
Limits of size – Applicable maximum and minimum sizes.
Limits, lower – The minimum value prescribed for specific
dimensions.

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Limits, upper – The maximum value prescribed for specific

dimensions.
Line fit – A condition where the upper limit of a shaft and the lower
limit of a hole are the same value. In such cases surface contact or
clearance may result between mating parts when assembled.
Matched parts – Those parts such as special application parts
which are machine matched, or otherwise mated, and for which
replacement as a matched set or pair is essential.
Materials, bulk – Those necessary constituents of an assembly of
parts as listed on parts lists, such as solder, flux, cement, glue,
welding rod, leather, etc., for which the quantity required cannot be
readily predetermined nor predicted.
Method dimensioning – A planned arrangement of dimensions with
definite objectives.
Number, reference – An identification such as a catalog number,
drawing number, parts list number, instruction number, etc.
Parallelism – A condition of a surface or axis equidistant at all points
from a datum plane or axis.
Perpendicularity – The condition of a surface, median plane, or axis
at right angle to a datum plane or axis.
Profile – The outline of an object in a given plane.
Projection, orthographic – A system of drawing composed of images
of an object formed by projectors from the object perpendicular to
desired planes of projection. (A projector is an imagined line from
an object to a surface along which projection takes place.)
Roundness – A term no longer used. See circularity.
Size, actual – The general measured size of a feature.
Size, actual local – The actual measured size at any cross section
of a feature.

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Size, actual mating – The dimensional value of the actual mating

envelope. Size, nominal – The designation used for general
identification, e.g., 1.50 IPS, 0.062 stock size, etc. It is not
necessarily the mean size permitted by tolerance dimensions.
Slope – The inclination of a surface expressed as a ratio of the
difference in the heights at each end to the distance between those
heights.
Standing instruction – An instruction issued by engineering to cover
manufacturing and testing methods or processes.
Straightness – A condition where individual elements of a surface or
an axis are in a straight line.
Symmetry – A condition in which a feature(s) is (are) symmetrically
disposed about a center plane of a datum feature.
Technological treatment – The methods, practices, and procedure
of subjecting materials or products to specific treatments,
measurements, tests, etc.
Thread, left-hand – Thread with counter-clockwise progression,
looking at end where engagement begins.
Thread, right-hand – Thread with clockwise progression looking at
end at which engagement begins.
Tolerance – The total amount by which a specific dimension is
permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the
maximum or upper limit and the lower or minimum limits.
Tolerance of form – Tolerances that specify how far actual surfaces
are permitted to vary from the perfect geometric form implied by
dimensions. This includes straightness, flatness, circularity and
cylindricity.
Tolerance of location – Tolerances that specify how far features are
permitted to vary from the perfect geometric form implied by
dimensions. This includes position, concentricity and symmetry.

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Tolerance of orientation – Tolerances that specify how far features

are permitted to vary from the perfect geometric form implied by
dimensions. This includes angularity, perpendicularity and
parallelism.
Tolerance of profile – Tolerances that specify how far features are
permitted to vary from the perfect geometric form implied by
dimensions. This includes profile of surface and profile of a line.
Tolerance of runout – Tolerances that specify how far features are
permitted to vary from the perfect geometric form implied by
dimensions. This includes circular runout and total runout.
Tolerance, angularity – Angularity is the condition of a surface,
center plane or axis at a specified angle (other than 90°) from a
datum plane or axis. An angularity tolerance specifies either: 1) a
tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes at the specified basic
angle from one or more datum planes or a datum axis within which
the center plane of the feature must lie or; 2) a tolerance zone
defined by two parallel planes at the specified basic angle from one
or more datum planes or a datum axis within which the axis of the
feature must lie.
Tolerance, bilateral – A tolerance which permits variation in both
directions from the specified dimension.
Tolerance, circularity – A condition of a surface of revolution where,
1) for a cylinder or cone, all points of the surface intersected by any
plane perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that
axis, 2) for a sphere, all points of the surface intersected by any
plane passing through a common center are equidistant from that
center.
Tolerance, concentricity – A condition where axes of two or more
surfaces of revolution are coincident.

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Tolerance, cylindricity – A tolerance zone bounded by two

concentric cylinders within which all points on the surface must lie.
The tolerance is a composite control of form which includes
roundness, straightness, and taper of a cylindrical form.
Tolerance, flatness – A tolerance zone defined by two parallel
planes within which all elements of the surface must lie.
Tolerance, geometric – The general term applied to the general
category of tolerances used to control form, profile, orientation,
location, and runout.
Tolerance, parallelism – A tolerance zone defined by two planes or
elements within which the surface or axis of the considered feature
must lie. It may also be a cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to a
datum axis within which the axis of the considered feature must lie.
Tolerance, perpendicularity – There are several aspects to definition
of perpendicularity tolerances. They are: 1) a tolerance zone
defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or
axis within which the surface or median plane of the considered
feature must lie; 2) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes
perpendicular to a datum axis within which the axis of the
considered feature must lie; 3) a cylindrcal tolerance zone
perpendicular to a datum plane within which the axis or the
considered feature must lie; 4) a tolerance zone defined by two
parallel lines perpendicular to a datum plane or axis within which an
element of the surface must lie.
Tolerance, positional – A zone within which the center axis or center
plane of a feature of size is permitted to vary from true position.
Tolerance, pre-established – Also known as default tolerance. A
group of tolerances such as ‘shop run’ tolerances which apply to a
generic line of parts, i.e., sheet metal parts, turned parts, piping, or
applicable processes.

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Tolerance, profile – A uniform boundary along the profile within

which elements of a surface must lie.
Tolerance, runout – A tolerance used to control the functional
relationship of one or more features of a part to a datum axis. The
type of feature controlled by runout tolerances includes those
surfaces constructed both around and at right angles to a datum
axis.
Tolerance, straightness – A tolerance zone where points of each
individual element or an axis must fall in a straight line. The
tolerance is applied in a view where the elements appear as straight
lines.
Tolerance, symmetry – A condition where the center plane of the
actual mating envelope of one or more features is congruent with
the axis or center plane of the datum feature.
Tolerance, unilateral – A tolerance in which variation is permitted in
one direction from the specified dimension.
Transition fit – A transition fit is one having limits of size so
prescribed that either a clearance or an interference may result
when mating parts are assembled.
True geometric counterpart – The theoretical perfect boundary
(virtual condition or actual mating envelope) or bestfit (tangent)
plane of a feature.
True position – Term no longer used. See Tolerance, positional

Lesson 2: HACCP in Drafting Technology

Common Faults in Using Hand Tools Pliers:

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 Do not increase the handle length of pliers to gain more leverage.

Use a larger pair of pliers or bolt cutters if necessary.
 Do not substitute pliers for a wrench when turning bolts and nuts.
Pliers cannot grip these items properly and might cause a slip and
create an accident.
 Never use pliers as a hammer on the handle. Such abuse is likely
to result in cracks or breaks. Cut hardened wires only with pliers
designed for that purpose.
 Always cut the wires in right angle. Never rock from side to side or
bend wire back and forth against the cutting edges.

Screwdrivers:
 Never use screwdrivers as a pry bar, chisel, and punch stirrer or
scraper.
 Never use screwdrivers with broken or worn-out handles.
Screwdrivers of these kinds should have tags to indicate that it is
defective.
 Never use pliers on a screwdriver for extra leverage. Only use
wrench or screwdrivers specifically designed for purpose.

Utility Knives/ Blades:

 Do not use dull blades because they require more force, thus are
more likely to slip. Replace the blade when it starts to “tear” instead
of cut.
 Never leave a knife unattended with the blade exposed.
 Don’t bend or apply side loads to blades by using them to open
cans or loosen tight cover of containers. Blades are brittle and can
snap easily

USING TOOLS BASED ON THEIR FUNCTIONS AND OPERATION

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Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use

personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) that are
appropriate for the task and which conforms with your local safety
regulations and policies.
Your skill in using tools and equipment will make your work less
difficult and ensure that tasks are performed properly and safely.

Hand Tools
 screwdrivers, needle-nose pliers
 Diagnostic Tools
 Analog or digital Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, power supply

Safety check
 Do not use flammable cleaners or water on electrical equipment.
 Make sure designated walkways are kept clear of any obstructions.
 Always wear protective clothing and use the appropriate safety
equipment.
 Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and
personal safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks.

Proper Use of Hand Tools

 Use the proper type and size of screwdriver by matching it to the
screw.
 Phillips and Flat Head are the most common types.
 Do not over tighten screws because the threads may become
stripped.
In many types of work, hand tools are used every day. They make
work easier and allow people to be more efficient. However,
majority of students often fail to see the hazards these tools can
introduce. In this module "Hand Tool Safety" shows workers how

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accidents can be significantly reduced by reviewing the various

hazards that are associated with specific types of tools.

Mounting and soldering of components on PCB

Procedure in mounting and soldering components on printed circuit
board
1. Carefully check the ready-made PCB against the diagram and
inspect for any microscopic shorts or open paths. Do the remedial
steps, if necessary.
2. Insert the two 33K, ¼-watt resistors as indicated in the diagram.
3. Insert the two electrolytic capacitors in the PCB as shown in the
diagram. Take note their polarity orientation.
4. Mount the two NPN transistors in the PCB taking into consideration
the proper orientation of their electrodes (emitter, base, and
collector).
5. Mount the two jumbo LEDs (Light-Emitting-Diodes) to the place
intended for in the PCB.
6. Remove the insulation of a 4-inch #22 black stranded hook-up wire
with at least 1/8 of an inch on both ends. Insert the uninsulated part
at one end for the negative supply.
7. Do the same as in step no. 6 using red hook-up wire for the positive
supply.
8. Let your work be checked by your teacher before making any
soldering job. a. Solder the connections of your work following the
procedure of proper soldering technique.

Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment

Drafting Tools and Equipment

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DRAWING BOARD - The DRAWING BOARD, fig. 3-1, provides the

smooth, flat surface needed for
drafting. The tops of many drafting
tables are designed for this
purpose. Individual drawing boards
are manufactured in a variety of
sizes. The majority of them are
made from selected, seasoned
basswood. The right-handed
draftsman will use the left edge of the board as the working edge;
the left-handed draftsman the right edge. The working edge should
be checked periodically for straightness. Draftsmen often tape a
piece of heavy paper or a special vinyl board cover to the working
face of the drawing board to protect its surface. The vinyl surface is
easily cleaned

T-SQUARE- Horizontal lines are drawn

with the T-SQUARE, Fig. 3-2. It also
supports triangles when they are used to
draw vertical and inclined lines. The T-
square consists of two parts, the head
and the blade or straight edge. The head
is usually fixed solidly to the blade; however, a T-square with a
protractor head and adjustable blade is also available.
Clear plastic strips inserted in the blade edge of some T-
squares makes it easier to locate reference points and lines. The
blade must never be used as a guide for a knife or other cutting
tool. If accurate line work is to be done, it is essential that the head
of the T-square be held firmly against the working edge of the
board. It is recommended that the blade be left flat on the board or

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suspended from the hole in its end. This will keep warping or
bowing of the blade to a minimum.

TRIANGLES - When supported on the

T-square blade, the 30-60 deg. and 45
deg. TRIANGLES, Fig. 3-3, are used
to draw vertical and inclined lines.
They are made of transparent plastic
and are available in a number of
different sizes. To prevent warping, the
triangle should be left flat on the
drawing board when not being used.
Angles of 15 and 75 deg. can be
drawn by combining the triangles as shown in Fig. 3-4. To draw
vertical lines accurately, rest triangle solidly on the T-square blade
while holding the T-square head firmly against the working edge of
the drawing board.

COMPASS - In
drafting, circles and
arcs are drawn with
a COMPASS, Fig. 3-
6. For best results
the lead should be
adjusted so that it is about 1/32 in. shorter than the needle. Both
legs will be the same length when the needle penetrates the paper.
Fit the compass with lead that is one grade softer than the pencil
used to make the drawing. The lead must be kept sharp. Several
attachments are available for use with the compass. To set the
compass to size, draw a line on a piece of clean scrap paper and

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measure off the required radius. Set the compass on this line. Avoid
setting a compass on a scale. "Sticking" the compass needle into
the scale will eventually destroy its accuracy. You will probably used
a circle template instead of a compass.

DIVIDERS - Distances are subdivided and

measurements are transferred with
DIVIDERS, Fig. 3-10. Careful adjustment of
the divider points is necessary. Be careful
where you place the dividers or compass after
use. It is very painful to accidentally run the
point into your hand.

PENCIL POINTER - It is not necessary to resharpen your drawing

pencil every time it starts to dull. It can be
repointed quickly with a PENCIL POINTER,
Fig. 3-11. Use the pencil sharpener only when
the point becomes very blunt, or when it
breaks. Many commercial pencil pointers are
available. The sand paper pad, Fig. 3-12, is
most frequently found in the school drafting room. A piece of
styrofoam cemented to the back of the pad is used to wipe graphite
dust from the freshly pointed pencil. Keep the pencil pointer clear of
the drawing area when repointing your pencil. The graphite dust will
smudge your paper when you attempt to wipe it off.

ERASERS - Many shapes and kinds of

ERASERS, Fig. 3-13, are manufactured for use
in the drafting room. The type of material being
drawn upon - paper, film or vellum, will

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determine the kind of eraser to be used. Brush away eraser crumbs

before starting to draw again.
ERASING SHIELD - SmaII errors or
drawing changes can be erased without
soiling a large section of the drawing if an
ERASING SHIELD is employed, Fig. 3-
14. Place an opening In the shield of the
proper shape and size over the area to be changed and then erase.
The erasure is made without touching other parts of the drawing. A
popular shield is made from stainless steel. This metal can be made
very thin and still be strong. It is also wear resistant and does not
stain or "smudge" the drawing.

FASTENERS
Three methods of attaching paper to the drawing board are :
Tape is the most desirable of the methods. It does not puncture the
paper or the drawing board.
Staples may be used but their continued use will tear up the
working surface of the drawing board. They are often difficult to
remove.
Thumb tacks are least recommended. They quickly destroy the
smooth working surface of the board.

DUSTING BRUSH - No matter

how careful you are, some
erasing crumbs and dirt particles
will collect on the drawing area.
These should be removed by
using a DUSTING BRUSH, Fig.
3-16, rather than your hands.

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Using your hands may cause smudges and streaks. Dusting

brushes are available in a number of sizes and with natural and
manmade bristles.

PROTRACTORS - A PROTRACTOR, Fig. 3-17, is used to measure

and lay out angles on drawings. They are usually made of clear
plastic and may be either circular or semicircular in shape. The
degree graduations are scribed or engraved around the
circumference of the protractor. When measuring or laying out an
angle, place the center lines of the protractor at the point of the
required angle as shown in Fig. 3-18. Read or mark the angle from
the graduations on the circumference of the tool.

FRENCH CURVES - Curved

lines that are not exactly
circular in form are drawn with
a FRENCH CURVE, Fig. 3-19.
After the curved line is carefully
plotted, it is drawn using a
French Curve as shown in Fig. 12-6, page 152. The curves are
made of transparent acrylic plastic. They range in size from a few
inches to several feet in length and may be purchased individually
or as a set.

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DRAFTING
MEDIA -
Drawings are
made on many
different
materials -
paper, tracing
vellum, film, etc. A heavyweight opaque paper that is white, buff or
pale green in color is used in many school drafting rooms. While
this paper takes pencil lines well, it is difficult to erase because the
pencil point makes a depression in the paper when a line is drawn.
If this material is used, take special care to prevent mistakes.
Industry make much use of vellum and film because reproductions
or prints must, be made of all drawings.
Drawing media is available in either sheet or roll form. Standard
sheet sizes are identified by letter size:
A - 8 1/2 x 11 or 9 x 12
B - 11 x 17 or 12 x 18
C - 17 x 22 or 18 x 24
D - 22 x 34 or 24 x 36
E - 34 x 44 or 36 x 48

PENCILS - As most drawings

are prepared with a pencil, it
is important that the proper
pencil be selected. The
drawing media used will
determine the type of pencil
that should be used. The conventional graphite lead pencil is
satisfactory with most papers and tracing vellums, while a pencil

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with plastic lead is necessary if the drawing is made on film. The

draftsman can select from 17 grades of pencils that range in
hardness from 9H (very hard) to 6B (very soft).
Many draftsmen use a 4H or 5H pencil for layout work and a
H or 2H pencil to darken the lines and to letter. In general, use a
pencil that will produce a sharp, dense black line because this type
of line reproduces best on prints. Avoid using a pencil that is too
soft. It will wear rapidly, smear easily and soil your drawing. Also,
the lines will be "fuzzy" and will not produce usable prints. A conical
shaped pencil point Is preferred for most general purpose drafting.
To sharpen the pencil, cut the wood away from the unlettered end.
Use a knife or mechanical sharpener and point the lead on a pencil
pointer. A semiautomatic pencil, Fig. 3-23, is usually preferred to a
wood pencil. With this type pencil it is not necessary to cut away the
wood to expose the lead. The extended lead is shaped on a pencil
pointer.

SCALES -
SCALES. Fig.
3-24, are. in
constant use on
the drawing
board because
almost every line on a mechanical drawing must be of a measured
length. Accurate drawings require accurate measurements.
Because of the diversity of the work that must be drawn, the scales
used by the draftsman are made in many shapes, lengths and
measurement graduations. They may be made of wood, plastic, or
a combination of both materials. Graduations are printed on

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inexpensive scales, and are machine engraved on the more costly

ones.
For convenience, scales are classified according to their common
uses:
ARCHITECTS' SCALE. Each division represents one foot and is
divided into twelve parts, each part being equal to one inch.
ENGINEERS' SCALE. Used mostly where large reductions are
required. It is divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 units
(each represents one foot) per inch.
MECHANICAL DRAFTSMEN 'S SCALE. Most commonly divided
into the following graduations: full size, and 3/4, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 in.
to 1 foot.
TEMPLATE - Much time can be saved in drawing standard symbols
and figures if TEMPLATES are used, Fig. 3-20. Made of thin plastic,
these tools are available in a large number of styles and sizes.

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TRACING TUBE - This

drafting material is
transparent plastic film,
usually made from
polyester, that is intended
for photocopying. It can
be 0.05, 0.07 and 0.10 mm thick, and it's used for lining with pencils
and drawing pens. 

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Lesson 4: Types of Drawing

Freehand Drawing - This most of all refer to a type of technique,

using which, the drawing is performed only using paper and pencil,
and can be worked several effects that you can apply to the same,
as is the chiaroscuro, the light, and the clarity.
Technical Drawing - This is a much more concise expression than
the previous one since it consists of shaping an image but making
precise use of the forms and measures. It is necessary before
proceeding to this type of expression that the person has a series of
knowledge that will guarantee him the objective to propose, that is,
the person must know well what he is doing.
Geometric Drawing - It consists in the instruction and learning of the
geometric and essential forms, through which the person can shape a
particular image, for the realization of this type of drawing it is equally
worth learning and practice until Mastering the techniques of its
understanding.
Mechanical Drawing - The idea of this drawing is to reproduce a
series of parts that are part of a machine; it is a drawing that is used
in planes to project the components of an industrial device, or an
artefact. When the drawing is done as a replica, it is to reproduce the
machine in the plane, to modify its parts or to modify the processes
carried out by it. In other cases, this drawing is made so that the
person can create a new machine. This type of expression obeys an
image of an artifact or product that you want to create.

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Architectural Drawing - The purpose of this type of drawings is to

reproduce the infrastructures that exist in reality, sometimes this type
of illustrations is made in 3D planes, to determine the proportionate
measures of the spaces to be built. This type of drawings must be
made with the highest possible precision; the idea is to represent on
small scales, the buildings that are subsequently to be created so that
the person who is going to do this must know the area.

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Lesson 5: Drawing conventions and Symbols

Drawing Conventions
Language of Building = 2 Types: Legal (Contracts, Regulations and
Permits) & Construction (Specifications and Drawings)
Construction drawings focus on a building’s shape, appearance,
and dimensions, while the written construction specifications, or
specs, focus on what materials will be used and how they should be
installed.
A specification is a written document with technical directions and
conditions describing the quality of materials and standard of
workmanship of the project and forming part of the tender and
contract documents. A specification deals with items that cannot be
shown on the drawings. They are either written as product
specifications, installation specification, or performance
specifications.
Typical contents include: preliminaries, concrete, excavations,
drainage, steel framing etc. Also, instillation specifics (how we’re
going to fix things)
Drawings are diagrammatic representation showing a building.
They need to be understandable to a variety of people and so they
use conventions.
 Sketch plans (rough idea of what the client is thinking)

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 Presentation drawings (formalised visual idea of sketches, usually

in 3D to help those not familiar with other building drawings but
can’t see measurements or specifics)
 Town Planning drawing
 Construction drawings (Working drawings) = goes to builders and
subcontractors
 Demolition drawings (knocking buildings over)
 Architectural drawings
 Engineering drawings (by engineering consultants for structural
components)
 Shop drawings the conventions include types, scales, set‐outs,
line‐types and symbols = to scale Who uses the drawings?
 Clients or their representatives
 Authorities including Local Council, Water, Sewer, Gas, Telstra
 Builder and their employees
 Subcontractors including Concreters, Bricklayers, Carpenters,
Roofers, Plumbers, Electricians, Plasterers etc.
 Consultants including Engineers (Geotechnical, Structural),
Building Surveyors / inspectors, Interior designers, Landscape
architects
 Suppliers including Window manufacturers, Plumbing suppliers,
Cabinet makers (kitchens etc.)
Architectural Drawings
= plans, sections, elevations and details
Site plans
Scale = usually 1:500
Can have specific services ones.
Floor Plans - rooms, how big they are. internal (actual building) and
external (landscaping) ones
- finishes (carpets, cupboards, floor finishes etc.)
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- scale is usually 1:50 or 1:100

- reflected ceiling plan = shows panels, tiles, specific measurements
-
Elevations
- floor to ceiling heights
- kinds of ceilings
- windows and doors
- materials, paint etc.
Sections
- slab, trusses
- ceiling heights and other measurements
- windows, bathrooms = internal elevation
- air conditioning
Internal Elevations
- shows tiles, windows etc.
- light switches
- all specified with height
- specific fittings and notes for builder
Details Drawings e.g. Concrete
- bolts, reinforcing bars
- type of concrete
- scale
- usually 1:10
Window & Door schedule - Gives builders specifics of types, sizes,
how much glass etc
Engineering Drawings - Each kind of trade has a drawing of where
their work comes into the house
= plumbers, electricians, carpenters etc.
Other Drawings - E.g. ventilation
= shows where fans are, insulation, heaters, glass etc.

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SCALE
- The ratio between the size of something real and that of a
representation of it.
- Each type of drawing will have its own typical scale or scales
- 1:10,000 Locality plan
- 1:500; 1:200 Site Plan
- 1:100; 1:50 Floor Plans, Elevations and Sections
- 1:5; 1:10; 1:20 Details
DIMENSIONS
Types
- Actual
- Sequence (all independent)
- Running

Plan Dimensions
- Internal
- Overall (external)

Tolerances
- Standards for how off something can be
- Skirting boards are useful for uneven floors for example
OTHER INFO
- Building address
- Date of last change to plans
- Architect and builder contact details
- Scale
- Drawing and sheet number

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GRAPHIC MATERIAL SYMBOLS - Industry specific ways of

drawing.
Machining Symbols
The shape of an engineering component can be determined
in several ways. The component may be forged, cast drawn, etc
After one or more of these processes, it is quite likely that some
machining will have to be done It is therefore important that these
machined faces be indicated on the drawing. The method
recommended by BS 308 is shown in Fig. 18/23 but this is not the
only method in use. Sometimes, the letter T is written over the face
to be machined. Thia letter T stands for 'finish'.
The small tick shows only that that particular face has to be
machined. It does not show how it is to be machined, nor does it
show how smooth the finish is to be. The method of machining—
turning, milling, grinding, etc. —is not normally put on a drawing but
the standard of finish is very smooth or the bearing will overheat
and eeue'. On the other hand, smooth finishes are expensive to
produce and should be kept to a sensible minimum. The moving
parts of an internal combustion engine can be so well finished that it
is not necessary to 'run in' the car but this is an expensive process
applied only on very expensive motor cars The mass-produced car
needs several hundred miles of careful driving while the surfaces
'wear smooth'.
If the surface of a piece of machined metal is magnified it will
look like a range of very craggy mountains. The surface roughness
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is the distance from the highest 'peek' to the lowest 'valley1. This
roughness is measured in micrometres and one micro- metre is one
millionth part of a metre. Not only can a surface be made smooth to
one micro-metre but it can also be measured to one micro -
Surface roughness
This short section on roughness symbols is beyond the
G.C.E. '0' level syllabus, but it is well worth looking at.
The standard of finish, or roughnees of a surface, is of vital
importance in engineering. The degree of roughness permitted
depends on the function of the component. When two pieces of
metal slide against each other, as in the case of a bearing, the finish
on both parts must be
The British Standard index numbers of surface roughness
are 0.025: 0.05: 0.1: 0.2: 04: 0 8: 1.8: 3.2: 6.3: 12.5 and 25.0. A
surface roughness of from 0.026 to 0.2 cen. be obtained by lapping
or honing. 0.4 can be obtained by grinding and 0.8 by careful
turning, rough grinding, etc. The surface roughness number is
shown within the vee of the machining symbol. A tolerance on
surface roughness is shown as a fraction, with the maximum
MACHINING SYMBOL

1ST ANCLE PROJECTION

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Fig. 18/23 Application of machining symbol

1ST ANCLE PROJECTION
Fig. 18/23 Application of machining symbol x 594 mm. The
average student will do the majority of his drawing on size A2. 594
mm x 420 mm end this is also the size that most examination
questions are answered on.
If it possible, an engineering drawing should be so positioned
that it makes the maximum use of the available spec«. The
positions of the elevation« to be drawn must be calculated before
the drawing is started. The calculations were simple enough and
are dependent upon the overall size of the component.
Assuming that these sizes are A. B and C for the maximum
length, breadth and height respectively, end assuming that the
spaces between the three elevations to be drawn and the edge of
the paper are to be equal, a specimen layout is shown in Fig. 18/25.
It is not necessary to use exact figures for dimensions A. B
and C. They should be approximated so that the calculations are
simplified.
If the aire of the component that is drawn is such that the
drawn views fit the paper neatly without large gaps between the
elevations, then the frame around the drawing should be at least 15
mm from the edge of the paper all the way round.
The distance between the elevations should not be larger
than would be required to fully dimension the drawing neatly. If the
paper is obviously much larger than is necessary, and this often
happens in examinations, do not attempt to fill the paper and thus
have large spaces between the drawn views.

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Reflection

The Drafting Technology course provides a broad understanding of drafting using

both conventional drawing boards and computer-aided drafting (CAD).
Additionally, a thoughtful blend of mechanical, architectural, civil, and structural
drafting is included. The vocabulary and knowledge needed to communicate with
potential employers in the architectural, engineering, and construction industries
are also incorporated into this course's technical CAD training. It also prepares
people to work in related fields including architecture, engineering, and
construction.

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Module 3:
Plumbing

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Lesson 1: Terminologies
Alley - Alley is any public space, public park moroughiare less than
three (3) meters but not less than two (2) meters in width which has
been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use.
Alter or alteration - Alter or alteration is any change, addition or
modification in construction or occupancy. (Change or repair).
Approved- Approved means accepted or acceptable under an
applicable specification stated or cited in this Code, or accepted as
suitable for the proposed use under procedures and powers at the
authority.
Authority - Authority in this Code is mean to be the individual official,
board, department or agency established an authorized by the
office of the President (R.A. No. 1378) to administer and enforce
the provisions of this National Plumbing Codeas adapted or
amended. (Prof. Sanitary Engineering) – Plans and specs, (Master
Plumber) – Install
Back flow - The flow of water into a water supply system from
source other than its regular source. Back siphonage is one type of
backflow.
Back pressure- Air pressure in drainage pipes greater than
atmospheric pressure.
Back vent pipe- the part of a vent line which connects directly with
an individual trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends to
the branch or main, soil, or waste pipe at any point higher than the
fixture or fixture trap it serves. This is sometimes called an

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individual vent.
Ball cock- A faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball
floating on the surface of water. - A float valve with a spherical float.
Ball joint - A connection in which a ball is held in a cuplike shell that
allows movement in every direction.
Battery of fixtures - Battery of fixtures is any of two or more similar
adjacent fixtures which discharge into a common horizontal soil
branch.
Bell or hub- That portion of a pipe which for a short distance, is
sufficiently enlarged to received the end of another pipe of the same
diameter for the purpose of making a joint.
Bending pin (or iron) - A tool used for straightening or expanding
lead pipe.
BIBB - Synonymous with faucet is preferred. Faucet or Spigot.
Bidet - A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the
body, especially the genitals. Also, a sitz bath (Used to wash
posterior parts of the body).
Blank flange - A flange that is not drilled.
Blind flange - A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no
opening for the passage of water. (Used for black iron pipes).
Blow off - A controlled outlet on a pipe line used to discharge water
or detritus. (In Sanitary house trap).
Branch - A branch is any part of a piping system other than the
main, riser or stack.
MWSS / OPWH - Installation of national local water works.- For
installation & excavation respectively.
Branch interval - A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in
general to a story height, but- in no case less than eight (8) feet,
within which the horizontal branches from one floor or story of a
building are connected to the stack.

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Branch vent - A vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage

system to a vent stack.
Building - Building is any structure built, erected and framed of
component structural parts designed for the housing, shelter,
enclosure or support of persons, animals, or property of any kind.
Building drain - See house Drain.
Building sewer - See House Sewer.
Building subdrain -That portion of a drainage system which cannot
drain by gravity into the building sewer. (Any piping system which
needed to be elevated from basement to the N.G.L.
Caulking - plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials
that are pounded into place. Also, the material that is pounded into
the opening.
Cap - a fitting into which the end of a pipe is screwed for the
purpose of closing the end of the pipe.
Catch basin - A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a
sufficient period to deposit settle able material
Cesspool - A pit for the reception or detention of sewage.
Check valve - A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow
of water in reverse direction. (Prevents reverse flow)
Circuit vent - A group vent extending from in front of the last fixture
connection on a horizontal branch to the vent stack. See also loop
vent. (Loop vent, Branch vent)
Common vent - See unit vent and dual vent
Conductor, Leader, Or Downspout - A vertical pipe to convey rain
water.
Continuous vent - A continuous vent is a vertical vent that is a
continuation of the drain, to which the vent connects. (or VSTR)
corporation cock - A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its
connection with a water main.

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Court - A court is an open , unoccupied space bounded on two (2)

or more sides by the walls of the buildings. An inner court is a court
entirely within the exterior walls of a building. All other courts are
outer courts.
Cross connection - Any physical connection or arrangement of
pipes between two otherwise separate building water-supply pipes
or a system through which or by means of which water supply may
flow from one system to the other, the direction of flow depending
on the pressure differential between the two systems.
Dead end -The extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end
to which no connections are made on the extended portion, thus
permitting the stagnation of water or air therein. (Water hammer
arrester or air gap or air chamber).
Development length -The length along the center line of the pipe
and the fittings.
Diameter - “Diameter” of a pipe or tube shall mean the nominal
internal diameter (I.D.) of such pipe; except brass and copper
tubing wherein the term shall mean the outside diameter (O.D.) of
tubing.
Domestic sewage - See sanitary sewage.
Double-bend fitting - A pipe fitting shaped like the letter “S”.
Double offset - Two offsets in succession or in series in the same
line.
Downspout - The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor.
Drain - A sewer or other pipe or conduit used for conveying ground
water, surface water, storm water, or sewage.
Drainage system -The drainage pipes of a plumbing system take
the water from the plumbing fixtures and deliver it to the sewer or
some other outlet. The drainage pipes must be gas-light, and water-

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light. The passage of air, odors or vitamin from the sewer into the
building must be prevented.
Dry vent - A vent that does not carry water or water- borne wastes.
Dual vent - See unit vent.
Existing work - The term “existing work” shall apply to those
portions of plumbing system which have been installed and
approved prior to the contemplated additions, collections, or
corrections.
Family - Family is one person living alone or a group of two (2) or
more persons living together, whether related to each other by birth
or not.
Faucet - A valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be
drawn from or held within the pipe. The valve is placed on the end
of the pipe.
Ferrule - A metallic sleeve, called or otherwise, joined to an opening
in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the
purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.
Fixture - A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other than a
trap in which water or wastes may be collected or retained for
ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
Fixture branch - The supply pipe between the fixture and the water
distributing pipe.
Fixture drain - The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of
the drain with any other drain pipe.
Fixture unit - One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow rate of one (1)
cubic foot of water per minute or seven and a half (71/2) gallons of
water per minute.
Flashing - A piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat
metal or wood over which water is expected to run.

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Flood level - The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow

the top or rim of the fixture.
Floor area - The area included within surrounding walls of a building
(or portion thereof), exclusive of vent shafts and courts.
Flush valve - A valve used for flushing a fixture by using water
directly from the water supply pipes or in connection with a special
flush tank.
Gate valve - A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of
a circular disk, fitting against machine-smoothed faces, at right
angles to the direction of flow. The disk is raised or lowered by
means of a threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve.
The opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the
pipe.
Globe valve - A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means
of a circular disk that fits against the valve seat. The plane of
movement of the disk is parallel to the normal direction of flow of
water, which is turned through a tortuous passage to direct the flow
normal to the face of the disk.
Goose neck - A return bend of small-sized pipe one end of which is
about one (1) foot long and the other end is about three (3) inches
long. It is commonly used as a faucet for a pantry sink. Also, the
lead connection between a service pipe and a water main.
Grade - The slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a horizontal
plane usually expressed in percent.
Ground water - The water that is standing in or passing through the
ground.
Group vent - A branch vent that performs its function for two (2) or
more traps.
Height of building - The vertical distance from the “Grade Line” to
the highest point of the coping of a flat roof or to the deck line of a

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mansard roof or to the average height of the highest gab le of a

pitch or hip-roof.
Horizontal branch - A branch drain extending laterally from soil or
waste stack, with or without vertical sections or branches, that
receives the discharge from one or more fixture drains and
conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain.
House drain - The house drain is that part of the lowest horizontal
piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil,
waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a building conveys it to
the house sewer.
House storm sewer - A house storm sewer is the pipeline from the
building to the public storm sewer system.
Indirect waste pipe - A waste pipe that does not connect directly
with the building drainage system but discharges into is through a
properly trapped fixture or receptacle.
Individual vent - See back vent.
Industrial wastes - Industrial waste are liquid waste resulting from
the processes employed in industrial establishments and are free
from fecal matter.
Insanitary - Contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health.
Interceptor - A receptacle designed and constructed to intercept or
separate, and prevent the passage of oil, grease, sand, or other
materials into the drainage system to which it is directly or indirectly
connected.
Invert - The lowest portion of the inside of any pipe conduit that is
not vertical.
Lateral - In plumbing, a secondary pipe line. In average, a common
sewer to which no other common sewer is tributary, receives
sewage only from building sewers.
Latrine - A water closet consisting of a continuous though containing

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water. The trough extends under two (2) or more adjacent seats.
Prohibited by most authorities for permanent installations.
Lavatory - A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face.
Sometimes called a wash basin.
Leaching cesspool – A cesspool that is not watertight.
Leader - See conductor.
Length of pipe - The length as measured along.
Local vent - A pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a
plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.
Loop or circuit vent - A continuation of a horizontal soil or waste
pipe beyond the connection at which liquid wastes from a fixture or
fixtures enter the waste or soil pipe. The extension is usually
vertical immediately beyond its connection to the soil or waste pipe.
The base of the vertical portion of the vent may be connected to the
horizontal portion of the soil or waste stack between fixtures
connected thereto.
Main - The main of any system of continuous piping is the principal
artery of the system, to which branches may be connected.
Main vent - See vent stack.
Manhole - An opening constructed in a sewer or any part of a
plumbing system of sufficient size for a, and to gain access thereto.
Master plumber - A person with knowledge of and experience in
plumbing who employs journeymen plumbers or who conducts a
plumbing business.
Oakum - Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it
waterproof.
Occupancy - Occupancy is the purpose for which a building is used
or intended to be used. The term shall also include the building or
room housing such use. Change of Occupancy is not intended to
include change of tenants or proprietors.

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Person - A natural person, his heirs, executors, administrators, its or

their successor or assigns, or the agent of any of the aforesaid.
Pitch - See grade.
Plumbing - The art and technique of installing in buildings the pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatuses for bringing in the water supply,
liquids, substances or ingredients and removing them and such
water, liquid, and other carried-wastes affecting health and
sanitation and hazardous to life and property; also, the pipes and
fixtures after they have been installed, i.e. the plumbing system.
Plumbing fixture - A receptacle attached to a plumbing system other
than a trap in which water or wastes may be collected or retained
for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.
Plumbing system - The plumbing system of a building, institution,,
factory or industrial establishment, includes the water-supply,
liquids, substances and or ingredients distributing pipes; and those
pipes removing them and such water, liquid, and other carried-
wastes; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste, and vent
pipes; the house drain, the foundation drain, and the house sewer;
the storm-water drainage; drainage ejectors, all with their devices,
appurtenances, and connections within or on a building, a factory,
or an industry.
Plumbing official - The authority or the officer charged with the
administration and enforcement of the National Plumbing Code, or
his regularly authorized deputy.
Potable water - Potable water is water which is satisfactory for
drinking, culinary, domestic purposes and meets the requirements
of the health authority having jurisdiction.
Primary branch - A primary branch of the building drain is the single
sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction with the main
building drain or with another branch thereof.

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Private or private use - Private applies to fixtures in a residence

where the fixtures are intended for the use of a family or an
individual.
Private sewer - A private sewer is a sewer privately owned and not
directly controlled by public authority.
Privy - An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of
excrement.
Privy vault - A pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects.
Public or public use - In the classification of plumbing fixtures,
public applies to fixtures in general toilet rooms of schools,
gymnasiums, hotels, railroad stations, public buildings, bars, public
comforts stations, or places to which the public is invited or which
are frequented by the public without special permission or special
invitation, and other installations (whether pay or free) where a
number of fixtures are installed so that their use is similarly
unrestricted.
Public sewer - A public sewer is a common sewer directly controlled
by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights of
connections.
Relief vent - A relief vent is a vent the primary function of which is to
provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system.
Repair - The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing
building for the purpose of its maintenance. The word “repair” or
“repairs” shall not apply to any change of construction.
Return bend - An open return bend, usually with inside threads, but
applied also to a one hundred eighty (180 degree) bend in a pipe.
Revent pipe - See back vent pipe.
Riser - A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or
more to convey water to branches or fixtures.

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Roughing-in - The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system

that are in partitions and under floors. It includes the plumbing work
done before the setting of the fixtures, or finishing.
Sanitary sewage - The sewage containing human excrement and
liquid household waste; also called domestic sewage.
Sanitary sewer - A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with
or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface
water, storm water, or drainage.
Seal - The vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a
trap. Also, the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir.
Secondary branch - And branch in a building drain other than the
primary branch.
Septic tank - A septic tank is a watertight receptacle, which receives
the discharge of a plumbing system or part thereof, and is designed
and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid digest the
organic matter through a period of detention, and allow the effluent
to discharge into a storm drain; or directly to the ground outside the
tank through a system of open joint or perforated piping.
Service pipe - The pipe from the water main or source of water
supply to the building served.
Sewage - The liquid wastes conducted away from residences,
business buildings, institutions, industrial establishments; and with
such ground, surface, and storm water as may be present.
Sewer - A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and waste liquids.
Sewerage, or sewerage works - A comprehensive term, including all
construction for collection, transportation, pumping, treatment and
final disposition of sewage.
Shaft - A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumb-
waiter, ventilation or similar purpose.
Shall - As used in this Code, is mandatory.

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Siamese connection - A wye connection used on fire lines so that

two lines of hose may be connected to hydrant or to the same
nozzle.
Siphonage. - A suction by the flow of liquids in pipes. A pressure
less than atmospheric.
Soil pipe - A soil pipe is any pipe which conveys the discharge of
water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions. Also, a
cast-iron pipe, with bell and spigot ends, used in plumbing to
convey fecal matter or liquid wastes.
Soil stack pipe - A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and
liquid waste.
Spigot - The end of a pipe, which fits into a bell. Also, a word used
synonymously with faucet.
Stack - A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or
vent piping.
Stack vent - A stack vent is the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
Standpipe - A vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water,
frequently under pressure.
Storm water - Storm water is that portion of the rainfall or other
precipitation, which runs off over the surface after the storm and for
such a short period following a storm as the flow exceeds the
normal runoff.
Story - Story is that portion of a building included between the upper
surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor next above,
except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a building of a
building included between the upper surface of the topmost floor
and the ceiling or roof above. If the finished floor level directly
above a basement or cellar is more than six (6) feet above grade
such basement or cellar shall be considered a story.

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Subsoil drain - Subsoil drains are underground drain pipes that

receives only sub-surface or seepage water and convey it to place
of disposal.
Sump - A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes
are drained.
Supports - Supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles are
devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors, or structural members.

Surface water - Surface water is that portion of a rainfall or other

precipitation which runs off over the surface of the ground.
Swimming pool - A water receptacle used for swimming designed to
accommodate more than one bather at time and properly
connected to a disposal system.
Taped tee - A cast-iron bell-end tee with the branch tapped to
receive a threaded pipe of fitting.
Trap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage
of air, gas, and some vermin through a pipe without materially
affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
Trap seal - See seal.
Unit vent - An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe
will serve two (2) traps.
Vacuum - An air pressure less than that atmospheric. Also,
siphonage.
Vent - A pipe or opening used to ensuring the circulation of air in
plumbing system and for reducing the pressure exerted on trap
seals
wet vent - Wet vent is that portion of a vent pipe through which
liquid waste flow.
Waste pipe - A waste pipe is a pipe, which conveys only liquid
waste, free of fecal matter.
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Yard - A yard is an open, unoccupied space, other than a court,

unobstructed from the ground to the sky, except where specifically
provide by this Code, on the lot on which a building is situated.

Lesson 2: HACCP in Plumbing

HACCP in Plumbing

Common plumbing hazards and risks

Every plumbing service or repair comes with potential safety
hazards. Knowing the risks can help you better prepare for the
plumbing work ahead.
Here are a few common plumbing risks and hazards you
may face on the job:
⚠ Exposure to hazardous and biohazardous substances like
chemicals, lead, mold, asbestos, raw sewage, and sulfur dioxide
⚠ Slips, trips, and falls from leaks and other wet working conditions
⚠ Hearing loss from loud noises like banging tools, pipes, or
plumbing machinery
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⚠ Cuts, fractures, or broken bones from working with plumbing

equipment and power tools
⚠ Electric shock from working on metal pipes
⚠ Burns from hot water, steam lines, or power tools
⚠ Musculoskeletal injuries (like tendonitis or strains) from repetitive
movements and working in tight or awkward spaces
Plumbing safety procedures and tips
Following the right safety protocols can help you and your
team reduce the risk of accidents and injuries on the job site.
Here are some plumbing safety tips to help you stay safe on the
job:
1. Build a health and safety policy 
Creating a healthy and safety policy for your plumbing company is
an important step in setting up a workplace safety program. 
 Your health and safety policy should include:
 First aid and emergency procedures
 Accident report and investigation procedures
 General site rules to create a safe work environment
 An emergency fire response plan
Pro Tip: Check with your local state and government to see if a
health and safety policy is required and what specifically needs to
be included.
2. Create detailed job orders 
Your job orders should always include any information that may be
helpful on the job site, like:
 The plumbing issue or job to be done
 Relevant plumbing or building codes
 Images of the work environment
 Any potential site hazards to be aware of
Here’s an example of what a detailed job order could look like:
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Use Jobber’s job management software to capture all the details

your team needs to get the job done safely.

3. Health and safety training

Get new hires to complete their health and safety training
before starting on the job. Then provide an annual refresher to keep
your staff up to date with the best health and safety procedures.
You can provide safety training for your team yourself, or
through a third-party or government provider like OSHA. 
 Use this training to cover plumbing safety topics such as:
 WHMIS training
 Hazard awareness
 Proper equipment handling
 Personal protective equipment
4. Use safety data sheets (SDS) 
Safety data sheets help you understand the health hazards of the
chemicals you’re using and what PPE you’ll need to safely handle
the substances. 
Make sure these are readily available to plumbers (in their work van
or tool bag) at all times.

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5. Inspect your plumbing equipment 

Keeping your plumbing tools in tip-top condition can help you avoid
accidents or injuries caused by unsafe equipment. 
This should include regular maintenance and fuel top-ups for your
plumbing van.
6. Invest in PPE
Make sure your team has the right protective gear (like gloves,
safety glasses, and work boots) to stay safe against a potential
safety hazard. 
To protect against the spread of bacteria and viruses from
working around raw sewage, have sanitizer and disinfectant wipes
readily available to clean your hands and equipment.
JUMP TO: The best PPE for plumbers
7. Get the right insurance
Protect your plumbers and your plumbing company with the
right business insurance coverage.
At the very least, you’ll want general liability insurance to protect
against claims related to injury and property damage. You may also
want:
 Professional liability insurance
 Business property insurance
 Workers’ compensation insurance
 Commercial auto insurance
Talk to your insurance company to figure out which policies are best
for your business.
8. Create health and safety checklists
A safety checklist can help your plumbers identify hazards on the
job site and prevent injuries and other health risks.

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Here’s what a custom safety checklist looks like in Jobber:

You can customize your Jobber safety checklists for specific jobs or
work environments (residential or commercial)..
The best PPE for plumbers

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is designed to protect

you from potential injury on the job. For plumbers, the best
PPE includes:

Protective eyewear
Safety glasses can help protect your eyes from flying debris and hot
water or chemical splashes. Wear eye protection when you’re using
harsh chemicals or power tools.
Pro Tip: Prescription glasses and safety glasses are not created
equal when it comes to safety on a job site. If you wear prescription
glasses, find a pair of protective glasses that fit comfortably over
your frames.
Plumbing gloves
Your hands are one of your most valuable plumbing tools, which is
why it’s important to protect them from cuts, burns, chemicals,
biohazards, and more.
You’ll want to invest in different types of plumbing gloves like nitrile
and leather to protect your hands from every hazard.
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Non-slip safety boots

Protect your feet from heavy falling objects and avoid slipping on
wet surfaces with a good pair of safety boots. To keep safe and
comfortable all day long, look for boots that have these features:
 Waterproof
 Oil and slip-resistant
 Steel toe or steel cap
 Electrical hazard protection
 Lightweight and comfortable
Masks
Wearing a mask on the job can help protect your lungs from
dangerous elements on the worksite. 
When working with potentially toxic substances like mold or
asbestos, it’s best to wear a respirator mask.
Dust masks, on the other hand, will protect you from non-toxic dust
caused by cutting pipes, or dirty work environments.
Wearing a face mask in a customer’s home can help protect you
against potential airborne viruses.
Earplugs
Sharp and loud noises on the job site can cause long-term damage
to your ears. Use earplugs when working with loud machinery or on
noisy worksites like construction zones.

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Lesson 3: Tools and Equipment

MEASURING TOOLS - is the activity of obtaining and comparing
physical quantities of real-world objects and events. Established
standard objects and events are used as units, and the process of
measurement gives a number relating the item under study and the
referenced unit of measurement.

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CUTTING TOOLS - is any tool that is used to remove material from

the workpiece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be
accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools
are used in turning, shaping, plaining and similar operations, and
remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling
tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint
tools.

BORING TOOLS - boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has

already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting
tool, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to
achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be
used to cut a tapered hole.

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TESTING TOOLS - used in finding out how well the finished work.

DRIVING TOOLS - driving tools help hand tools and power tools
work together, especially important for the variety of drilling tasks
that get done in woodworking.

HOLDING TOOLS - Tool for holding firmly any material that has to
be cut.
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Lesson 4: Various Types of Plumbing Symbols

PLUMBING SYMBOLS
Plumbing is a system that coveys and directions water through
pipelines installed in a

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Lesson 5: General Principles in Plumbing

Principle No. 12 – Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt
clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13 – Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such test to effectively disclose
all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 –No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures,
destroy the pipes
or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building
drainage system.
Principle No. 15 – Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,
water, sterile
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goods, and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device,
or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 – No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is
not properly lighted
and ventilated.
Principle No. 17 – If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings
where there is no
sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the
building sewage
by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank
Principle No. 18 – Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of
sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19 – Plumbing system shall be maintained in serviceable condition by
Registered Master
Plumbers.
Principle No. 20 – All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be
accessible for their
intended use.
Principle No. 21 – Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due
regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and the preventions of damage to walls
and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22 – Sewage or other waster from a plumbing system which may be
deleterious to surface
or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered
innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.

Principle No. 12 – Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt
clogging and the
return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13 – Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such test to effectively disclose
all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 –No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures,
destroy the pipes
or their joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to
enter the building
drainage system.
Principle No. 15 – Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,
water, sterile

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goods, and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device,
or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 – No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is
not properly lighted
and ventilated.
Principle No. 17 – If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings
where there is no
sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the
building sewage
by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank
Principle No. 18 – Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of
sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19 – Plumbing system shall be maintained in serviceable condition by
Registered Master
Plumbers.
Principle No. 20 – All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be
accessible for their
intended use.
Principle No. 21 – Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due
regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and the preventions of damage to walls
and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22 – Sewage or other waster from a plumbing system which may be
deleterious to surface
or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered
innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
BASIC PRINCIPLES

The basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of

the Philippines is an update of the tenets established in the
“Plumbing Law of the Philippines” approved on 18 June 1955 as
amended on 28 November 1959.
The basic goal of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest
provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws.
Principle No. 1 – All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and
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wholesome water, neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor

subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.
Principle No. 2 – Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances
shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressure
adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without
undue noise under all normal conditions of use.
Principle No. 3 – Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use
the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper performance
and cleaning.
Principle No. 4 – Devices for heating and storing water shall be so
designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
Principle No. 5 – Every building having plumbing fixtures installed
and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises
abutting on a street, valley, or easement where there is a public
sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
Principle No. 6 – Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on
a sewer or with a private sewagedisposal system shall have at least
one water closet and one kitchen-type sink. Further, a lavatory and
bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirement
of sanitation and personal hygiene.
Principle No. 7 – Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-
absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8 – The drainage system shall be designed,
constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of
solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9 – All pipings of plumbing systems shall be of durable
NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free form defective workmanship,

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designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to

ensure satisfactory service. Principle No. 10 – Each fixture directly
connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water
sealed trap.
Principle No. 11 –The drainage piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration
or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Principle No. 12 – Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and
installed to preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the
building.
Principle No. 13 – Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such test
to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 –No substance which will clog the pipes, produce
explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter
the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15 – Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods, and similar materials by
backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device, or
appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage
system.
Principle No. 16 – No water closet shall be located in a room or
compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
Principle No. 17 – If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are
installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable
distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment
and disposal, such as a septic tank

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Principle No. 18 – Where a plumbing drainage system may be

subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19 – Plumbing system shall be maintained in
serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
Principle No. 20 – All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly
spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
Principle No. 21 – Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master
Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of
structural members and the preventions of damage to walls and
other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22 – Sewage or other waster from a plumbing system
which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not
be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of
treatment.

Reflection

Any system that transports fluids for a variety of purposes is considered

plumbing. To transport fluids, plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fittings,
tanks, and other equipment. The most typical functions of plumbing include waste
removal, potable water delivery, and heating and cooling (HVAC), but these are
not the only ones.

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Module 4:
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Automotive Technology

Lesson 1: Terminologies

ABS – ABS stands for Anti-Lock Braking System

Active Blind Spot Assist – This technology keeps a close eye on the
blind spots formed in the vicinity of the vehicle and thus, improves
safety.
Active Headrest – This technology protects the occupants mainly
from neck injuries.

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Adventure Tourer – A motorcycle type specially designed for

adventure tours/off-roading.
AEB – It is an active safety system. It is specifically designed to
avoid rear-end collisions.
Agility Control – This technology adjusts its damping characteristics
according to the road conditions.
Aerodynamic Drag – Aerodynamic Drag is a force which the
oncoming air applies on a moving body.
Airbag – An airbag is a pillow-like safety device that inflates during
the events of a frontal crash of an automobile.
Air conditioner (Car AC) – It helps to maintain pre-set temperature
of the cabin air in a vehicle.
Air-cooled – A type of engine cooling system.
Air Dam – It controls the drag and provide stability to the vehicle.
Air Fuel Ratio – The ratio of fuel to air in the engine.
Automatic Climate Control – It is the most advanced of all the air
conditioning systems in cars. It effectively controls the cabin
temperature and humidity levels.
Acceleration Control – It is a type of pre-crash or active
safety system that prevents the dangers of collision arising due to
the sudden unintended acceleration.
Active Engine Brake – This is a driver assistance system which
assists the driver in reducing the speed of the vehicle smoothly
without putting much strain on the conventional brakes of the
vehicle.
Active Ride Control – Active Ride Control is a convenience-
enhancing feature. This feature aims to improve the ride quality of
the vehicle thereby improving the comfort level of the passengers.

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Active Safety – Active Safety includes set of safety features which

reduce the chances of an accident or collision in the first place.
Some manufacturers also call it as the ‘Primary Safety System’.
Active Suspension – This system works on either hydraulically
actuated or an electromagnetic recuperative mechanism. With the
help of an onboard computer, the system detects the
vehicle body movement thru’ many sensors installed on the vehicle
body.
Adaptive Brakes – Adaptive Brake is an intelligent brake
system which adjusts its braking according to the driving situation
so as to achieve the best possible and safe braking of the vehicle.
Adaptive Cruise Control – It is an advanced cruise control option
which most luxury cars employ. It measures the distance to the
vehicle ahead and also controls the speed while approaching the
other vehicle.
Adaptive Headlamps – Adaptive headlamps are those headlamps
which are capable of turning their beam along the curvature of road
& thereby, improving the visibility at night and increasing the road
safety.
Adaptive Suspension – This system actively controls the vertical
movement of the wheels corresponding to the vehicle chassis
(vehicle’s body) thru’ a computer-controlled system is known as the
Active Suspension or Adaptive Suspension. It offers a more refined
and smooth riding experience.
AHO – Automatic Headlamp On (AHO) is a functionality that
enhancess the safety of two-wheelers.
Alloy Wheels – These wheel rims are made of Aluminium and/or
Magnesium alloys. Hence, some people also term them as ‘Mag
Wheels’.

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AMT – AMT stands for Automated Manual Transmission. It is a type

of semi-automatic transmission.
Android Auto – Android Auto is a platform or a system that allows
your smartphone to be connected to your vehicle.
Anti-theft alarm – An ‘Anti-theft alarm system’ or Car Alarm is a type
of device or method which prevents unauthorized access to a
motorcycle or car.
Active Park Assist – Active Parking Assist is a highly
sophisticated driver assistance system which helps the driver in
parking a vehicle. The active parking assist goes way beyond
ordinary parking.
APDV – APDV stands for Advance Pro-Series Digital Variable
Ignition, which is used in the engine ignition system.
Anti-pitch Technology – Anti-pinch technology is a safety system
which modern vehicles employ in the power windows. This
technology prevents the accidental winding up of the power window.
AMI – The term AMI stands for Advanced Microprocessor Ignition
System.
Asymmetric Tyre – An asymmetric tyre is a tire having an
asymmetric pattern of tread in contrast to ordinary tires having the
symmetric tread pattern.
Active Trace Control – Active Trace Control as a driver assistance
system. This system aids driving on acute or sharp curves and
ensures that vehicle traverses its path perfectly.
ATFT – The term ATFT stands for ‘Advanced Tumble Flow Induction
Technology’. According to our understanding, it means that the air-
fuel mixture gets ‘a tumbling effect’ or ‘rolling effect’.
Audi Nomenclature – Naming system of Audi cars.

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Automatic Transmission – An automatic transmission is a type of

transmission or gearbox that can automatically change the gears
while the vehicle is in motion.
Auto Dimming Mirrors – Auto dimming mirrors are the special type
of rear view mirrors that have the capability to dim the light
reflecting from their surface.
Auto Pilot – This is the most astonishing feature in every car of
Tesla. With Tesla Autopilot, the car is almost autonomous.
Auto Start-Stop – manufacturers developed the ‘Start Stop System’
to reduce the unnecessary burning of fuel & improve fuel economy.
Bank Angle Sensor – Bank Angle Sensor switches off the engine if
the bike tips over.
Battery – The battery supplies the current to the other electrical
devices for all the time. Besides, it acts as a secondary source of
electric current when the vehicle is not operating or the
generator/alternator speed is not sufficient to meet the
requirements.
B Pillar – It is the second pillar of the vehicle starting from the
bonnet side.
Belt Bag – It is a type of passive safety system that you will find in
modern cars. The belt bag is a combination of belt and airbag, i.e. it
is an airbag fitted in the seat belt.
Blue Core – Blue Core Technology is a newer
generation engine technology developed by the motorcycle maker
Yamaha. According to Yamaha’s internal tests, it delivers 14% more
mileage as against earlier carburretor version.
Brake Assist – Brake Assist is an active vehicle safety system that
helps the driver during incidents involving emergency braking.

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Bio Diesel – Biodiesel is a diesel-like biodegradable fuel. It is a non-

toxic fuel produced from organic material. The organic raw material
needed for producing bio-diesel use fatty substances.
Bike Average – It is the number of kilometers per liter or gallon
worth of fuel.
Bi-Xenon – Bi xenon headlamp is a modern type of headlamp.
Some manufacturers simply term it as the xenon headlamp.
Body Nomenclature – Naming system of the vehicle or car body.
Bore Stroke Ratio – Bore-Stroke Ratio is the ratio between the
dimensions of the engine cylinder bore diameter to its piston stroke-
length. The cylinder bore diameter divided by the stroke-length
gives the Bore-to-Stroke ratio.
BMW Nomenclature – Naming system of BMW cars.
Carburetor – The Carburettor is nothing but a ’metal tubed structure’
known as ‘barrel’ or ‘venturi‘ that is narrower at the center.
Carburetor Venturi – Carburettor venturi is a ’tube or passage’ that
decreases considerably.
Car Alarm – A Car Alarm is a type of device or method which
prevents unauthorized access to a motorcycle or car.
Car Mileage – It is the number of kilometers per liter or gallon worth
of fuel.
Car Pillars – The body of an automobile is made of a structure that
is just same as that of a house. It has similar components which
include the roof, the pillars, and the floor. The car pillar in the
vehicle stands in near vertical position which supports the vehicle’s
roof.
Caster Angle – Castor helps to attain ease of steering and
directional stability.
Camber Angle – It is the angle which the wheels of a vehicle make
with the vertical axis as seen from the front of the vehicle.

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Catalytic Converter – The catalytic converter or ‘Cat-Con’ is a

mechanical device. The main purpose of a catalytic converter is to
reduce exhaust emissions.
Cornering Brake Control – Cornering Brake Control (CBC) is an
active vehicle safety system which assists the driver during
maneuvering a curve at high speed.
CCVTi – The term CCVTi stands for Controlled
Combustion Variable Timing Intelligent.
CDI – CDI stands for Capacitor Discharge Ignition. The CDI unit
consists of a microcomputer which precisely controls the timing of
the spark.
Chassis – Chassis is the main support structure of
the vehicle which is also known as ‘Frame’. It bears all the stresses
on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.
CNG – CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is an
alternative fuel to Petrol, Diesel & LPG. However, it is safer to use,
cleaner to burn, and produces less harmful by-products as
compared to petrol, diesel & LPG. It is lighter than air.
Clutch – The meaning of clutch is to hold on to or grab or grip
something. The automotive clutch is a device which engages and
disengages the drive between two moving mechanisms or
assemblies such as a gear box.
CPA – The term CPA stands for Collision Prevention Assist which
Mercedes Benz offers in its cars.
Collapsible Steering Column – The collapsible steering column is a
type of advanced steering column. It is a part of the passive safety
system in cars. Most passenger vehicles commonly employ the
collapsible version instead of the regular steering column.
Compression Ratio – Compression Ratio is one of the fundamental
specifications of an Internal Combustion engine. It is the ratio is the

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volume above the piston when it is at the bottom-most position

(BDC) to the volume above the piston when it is at the top-most
position (TDC).
Concept Car – The Concept Car is one of the most important
design stages of designing and developing the new cars. It is the
fundamental idea or the very basic structure of the car when it still
sits on the drawing board.
Coupe – The car designers use the term Coupe to refer to the two-
doored vehicles having closed body i.e. non-retractable roof. In
general term, these cars are nothing but the sedans having only two
doors for passenger entry.
Crosswind Assist – Mercedes Benz developed a driver assistance
system which is the Crosswind Assist. It avoids the loss of control
over the vehicle and resulting drifting because of the sudden gust of
wind.
Cruiser Bike – A cruiser bike is a type of motorcycle which falls
under the premium motorcycle segment. Traditionally, the cruiser
bikes have low seat-height with better seat cushions.
Cruise Control – The Cruise Control is a system that is capable of
automatically maintaining the desired speed (i.e. speed set by the
driver) of the vehicle without the need to press the accelerator
pedal.
CRDI – Most modern engine’s fuel systems use an advanced
technology known as CRDi or Common Rail Direct Injection. Both
petrol and diesel engines use a common ‘fuel-rail’ which supplies
the fuel to injectors. However, in diesel engines, manufacturers
refer to this technology as CRDi whereas Petrol engines term it
as Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) or Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI).

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CUV – The term CUV stands for Cross-over or Crossover Utility

Vehicle (CUV). This vehicle combines the features of an SUV and
a hatchback.
Cylinder Block – An automotive engine mainly consists of three
stationary parts which are cylinder head, cylinder block, and
crankcase. They provide support and serve as an enclosed unit for
other moving parts. Modern engines consist of cylinder block and
crankcase as a single unit which provides rigidity.
Cylinder Head – Automotive manufacturers design the engine to
perform according to its application. Similarly, the cylinder heads
are also designed to achieve certain performance parameters. The
cylinder head is one of the most important and complex designs in
the engine.
DCT – DCT stands for Dual Clutch Transmission which is a type of
automatic transmission. It consists of two clutches (dual), instead of
one, which operate independently of each other. Just like any other
automatic transmission system, it also doesn’t have a clutch pedal.
DDDS – Long hours of monotonous driving on motorways or
expressways is tiring. It results in fatigue and also causes the loss
of concentration to the driver. Many studies have been carried out
all over the world on this issue. They conclude that the driver’s loss
of concentration is the main cause of almost 25% of all the road-
accidents.
Defogger – It is a device that removes the condensed water
droplets or ice from the main windscreen, side windows and rear
windscreen of a vehicle. Its main function is to clear the windscreen
of condensed water thereby improving visibility. This device is also
known as ‘defroster’ or ‘demister’. Defoggers are typically used
during the rainy season.

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DI – Firstly, Diesel Direct Injection (DI) is a basic type of fuel

injection system which many earlier generation diesel
engines used. The simple DI diesel engines inject the fuel into the
combustion chamber above the piston directly.
DiASil – DiASiL stands for Die-cast Aluminum Silicon Cylinder of
the engine.
Disc Brake – Disc brake got its name from the circular-shaped plate
or disc or rotor; onto which the disc brake parts are mounted. A
conventional Disc Brake system consists of a brake disc, two
friction pads, and brake caliper. In the Disc brake system; the
friction pads apply grip on the external surface of the disc to
perform braking.
Diesel – This fuel got its name from German mechanical engineer
‘Rudolph Diesel’. He invented ‘Compression Ignition’ technology
that uses it as fuel.
Diesel Engine – The four strokes of the diesel cycle are similar to
that of a petrol engine. However, the ‘Diesel Cycle’ considerably
defers by the way the fuel system supplies the diesel the engine
and ignites it.
Differential – The differential properly distributes the engine torque
to wheels.
Digital Dashboard – The digital instrument panel features an LCD
with fluorescent display and a touchscreen. You can choose the
display of the dashboard from a variety of display options provided
by the instrument panel of digital dashboard.
Digital Rescue Assistant – The Mercedes Benz Digital Rescue
Assistant system ensures the safety of the passengers. And, it also
helps the rescue teams in emergency situations like a fatal collision.
Displacement – It is the combined capacity for all cylinders of the
engine added together while it completes its one cycle.

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Distronic Plus – The Mercedes Benz Distronic Plus acts as a buffer

between your car and car ahead of you. It is an adaptive cruise
control system.
DOHC – DOHC stands for Double Over Head Camshaft. This
newer-generation design uses two separate camshafts instead of
the common camshaft.
DPF – It stands for Diesel Particulate Filter. It filters, stores and
burns the soot particles which are emitted as a result of the
combustion process of the diesel.
Driving Modes – The Driving Modes control the power output and
performance parameters of transmission, suspension, steering, and
brakes needed for particular driving conditions. It has
different power maps for different driving conditions/styles. Driving
modes also alter the throttle response, suspension stiffness,
steering feel, and traction control.
DRL – It stands for Daytime Running Lights. They are the lights on
the vehicle that remain ON while running during the daytime.
DTSi – DTSi stands for Digital Twin-Spark Ignition.
DTS-Si – DTS Si stands for ‘Digital Twin Spark-Swirl induction’
system.
Drive-By-Wire – Drive by Wire or simply ‘DbW’ is also known as the
X-by-Wire. It is a semi-automatic, computer-controlled technology
mainly used in cars.
Drum Brake – This system is also known as the ‘Internal Expanding
Shoe Type’ brake system. This type of brake got its name from the
drum structure of cylindrical-shape.
EBD – EBD stands for the Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
system. This system is a part of a vehicle’s braking system. The
EBD always works in unison with the Anti-lock Braking System
or ABS.

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Ecothrust – Ecothrust technology uses ‘Molycoat’ piston to reduce

friction inside the engine. It, thereby, increases the power and helps
to reduce fuel consumption with more efficient combustion as
claimed by TVS.
EDS – EDS stands for Electronic Damping System. It is an
advanced shock absorber with an electronic sensor which adjusts
its travel.
E-Diesel – This diesel fuel is made from water & carbon-dioxide in
the air. It uses only natural energy sources such as solar & wind
power.
EFi – The term EFi stands for Electronic Fuel Injection. It employs
the following technology.
EGR – The term EGR stands for Exhaust Gas Recirculation. It is a
part of modern-day diesel engine vehicles which helps to decrease
the Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions.
Electrical System – The vehicle electrical system comprises of
many components. that includes generators to electric wiring
harness to connectors and many more. Over the period of time, the
electrical system got updates, upgrades, and additions. This is
mainly because the number of components operating
on electric power increased and therefore, the power consumption
increased substantially.
Engine Temperature Sensor – he Engine Temperature Sensor
accurately measures the engine coolant temperature. Thereby, it
gives an indication of the temperature of the engine.
EPB – The electric parking brake or the EPB is an advanced
version of conventional parking brake or handbrake. Sometimes,
people also refer to this system as ‘Electronic Parking Brake’.
Technically this system is a sub-part of more advanced ‘Brake by
Wire’ system.

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EPP – EPP stands for Electronic Pedestrian Protection. This is a

passive safety system. Engineers designed the EPP to lower the
intensity of injuries that occur to a pedestrian after striking a running
vehicle.
ESP – ESP stands for Electronic Stability Program while the ESC
for Electronic Stability Control. The ultimate purpose of the ESP is
to enhance vehicle stability. Thus, ESP improves stability by
avoiding skidding.
EMS – EMS stands for Engine Management System. It consists of
a wide range of electronic and electrical components such
as sensors, relays, actuators and an Engine Control Unit. They
work together to provide the Engine Management System with vital
data parameters. These are essential for governing
various engine functions effectively.
Engine Capacity – The Engine’s Capacity is its volume that is
measured in “cc” or Cubic Centimeters or simply cm³ which is its
metric unit. It is the unit of measuring the volume of a cube having
size 1cm X 1cm X 1cm. CC is also known as ‘Engine
Displacement’. It means the displacement of the piston inside the
cylinder from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to the Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC) in the engine’s one complete cycle.
Engine Design & Classification – An automotive engine which
produces power also runs on its own power. Overall, the
manufacturers classify the engines according to their varied
designs, constructions, and applications. Generally, automotive
applications have following sub-categories, by which; different
engine design vary from one another.
Engine Lubrication System – Thus, lubrication is a process that
separates the moving parts by supplying a flow of a lubricating

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substance between them. The lubricant could be liquid, gas or solid.

However, engine lubrication system mainly uses liquid lubricants.
Engine Oil – Engine oil is categorized into three sub categories –
Mono-grande, Multi-grade, and Synthetic. Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE) has developed numerical coding system to grade
the engine oils according to their viscosity. SAE viscosity index
includes the following numbers: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50
and 60. As a thumb rule, lower the number means lower viscosity
and vis-a-vis.
Engine Sensors – A modern car’s Engine Management
System consists of a wide range of electronic and electrical
components. It comprises engine sensors, relays, and actuators
that work together. They provide the car’s Engine Control Unit with
vital data parameters essential to govern various engine functions
effectively. Generally speaking, Engine sensors are the electro-
mechanical devices which monitor various engine parameters.
Engine Torque – Torque, in simple terms, is ‘Twisting or Turning
Force’. It is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an
axis. In automotive terms, it is the measure of rotational effort
applied on engine crankshaft by the piston.
Engine Volume – The Engine Volume is also known as
the Engine’s Capacity or ‘Engine Displacement’. It is measured in
Liters corresponding to Cubic Centimeters. It is the displacement of
the piston inside the cylinder from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to
the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) in the engine’s one complete cycle.
EPAS – EPAS stands for Electric Power Assisted Steering. Electric
Power Steering (EPS) is the another name for EPAS. In almost all
modern vehicles, Electric Power Steering is in use. The main
purpose of any type of power steering system is to attenuate the

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driver effort required to steer the vehicle i.e. the torque applied on

the steering wheel and it uses electric motor for the same purpose.
Emergncy signal system – ESS stands for Emergency Signal
System which is an active safety system, designed and developed
by Mazda Corporation, which is used to convey the message
of emergency brake stop to the vehicle running just behind.
Ethanol Blending – Ethanol blending is a process of adding ethanol
to petrol. Because of the growing environmental concerns, the use
of ethanol as a motor fuel or as an additive is gaining rapid
popularity. Properties of Ethanol closely resembles petrol.
Moreover, you can obtain ethanol from various plants making it a
renewable fuel.
ExhausTec – The term ExhausTec stands for
Exhaust Torque Expansion Chamber used in the engine’s exhaust
system. Exhaust Torque Expansion Chamber device fits in the
exhaust system of Bajaj Pulsar. Thus, it is a resonator (or a tuned-
box) which fits onto the header pipe of the exhaust. According to
Bajaj Auto, this technology improves ‘scavenging‘ which is the
process of pushing the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
Exhaust System – The engine exhaust system is one of the
important vehicle systems as it deals with vehicle emission. The
exhaust system collects the exhaust gases from the engine
cylinders. It guides them through the central exhaust passage and
releases them into the atmosphere with minimum power loss, noise,
vibrations, and transfer of heat to the car’s body.
EV – EV stands for Electric Vehicle. The electric vehicle is a vehicle
that runs on electricity alone. Such a vehicle does not contain
an internal combustion engine like the other conventional vehicles.
Instead, it employs an electric motor to run the wheels. These
vehicles are becoming very popular nowadays. They are

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considered to be a promising solution for the future transportation.

The most common example is Tesla.
FCEV – FCEV stands for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) also
known as Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) or Zero Emission vehicle. It is a
type of electric vehicle that employs ‘fuel cell technology’ to
generate the electricity required to run the vehicle. In these
vehicles, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted directly into
electric energy. The working principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric vehicle
is different compared to that of a ‘plug-in’ electric vehicle because
the FCEV generates the electricity required to run this vehicle on
the vehicle itself.
Final Drive – Final Drive is the last gearing used while transmitting
the engine power to the wheels. It has two purposes. Firstly, it turns
the power flow at the right angle from the propeller shaft to the rear
axle. Secondly, it also provides a mechanical advantage (leverage)
from the propeller shaft to the rear axle. The Final drive contains a
pair of spiral-bevel gears comprising a pinion that connects to the
propeller shaft and a ring gear that connects to a flange on the
differential case.
Front Engine Layout – The engine layout is nothing but the
placement of engine in a vehicle. An engine finds its place at
different locations in a vehicle depending upon the vehicle’s design,
application and the space available. Most of the vehicles’ engine
sits at the front because of the effective cooling it offers to run it
efficiently. The front engine layout generally places the engine
ahead of the front axle line. It also keeps the driven wheels at the
front of the vehicle.
FTIS – FTIS stands for Fully Transistorized Ignition System is
implemented by Hero MotoCorp ([Link] in
its Hero Glamor bike. The ‘Transistorized Ignition’ system uses a

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transistor to switch off and switch on the charging current to the

ignition coil at an appropriate time.
Fuel Feed System – The main purpose of the fuel feed system is to
control the fuel supply to the engine. To supply the fuel from the fuel
tank to the engine cylinders, manufacturers use the following
methods in case of a petrol engine.
Fuel Injector – Basically, the purpose of a fuel injector is to spray
the fuel in atomized or mist form so that it burns completely &
uniformly. Fuel Injection Pump (FIP) supplies pressurized diesel
fuel thru’ high-pressure lines to the inlet port on each injector.
FWD – FWD stands for Front wheel drive layout is an arrangement
of engine and transmission in which the engine drives only the front
wheels of the vehicle. These vehicles are also known as FWD
vehicles. In addition, some people refer to these vehicles as 4X2
cars.
Fuel Economy – Fuel economy is one of the most sensitive issues
and an important factor while buying an automobile; be it a
motorcycle, a car or even a truck or bus. For most automotive
buyers across the world, it affects the running expenses of the
vehicle. In simple terms, fuel economy is the number of kilometers
per liter or gallon worth of fuel.
GDi – GDi stands for Gasoline Direct Injection. All these are the
types of fuel injection systems which the gasoline or petrol
fuel engines mainly use. All these terms refer to the newer
generation Petrol Injection systems.
Gearbox – A Gear Box is an assembly consisting of various gears,
synchronizing sleeves and gear-shifting mechanism fitted inside a
metal housing. The metal housing usually made of aluminum/iron
casting accommodates all the gears in it. Gearbox is a part of the

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‘transmission’ system as the gears play an important role in

transmitting the engine power to the wheels.
Ground Clearance – Ground Clearance (also known as ride height)
is one of the most basic but very important general dimensions of a
vehicle. It is defined as the minimum distance between the lower
end of the vehicle body (or chassis) and the road. In other words, it
indicates the height of the lowermost part of the vehicle with respect
to ground.
Hatchback – The hatchback is a vehicle type which has a
characteristic separate opening or door that provides access to the
cargo area or boot. This door is known as ‘hatch’. And thus, the
manufacturers term this category of cars as a ‘hatchback’. Although
it is different than a coupe.
Hill Descent Control – Hill Descent Control (commonly abbreviated
as HDC) is a driver assistance system provided mainly on all-
wheel-drive off-roading vehicles such as SUVs. This system comes
into play when the vehicle is coasting down a steep slope.
HET – Honda developed HET which stands for Honda Eco
Technology. Honda Eco-Technology improves combustion. It also
optimizes the transmission and minimizes the friction which
enhances engine power and fuel efficiency.
Honda Nomenclature – It is Honda’s naming system. Ever
wondered what BRV, CRV, HRV & WRV really mean? Let’s find out
in the Honda Nomenclature...!
Horse Power – The power, in simple terms, is ‘rate or speed of
doing work’. The work is defined as a ‘force operating thru’ a
distance‘. The automotive engines use the term ‘horse power‘(hp)
to measure its power. This term comes from the erstwhile practice
of measuring the rate of work done by a horse which equals
to 33,000 ft-lb of ‘work done’ per minute.

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Hill Start Assist – Hill Start Assist is a driver assistance system. It

comes into play when the vehicle standing on the slope has to drive
off again.
Hybrid Synergy Drive – Japanese automotive brand, Toyota,
revolutionized the way a  hybrid car works. Toyota introduced a
technology called Hybrid Synergy Drive which is a full
hybrid technology; i.e. with this technology, the car can cover a
distance of 1.5 km – 16 km in various modes even without the
engine running.
HVAC – he terms HVAC stands for ‘Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning’. HVAC also provides the heating of air along with the
car’s air conditioning system. The air is heated using the heat from
the engine’s cooling system. Today, most cars employ the HVAC
system
Hybrid Vehicle – A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more
distinct power sources to run. Ordinarily, the vehicle which we use
daily derives the power from only one source i.e. an IC
engine which runs on Petrol or Diesel.
Hydraulic Power Steering – Power steering is necessary for most of
the vehicles with increased demand for lighter control of the
steering. Nowadays, Hydraulic power steering is a standard fitment
in most vehicles. It provides lighter steering effort and easy
maneuverability. Manufacturers employ power steering mainly to
reduce the wheel turning efforts and to turn the sharp corners
easily.
I3S – The term i3s stands for Idle Stop-Start System. Hero
MotoCorp developed this technology to improve the mileage of its
bikes under the Indian Riding Conditions. This technology is
developed by Hero MotoCorp and implemented in the Hero

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Splendor iSmart bike. This system automatically switches off

the engine when not needed.
iDSI – The term iDSI stands for the Intelligent-Dual Sequential
Ignition system. Honda developed this system to reduce emissions
and improve fuel efficiency.
Ignition System – Manufacturers employ the ignition systems
specifically in the spark-ignition (SI) engines. Its because they use
the spark-plug to ignite the air-fuel mixture. It works on Petrol
engines for igniting the air-fuel mixture. However, a diesel engine
DOES NOT need an ignition system.
Ignition Timing – Ignition Timing is a process to deliver spark at
correct time. It sets the pointer with respect to the position of the
piston as well as the crankshaft’s velocity. Thus, it delivers the spark
at the most accurate timing to burn the air-fuel mixture. The Ignition
System provides a spark at the end of the compression stroke in
the combustion chamber at an appropriate time. Hence, it is known
as Ignition Timing.
Immobilizer – The engine immobilizer is an anti-theft system built in
the engine ECU. It prevents the engine from starting without using
vehicle’s authorized key. This system uses a special digitally coded
key or a Smart Key fob. This key contains a transponder chip. It
stores the electronic security code or simply the vehicle’s password.
The ECU does NOT activate the fuel system and the ignition
circuit if the code in the key & that stored in the immobilizer does
not match.
Independent Suspension – Due to a number of disadvantages of
the beam or rigid axle front suspension, the manufacturers use an
improvised version i.e. independent front suspension for passenger
cars. However, earlier generation vehicles used rigid axle front

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suspension because of its simple design. It is also cheaper to

manufacture and maintain.
Inline Engine – InLine Engine is a type of engine design that is very
basic and conventional. In this type of engine construction, the
cylinders are placed in a straight line as shown in the diagram. As
all the cylinders are in a straight line, manufacturers sometimes
refer to this engine as a ‘Straight Engine’.
Intake Manifold – The intake system is one of the most important
engine systems. It deals with vehicle performance such
as power and torque. The multiple combustion chambers must
produce equal combustion pressure for the smooth operation of a
multi-cylinder engine. Inlet/intake manifold consists of a cast iron or
aluminum tube. Some modern manifolds are even powder coated
or chrome plated. The carburetor is centrally mounted on the intake
manifold. It carries the fresh charge from carburetor to intake valve
ports.
Kerb Weight – Kerb weight is one of the most basic but an
important specification of any vehicle, be it a two-wheeler or a four-
wheeler. In simple terms, it is nothing but the weight of the vehicle
in running condition. The American manufacturers use the term
‘Curb Weight’ for the purpose.
Keyless Entry – Keyless Entry or Passive Entry is a terminology
commonly used in an automotive technology, which locks and
unlocks a vehicle without using a conventional key and/or pressing
the buttons on the Remote / Smart Key.
Lambda Sensor – Technically, oxygen is very important for
an engine. It determines the proper engine performance. So, to
achieve the correct air-fuel ratio manufactures employ oxygen
sensors in the exhaust systems. Besides, the exhaust gas oxygen
sensor is also known as the ‘lambda sensor’.

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LaneWatch – Honda Lane watch technology assists during a lane

change and it also enhances visibility. The increase in visibility
means more safety. The additional visibility also enables easy
overtaking and keeps you more vigilant across all lanes.
LED Headlamp – LED Headlamp technology is the most modern
technology used for the headlamps of the car. LED stands for Light
Emitting Diode. It has several technological advantages over its
rivals i.e. halogen lamps and xenon headlamps. So, these
headlamps are becoming very popular in the passenger vehicle
segment.
LDWS – Lane Departure Warning is a driver assistance system or
an active safety system. It alerts the driver if the vehicle tends to
depart the lane unintentionally. To do so, this system keeps track of
the lane markings on the road.
Liquid-cooled – It is a type of engine cooling systems. When
an IC engine is cooled by either liquid or water; it is known as liquid
or water cooled engine. Most modern high-end bikes, besides cars
and other commercial vehicles alike; use the liquid/water cooled
engine. A liquid cooled engine is very similar to the water cooled
engine; albeit a minor difference.
Limousine – Limousine refers to a highly luxurious sedan vehicle. It
has an extended or longer than normal wheelbase which makes it
stand out at an event. However, its most commonly used word is
sometimes the ‘Limo’. Technically a limousine is a vehicle in which
driver compartment and the passenger cabin are separated from
each other.
LSD – The manufacturers offer the differential mechanism for better
handling of the vehicle. However, it doesn’t offer high mechanical
efficiency because of its ability of slippage. At times, a high amount

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of friction is also necessary. So, the engineers developed the limited

slip differential or LSD.
M2V – It stands for Motorcycle-To-Vehicle communication system.
This is a type of vehicle-to-vehicle communication system. The
vehicle and motorcycle exchange information with each other. This
information includes the type of vehicle, speed, position, and
direction of travel. A vehicle can transmit this data up to ten times
per second to the nearby environment.
MBUX – It stands for Mercedes-Benz User Experience (MBUX) is a
whole new type user experience. The company recently unveiled all
new level of interaction in its cars. It is a new kind of infotainment
system that learns. It incorporates Artificial Intelligence which
enables immense new possibilities.
MCi-5 – It stands for Micro Chip ignited-5 Curve (MCi-5) engine.
MCi-5 Engine features in Mahindra Centro & Pinter bikes. This is
basically an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) controlled engine
supported by the sensors. The ECU provides 5 different ignition
curves or ignition timing angle (timing advance options) for the
engine.
Mechanical Efficiency – The ‘Mechanical Efficiency’ is the
measured (theoretical) efficiency of the engine compared to its
actual (rated) efficiency. However, the engine cannot deliver 100
percent output that it produces. This is because of various factors
such as thermal losses to the cooling and exhaust systems, the
operation of valves and bearings, and wear and tear of the parts
etc.
Mid-Engine Layout – In the Mid-Engine layout, an engine sits in the
middle of a vehicle. In most of the vehicles, the engine sits at
the front because it offers effective cooling to run it efficiently.
However, due to some design constraints, engineers use the Mid-

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engine layout. This layout places the engine in the middle of the
vehicle. However, it is generally between the front and rear axles.
Mercedes Nomenclature – It is the naming system of Mercedes
Benz. Currently, Mercedes-Benz uses combinations starting with
alphabet/s followed by a 2 / 3 digit number.
Mono-cross – Originally, Yamaha developed the monoshock
suspension to improve the performance of its bikes in motocross
competition. Some manufacturers also use the term “flying
suspension” for monoshock suspension. It provides a great deal of
stability in the jumps and landings of the bike.
Mono-shock – Originally, Yamaha developed the monoshock
suspension to improve the performance of its bikes in motocross
competition. Some manufacturers also use the term “flying
suspension” for monoshock suspension. It provides a great deal of
stability in the jumps and landings of the bike.
Moped – It is a small, two-wheeled automotive bicycle-vehicle with
pedals. Swedish journalist Harald Nielsen first made up the word
‘moped in 1952. It is a combination of the Swedish words “motor”
and “pedaler”. It employs a smaller capacity automotive engine to
run itself. Generally, most mopeds in the world install a small petrol
engine for this purpose.
MPFi – MPFi or MPi stands for Multi-Point Fuel injection. This is the
type of fuel injection system which the gasoline or petrol
fuel engines mainly use. This term refers to the newer generation
Petrol Injection systems.
MPV – The term MPV stands for Multi-Purpose Vehicle (MPV). This
vehicle type is primarily designed to carry a number of passengers.
People also refer to such a vehicle as ‘Minivan’ or ‘Multi Utility
Vehicle (MUV)’. These vehicles became popular around the world.

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It is mainly because of the convenience they offer in terms of the

carrying capacity of either people or cargo.
MSC – It stands for Motorcycle Stability Control (MSC). Bosch
developed this technology exclusively for two-wheelers. This is a
safety system which helps the rider to control the bike better in the
critical manoeuvres in all driving conditions.
MTC – It stands for Motorcycle Traction Control. In motorcycles,
still, this safety system is in its early stage of development.
However, the motorcycle traction control system is available only in
high-end motorcycles. It is steadily becoming popular in low-end
motorcycles.  This is because it offers greater control and safety.
MUV – The term MPV stands for Multi-Purpose Vehicle (MPV). This
vehicle type is primarily designed to carry a number of passengers.
People also refer to such a vehicle as ‘Minivan’ or ‘Multi Utility
Vehicle (MUV)’. These vehicles became popular around the world.
It is mainly because of the convenience they offer in terms of the
carrying capacity of either people or cargo.
Naturally Aspirated Engine  – The term NA stands for the Naturally
Aspirated engine. This term applies only to an internal
combustion (IC) engine. In an IC engine, the intake of the air
completely depends upon the atmospheric pressure. So,
manufacturers term it as naturally aspirated or naturally breathing.
OHC – OHC stands for Over Head Camshaft. This valve
arrangement configuration places the camshaft in the cylinder head
above the pistons and combustion chamber. Such camshaft
operates the valves or lifters directly.
Oil-cooled – In an oil-cooled engine, the engine oil is cooled by an
oil cooler separately. This engine is basically an air-cooled engine
with an external oil cooler. However, engine manufacturers term it
as an oil-cooled engine to differentiate between the two.

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Over Square Engine – Bore-Stroke Ratio is the ratio between the

dimensions of the engine cylinder bore diameter to its piston stroke-
length. The cylinder bore diameter divided by the stroke-length
gives the Bore-to-Stroke ratio. The ‘Bore-stroke ratio’ is an
important factor which determines
engine’s power & torque characteristics.
Oxygen Sensor – To achieve the correct air-fuel ratio manufactures
employ oxygen sensors in the exhaust systems. Besides, the
exhaust gas oxygen sensor is also known as the ‘lambda sensor’. It
is located before the catalytic converter in the exhaust pipe. The
sensor generates a voltage with regards to the amount of oxygen in
the exhaust gas. Thus, it provides real-time feedback on the mixture
composition to the engine management system.
Parking Sensors – Parking sensors are the proximity sensors which
assist the driver in detecting nearby objects while parking a car.
Manufacturers typically install them on the bumpers of a car. Thus,
this system is a type of driver assistance system.
Passive Safety – The passive safety systems are those systems
which react to the abnormal event. It means that these systems
activate during or after the accident takes place. Thus, the passive
safety systems help to reduce or decrease the effect of the
abnormal event like an accident.
Petrol – It is the combination of Greek words ‘Petra’ for rocks and
‘Elaion’ for oil. The term ‘Petra-oleum’ was used in 10th-century old
English sources, which became ‘Petroleum’ and then later simply
‘Petrol’.
Petrol Engine – A Petrol engine works is also known as spark
ignition engine that works on Otto Cycle. Otto Cycle was named
after German engineer Nikolaus Otto who invented, developed and
patented first Four-Stroke petrol engine.

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PFi – PFi stands for Programmed Fuel Injection.

PGMFi – PGMFi stands for Programmed Fuel Injection.
Rack & Pinion Steering – The Rack and Pinion is a type
of steering mechanism with a pair of gears which convert the rotary
motion into the linear motion. This system consists of a circular gear
called pinion engages with the teeth on the linear gear shaft called
the rack. The rotary motion applied to the pinion causes it to turn
while it moves rack sideways.
Rear Engine Layout – In the rear engine layout, the engine sits at
the rear of a vehicle. Most of the vehicles use front engine layout
because of the effective cooling it offers to run it efficiently.
However, due to some design constraints, sometimes engineers
use the rear engine layout. This design, i.e. the rear engine layout,
places the engine at the rear of the vehicle but behind the rear axle
line while the driven wheels are also at the rear of the vehicle.
Recirculating Ball & Nut – The Recirculating Ball Nut is
a steering mechanism that is generally found in the earlier
generation cars. It is also used in some off-road vehicles and
especially in trucks. Manufacturers employed the recalculating ball
mechanism in the 1990s for its durability of the design and strength.
Regenerative Braking – The regenerative system recovers some of
the waste energy and puts it to work again. The system captures
and converts this waste energy into electricity. The electricity, thus
regenerated, charges the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
Rain Sensing Wipers – As the name suggests, rain-sensing wipers
are the windscreen wipers which come into action automatically.
They do so when they sense the water on the windscreen of the
vehicle.
Riding Assist – It is Honda’s unique feature for its motorcycles. It is
an all-electric concept motorcycle which continually assesses its

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position. Furthermore, it can also move the handle-bar. Thus, it

makes sure that the motorcycle always stays in an upright position.
Riding Modes – The earlier generation motorcycles had single
riding characteristic. With riding modes, you can ride and handle a
modern motorcycle in multiple ways. For e.g. four riding modes will
give you four motorcycles in one. Generally, the riding modes can
be set by a button on the handlebar.
Rigid Front Suspension – Earlier generation vehicles used the rigid
front axle suspension due to its simple design. This design uses two
longitudinal leaf springs or a transverse spring. The spring
assembly consists of a number of curved metal strips, stacked on
each other and clamped together. The spring assembly attaches to
the front axle by ‘U’ bolts.
Run Flat Tyres – Run Flat Tyres: As the name suggests, these are
the tyres which are capable of running even when flat i.e. in the
punctured condition. These tyres are so designed that they allow
the vehicle to cover the certain distance at reduced speed without
compromising much on the stability.
Rear Vehicle Monitoring – As the name suggests, the Rear Vehicle
Monitoring system is an active safety system or a driver assistance
system. Mazda Corporation developed it and employs on Mazda
cars since the year 2008.
Ride By Wire – it refers to the absence of mechanical linkage
between accelerator and throttle. Instead, various sensors and
actuators (connected by wires) control the fuel-air supply going to
the engine.
Roll Stability Control – Rear view mirror is a device that allows the
driver to see rearward. It usually finds its place at the top of
windscreen inside the cabin. This device is one of the most basic

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but essential safety devices in the vehicle. It provides assistance to

the driver during overtaking, parking in reverse gear etc.
RVM – It stands for Rear View Mirror
Safety – Active Safety includes set of safety features which reduce
the chances of an accident or collision in the first place. Some
manufacturers also call it as the ‘Primary Safety System’.
Manufacturers employ the active safety systems mainly to avoid the
accident. These systems activate before the accident takes place
so that they could possibly avoid the accident.
SBS – Sync Brake System stands for ‘Synchronized Braking’.
Scooter – A scooter is a small, two-wheeled vehicle. It utilizes an
automotive engine to run. So, generally, the manufacturers install
a petrol engine for this purpose. Earlier, they offered a Two-
Stroke/Spark Ignition (SI) engine for scooters.
Seat belt – Seat Belt is a safety device installed in the car which
protects the occupants by restricting their undesirable forward
movement during the events of a collision. It is also known as
‘Safety belt’.
Sedan – Sedan refers to a popular vehicle body type or shape
which usually characterizes the vehicles by their
long wheelbase and spacious passenger cabin or compartment.
This vehicle category is also known as ‘Saloon’ in the British vehicle
terminology. The word ‘sedan’ may have been derived from the
Italian language. In Italian, the word ‘sepia’ means a chair.
SEP – SEP Technology stands for Suzuki Eco Performance
technology.
Sequential Turbocharger – Sequential Turbochargers are not
identical in their function. They operate as a primary and secondary
turbocharger. Sometimes, the manufacturers also refer to the
second type as ‘Variable Turbochargers’.

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Slipper clutch – The slipper clutch is a different type of clutch. It is

mostly utilized in the race-track motorcycles. It helps to reduce the
speed abruptly without losing traction of the rear wheel. This
functionality is useful during emergency braking.
Smart Accelerator – BOSCH is building something that goes
beyond the limits. It is an intuitive and ‘Smart Accelerator’ pedal. It
provides the driver with feedback about the changing driving
conditions.
Smart Key – Keyless Entry or Passive Entry is a terminology
commonly used in an automotive technology, which locks and
unlocks a vehicle without using a conventional key and/or pressing
the buttons on the Remote / Smart Key. However, Keyless Entry
DOES NOT mean that ‘there is no key’.
Smart Windshield – Samsung is taking a leap ahead into
developing smartphone related safety features for bike riders.
Samsung’s Italian arm, Samsung Italia, has conceptualized a
windshield for motorcycles called the Samsung smart windshield.
This windshield is designed by keeping riders safety as the first
priority.
SOHC – It stands for Single Overhead Camshaft
Spark Plug – A spark plug is very important in a petrol engine when
it comes to igniting the charge in the combustion chamber. As the
name suggests, the spark plug creates a spark that burns the air-
fuel mixture. It consists of a centre electrode, a ground electrode,
an insulator, and a shell/body.
Spoiler – The rear spoiler is an aerodynamic device of the vehicle
intended for reducing the air drag. It spoils or nullifies the effect of
the air pressure passing over the vehicle body. If the spoiler is at
the front of the vehicle, it is called an Air Dam which reduces the
amount of air flowing under the vehicle.

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Splitter – The function of the Air Dam is to ‘spoil’ or nullify the effect
of the undesired air movement across the vehicle when it is in
motion. It not just only disrupts the existing airflow patterns, but also
generate the down-force as the air passes around the vehicle.
Sports Bike – A Sports bike is a type of motorcycle which falls under
the performance-bike segment. The manufacturers optimize the
sports bikes for acceleration (pick-up), speed, braking, and
cornering abilities.
Square Engine – An engine is called a ‘Square Engine’ when its
cylinder bore diameter & stroke-length are almost equal which
forms a geometrical figure of a perfect ‘square’. The bore-stroke
ratio is almost 1:1 in square engine design.
Steering System – A proper steering system mechanism is
necessary to effectively control the vehicle with safety during its
entire speed range without much effort. It should also be able to
tackle wide variations of road surfaces and bumps and bounces to
the vehicle.
Sunroof – Sunroof is a part of the vehicle roof that allows the light
and/or air to enter the passenger compartment of the vehicle. It is
either fixed or movable. The basic intention behind the use of the
sun-roof is to enhance the passenger’s ride experience by the use
of ambient light and fresh air.
SUV – SUV is an acronym for Sports Utility Vehicle. It is also known
as ‘Suburban Utility Vehicle’. There was an idea behind the
invention of this vehicle type. That was to combine the towing
capacity of a pickup truck, the comfort of the passenger car and
space of a minivan.
Sync Brake System – TVS introduced Sync Brake System (SBS)
Technology in its Jupiter & We go scooters. Sync Brake System
stands for ‘Synchronized Braking’.

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Telescopic Fork – Conventional motorcycle front suspension mainly

consists of a telescopic fork and damper/shock-absorber. It is a type
of suspension design which is common for most bikes. The
telescopic fork operates hydraulically. It has fork tubes and sliders
which contain the springs and dampers. Telescopic forks
sometimes have gaiters to protect the tubes from abrasion and
corrosion.
TCS – It stands for Traction Control System.
Tire – Tire (or tire) is a circular and ring like part of a vehicle which
comes in contact with ground. Tyres is fitted on rims and are filled
with compressed air. Since their invention, natural rubber is the
most widely used material in manufacturing of tyres. However,
modern tyres also employ materials like synthetic rubber, fabric,
steel wires, carbon black and some more compounds.
Toured Bike – A Toured bike or Touring Bike is a type of cruiser
bike – its distant sibling. It falls under the luxury/premium cruiser
bike segment. They both have a similar riding position and comfort
levels. Most of the Torres in the world cost comparatively more than
the cruisers because of the features they offer.
Touring Bike – A Toured bike or Touring Bike is a type of cruiser
bike – its distant sibling. It falls under the luxury/premium cruiser
bike segment. They both have a similar riding position and comfort
levels. Most of the Torres in the world cost comparatively more than
the cruisers because of the features they offer.
TPFC – The term TPFC stands for Transient Power Fuel Control
system. This system uses a constant-choke carburettor. The most
prominent feature of this type of carburettor is that it increases the
engine speed without any jerks.
TPMS – It stands for Tire Pressure Monitoring System or TPMS. It
is an electronic system which monitors the pressure of air in the

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tyres of the vehicle. TPMS checks the tyre pressure continuously

and informs the driver if tyres are underinflated or overinflated.
Transmission – A Gear Box is an assembly consisting of various
gears, synchronizing sleeves and gear-shifting mechanism fitted
inside a metal housing. The metal housing usually made of
aluminum/iron casting accommodates all the gears in it. Gearbox is
a part of the ‘transmission’ system as the gears play an important
role in transmitting the engine power to the wheels.
Triple Spark – The Triple Spark Technology uses three spark plugs
to ignite the fuel as against single spark plug in the
conventional petrol engine design.
Troubleshooting (Engine Overheating) – There are multiple reasons
why your vehicle’s engine overheats or its temperature shoots up.
In this article, we look at the common causes and solutions for
engine overheating.
Traffic Sign Assist – Traffic sign Assist is a driver assistance system.
It makes sure that every road sign is brought to the notice of the
driver. At the heart of the working principle of this system lies a
simple rule. It says – ‘the on-road vehicle safety for pedestrian as
well as the vehicle improves tremendously if the driver obeys the
traffic rules perfectly’.
Turbocharger – A turbocharger is a turbine-driven, forced induction,
mechanical device. It compresses the incoming air and pumps it
into the engine cylinder at high pressure. Thus, it increases the
engine’s efficiency and power output by about 30% to 40% as
compared to naturally aspirated engines.
Turning Circle Diameter – Turning circle radius gives an indication
of the space required to turn a particular vehicle. Hence, the higher
the value of turning circle radius, the higher is the space you need
to turn the vehicle completely and vice versa. This parameter is

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closely related to the steering geometry and the suspension system

of the vehicle under consideration.
Turning Circle Radius – Turning circle radius gives an indication of
the space required to turn a particular vehicle. Hence, the higher
the value of turning circle radius, the higher is the space you need
to turn the vehicle completely and vice versa. This parameter is
closely related to the steering geometry and the suspension system
of the vehicle under consideration.
Tyre – Tyre (or tire) is a circular and ring like part of a vehicle which
comes in contact with ground. Tyres are fitted on rims and are filled
with compressed air. Since their invention, natural rubber is the
most widely used material in manufacturing of tyres. However,
modern tyres also employ materials like synthetic rubber, fabric,
steel wires, carbon black and some more compounds.
Under Square Engine – An engine is called an ‘Under-square’
engine when it has a longer stroke. In this engine, the stroke-length
is longer than the cylinder bore. Generally, ‘Under-Square’ design
tends to produce comparatively higher torque. Hence, engineers
also refer to it as ‘high-torque’ engine.
V2V – It stands for Vehicle to vehicle OR V2V Communication and
is technological innovation. It allows two vehicles to ‘talk’ or
‘communicate’ with each other. It is also known as ‘V2X’. With the
help of this technology, a vehicle can connect to the other nearby
vehicles and supporting infrastructure.
Valve Timing – Valve timing is the opening and closing of engine
valves at specified intervals. The engine’s camshaft opens and
closes the valves at a specific interval. The timing of the opening &
closing of valves is specified in degrees corresponding to the
position of engine’s pistons. Engine valve timing is the most critical
process of IC engines.

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V Engine – The V engine is a newer generation compact engine

design. This engine construction places the cylinders at an angle
instead of in a straight line with each other. The angle between the
cylinders varies from 60 to 90 degrees. The angle between the
cylinders form ‘V’ shape.
VGT – Variable Geometry Turbocharger or VGT is a type
of turbocharger. It is a mechanical device that increases the
pressure of air by compressing it. Another name for the Variable-
Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) is Variable Nozzle Turbines (VNT).
VGT allows effective aspect ratio (A:R) for the turbocharger
according to varying conditions. VGTs are usually designed to
deliver refined performance.
Volumetric Efficiency – Volumetric Efficiency is one of the most
important factors of an internal combustion engine’ performance
parameters. It is the ratio of the volume of air/charge drawn into the
cylinder/s during the suction stroke to the total displacement of all
the cylinder/s at the atmospheric pressure. In simple words, it
denotes the engine’s ability to carry out the work efficiently.
VVT – Variable Valve Timing system further optimizes the timing of
opening and closing the valves for multiple engine speeds. The
first-generation VVT design uses two-step variation which optimises
the engine for two different engine speeds. This design enables two
different set of timings which includes one for the ‘part-load’
condition i.e. up to 3500 rpm and other for the ‘full-load’ condition,
i.e. above 3500 rpm.
Waste gate Turbocharger – Nowadays, vehicles with turbocharged
engines feature the waste gate turbocharger. This technology helps
to deliver optimum engine performance during peak operating
conditions. In addition, the waste gate valve prevents the

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turbocharger from over-running. Particularly, it also avoids the

engine from over-boost and prevents any mechanical failure.
Water-cooled – When an IC engine is cooled by either liquid or
water; it is known as liquid or water cooled engine. Most
modern high-end bikes, besides cars and other commercial
vehicles alike; use the liquid/water cooled engine. A liquid cooled
engine is very similar to the water cooled engine; albeit a minor
difference.
Water Injection System – Bosch recently introduced Bosch Water
Injection system for gasoline direct injection engines. Water boost
or water injection system uses water to cool down the intake air in
the gasoline direct injection system. The cool air brings down the
internal temperature of the engine and helps to burn the fuel
efficiently.
Wheelbase – Wheelbase is the centre distance between the front
and the rear axle of the vehicle. It is one of the important
dimensions of the vehicle that is specified by the vehicle
manufacturers. This term is applicable to bicycles, two-wheelers,
four-wheelers, trucks etc. i.e. for every vehicle type.
Wiper – Windscreen wiper is a device that cleans water, snow or
mud from the windscreen of vehicle. Thus, it ensures proper
visibility of the road ahead. This system finds application on a large
variety of locomotives from vehicles, railways to aero-planes.
Generally, the term ‘windscreen wiper’ refers to the wipers installed
on the front windshield of a vehicle. However, nowadays, rear
wipers are also getting popular.

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Lesson 2: HACCP in Automotive Technology

GUIDELINES IN MAINTAINING OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH AWARENESS

A. Sitting and Work chair design

 Sitting - If a job does not require a great deal of physical strength
and can be done in a limited space, then the work should be done
in a sitting position.
Note: sitting all day is not good for the body, especially for the back.
Therefore, there should be some variety in the job tasks performed
so a worker is not required to do sitting work only. A good chair is
essential for sitting work. The chair should allow the worker to
change the leg and general working positions easily.
The following are some ergonomic guidelines for sitting work:
 The worker needs to be able to reach the entire work area
without stretching or twisting unnecessarily.

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 A good sitting position means that the individual is sitting

straight in front of and close to the work.
 The work table and the chair should be designed so that
the work surface is approximately at the same level as the elbows.
 The back should be straight and the shoulders relaxed.
 If possible, there should be some form of adjustable
support for the elbows, forearms or hands.
 Work chair - A proper work chair needs to satisfy certain
ergonomic requirements. Use the following guidelines when
choosing a chair:
 The work chair should be appropriate for the job being
performed and for the height of the work table or workbench.
 Ideally the seat height and the backrest height should be
adjustable separately. The backrest tilt should also be adjustable.
 The chair should allow the worker to lean forward or
backward easily.
 The worker should have adequate leg room under the work
table and should be able to change the position of the legs easily.
 The feet should be flat on the floor. When this is not
possible, the worker should be provided with a footrest. A footrest
will also help to eliminate pressure from the back of the thighs and
knees.
 The chair should have a backrest which supports the lower
back.
 The seat should curve slightly downward at the front edge.
 Ideally, the chair should have five legs for stability.
 It is preferable if arm rests are removable since some
workers do not find them comfortable. In any case, arm rests should
not prevent the worker from getting close enough to the work table.

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 The chair should be covered with a breathable fabric to

prevent slipping off the chair.

B. Standing workstation
Standing for long periods of time to perform a job should be
avoided whenever possible. Long periods of standing work can
cause back pain, leg swelling, and problems with blood circulation,
sore feet and tired muscles. Here are some guidelines to follow
when standing work cannot be avoided:
 If a job must be done in a standing position, a chair or stool
should be provided for the worker and he or she should be able to
sit down at regular intervals.
 Workers should be able to work with their upper arms at
their sides and without excessive bending or twisting of the back.
 The work surface should be adjustable for workers of
different heights and for different job tasks.
 If the work surface is not adjustable, then provide a
pedestal to raise the work surface for taller workers. For shorter
workers, provide a platform to raise their working height.
 A footrest should be provided to help reduce the strain on
the back and to allow the worker to change positions. Shifting
weight from time to time reduces the strain on the legs and back.
 There should be a mat on the floor so the worker does not
have to stand on a hard surface. A concrete or metal floor can be
covered to absorb shock. The floor should be clean, level and not
slippery.
 Workers should wear shoes with arch support and low
heels when performing standing work.
 There should be adequate space and knee room to allow
the worker to change body position while working.
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 The worker should not have to reach to do the job tasks.

Therefore the work should be performed 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30
centimetres) in front of the body.

When determining the appropriate height of the work

surface, it is important to consider the following factors:
 the elbow height of the worker;
 the type of work being performed;
 the size of the product being worked on;
 the tools and equipment being used.

Follow these guidelines to ensure a good body position for

standing work:
 Face the work.
 Keep the body close to the work.
 Move the feet to face in a new direction instead of twisting your
back or shoulders.

C. Hand tools and controls

Hand tools Hand tools should be designed according to
ergonomic requirements. Poorly designed hand tools, or tools that
do not fit the individual worker or the task can cause negative health
effects and decrease a worker's productivity. In order to prevent
health problems, as well as to maintain the worker's productivity,
hand tools should be designed so that they fit both the individual
and the task. Well-designed tools can contribute to good body
positions and movements and can increase productivity. Use the
following guidelines when selecting hand tools:
 Avoid poor quality hand tools.

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 Choose tools that allow the worker to use the larger

muscles in the shoulders, arms and legs, rather than the smaller
muscles in the wrists and fingers.
 Avoid holding a tool continuously in a raised position or
gripping a heavy tool. Properly designed tools allow the worker to
keep the elbows next to the body to prevent damage to the
shoulder or arm. Additionally, properly designed tools do not require
the worker to bend the wrists, stoop or twist.
 Choose handles that are long enough to fit the whole hand.
This will help to reduce uncomfortable pressure on the palm of the
hand or on the joints of the fingers and hand
 Do not use tools with spaces where fingers and skin can
get caught.
 Choose double-handled tools, such as scissors, pliers or
clippers. These should have a span that does not overstretch the
hand.
 Do not select tools with contoured handles; they fit only one
size of hand and put pressure on hands they do not fit.
 Make tool handles easy to grip. Handles should also have
good electrical insulation and they should not have any sharp edges
or sharp corners. Put soft plastic covers on handgrips to reduce
slipperiness.
 Avoid using tools that force the wrist to bend or to be in an
awkward position. Redesign tools so that the tool bends and not the
wrist.
Choose tools with an evenly balanced weight and make sure
they are used in the proper
 Position.
 Make sure tools are properly maintained.

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 Tools should be appropriate for right- or left-handed

workers.

D. Heavy physical work

Manual work must be designed properly so that workers will
not overexert themselves and develop muscle strain, especially in
the back. Performing heavy physical work for long periods causes
the rate of breathing and the heart beat to increase. If a worker is
not in good physical condition, he or she is likely to get tired easily
while doing heavy physical work. Whenever possible, it is helpful to
use mechanical power to do the heavy work. This does not mean
that employers should replace workers with machines, rather, that
workers can use machines to perform the most arduous tasks.
Mechanical power reduces the risks to the worker and at the same
time provides more work opportunities for people with less physical
strength. Use the following guidelines for designing jobs that require
heavy physical work:
 Heavy work should not exceed the capacity of the
individual worker.
 Heavy physical work should be varied throughout the day
at regular intervals with lighter work.
 Rest periods must be included in the day's work.

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Lesson 3: Power Tools and Equipment of Automotive

CLEANING TOOLS
Scraper - is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle.
It is used to scrape hard to remove dirt or stubborn grime or plastic
sticker.
Steel/Wire brush - are thin strips of metal inserted in a wooden or
plastic stock. It is used to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and
grime with sweeping action.
Utility rag - is a fibrous cloth used in cleaning and wiping dirt and
dust.

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BENDING/HOLDING/TWISTING/CRIMPING TOOLS
Pliers - are generally used as all-around tools. They have the
capability for bending, crimping, cutting, holding, stripping and
twisting. They are available in various shapes and sizes. Generally,
pliers used for electrical job are insulated, whereas those for
mechanical work are not insulated but sometimes equipped with
rubber for gripping. Pliers are not used as substitute for wrenches.
Side cutting pliers - are tools having a broad, flat, and rough jaw.
They have a pair of nipper-like blades used for cutting and bending
wires.
Combination pliers - are equipped with adjustable opening by
means of a slip joint. It is used for gripping object because of its
inner notch and also used for cutting and bending small wires.
Long nose pliers - have a needle-nose ends used for holding or
picking small object. They have a razor-like blade on its jaw for
stripping, cutting and bending wires.
Stripping and crimping pliers - have two-half round edges used to
strip electrical wire and a crimping nose to fold and lock wire
connector.
Vise grip or locking jaw pliers - are speciallydesigned pliers used for
holding work pieces together. They have a variety of uses such as
inserting a fastener, holding bolts while tightening or loosening the
nut and removing rounded head bolts and nuts.
Machinist pliers - have adjustable and cutting jaws with tooth-edged
nose used for holding, bending and cutting wires.

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Bench vise - is a device for holding and bending pieces of metal. It

consists of one fixed and one movable jaw operated by a clamping
action of the screw.

CUTTING TOOLS
Chisel - is a hand tool essentially used for cutting bolts, nuts and
rivets. It comes in different types and sizes. A flat cold chisel is
used for general cutting. Special chisels like a diamond point are
used for cutting sharp-bottomed groove and a round-end chisel for
cutting oil grooves.

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Electric Drill - is a tool for boring holes. It is made of either carbon

steel which requires frequent sharpening or high speed steel which
requires less sharpening. Electric drill is designed for slow and high
speed drilling. It can be hand operated for slow drilling or
electrically operated portable or heavy duty machine for high
speed drilling with replaceable drill attachment at the end. Drills
come in various diameter sizes. Electric drill can also be used as a
portable grinding machine by attaching a handy grinder on its end.

File - is a hard steel tool used for smoothening metal. It comes in

various shapes such as flat, round, half-round, and triangular. It also
comes in different fine-to-coarse cutting edges. A single cut file has
a single series of cutting edges parallel to each other whereas a
double-cut file has two sets of cutting edges that cross at an angle.

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Hacksaw - is an excellent tool for cutting bolts, tubing and light to

fairly thick metal. It has a light frame handle with blade connected to
both ends of the frame. Depending on the type of work to be cut, a
hacksaw blade tooth per inch (TPI) determines the extent of metal
to be cut. It comes in 14, 18, 24, 32 teeth per inch. The lower the
number, the lesser the number of TPI and the greater its cutting
ability. A special hacksaw such as hole saw is used when boring
thin and large diameter sheet of metal. It is electrically operated by
an electric drill.

Tin Snip - is a scissor shaped tool used for cutting thin sheets of
metal?

DRIVING TOOLS
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Hammers - are generally used for driving or striking work. It comes

in various sizes, weights, and kinds. Ball peen hammer is basically
used by machinists as in automotive applications. It has a weighty
ball-shaped metal at the end of the handle with flat surface on one
side for striking a chisel or appropriate work and a rounded shaped
for riveting or penning. The brass or plastic-tipped hammers are
used for striking soft and delicate part such as aluminum or plastic
to avoid danger of breaking or marring the surface.

Puncher - is a tool made of steel. It is used to cut or drive out a bolt

or lock needle pin out of a hole. Starting punch is a punch with
tapered portion used for initially starting a pin or rivet removal. After
initially starting the pin, the drift punch or pin punch is used to
complete the job of removing the pin. A hole punch is used in
cutting a paper gasket in making holes.

LOOSENING AND TIGHTENING TOOLS

Wrenches are tools for loosening and tightening of bolts and nuts. It
comes in different forms and number in Metric or in English sizes.

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Allen wrench is used in a type of screw bolt with a hexagonal

hole on the head.
Box end wrench is an enclosed end tool used for moderate
application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
Combination wrench is a tool with an open-end on one side
and box-end on the opposite side. It has the same size on both
ends and used in loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
Oil filter wrench is a circular-shaped steel with internal tooth
and handle. It is inserted to the oil filter body, tightened as it is
turned for removal.
Open end wrench is a tool with open end used for light
application in loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
Socket wrench is a tubular-like tool with an enclosed end
used for heavy application for loosening and tightening bolts and
nuts.
Spark plug wrench is a socket-like wrench intended for
removing and installing spark plugs.
Tire wrench is a cross-like or sometimes L-shaped piece of
round bar used to remove the wheels of the vehicle.

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Screwdriver - is a piece of long metal rod made of hardened steel

and tempered at the tip. It is used to loosen and tighten screws. It
usually comes in different sizes and forms of tips. An Allen
screwdriver has hexagonal sides at the tip and used for hexagonal
slot head of the screws. A flat screw driver has flat tip at the end
and used in a single groove screws. A Philips screw driver has
cross-like tip at the end and used in a cross groove head of the
screws. Depending on the kind of application used, a screwdriver
can be of special types such as stubby screwdriver that has a
short shank and handle. It is used for tight space where a typical
screwdriver cannot be used. An offset screwdriver has a shank
bent in opposite direction several distance just before the end of the
tip. It is used to loosen and tightened screws in difficult areas.

MARKING TOOLS
Center punch - is a tool made of hardened steel with conical tip
point on its end. It is about 3 to 4 in. long in length and used for
marking the material before drilling. It is also used for marking two
parts so that after removing, it can be easily replaced by aligning
the marks together.
Scriber - is a thin steel rod with pointed tip on its end. It is used for
marking fine lines on metal for layout work.
Pencil - is a thin strip of graphite enclosed in a wooden case and
used for making drawings and marking lines.

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MEASURING TOOLS
Torque wrench - is a special service tool for measuring the twisting
force applied when tightening bolts and nuts.
Steel rule - is a measuring strip of steel available in various lengths
in metric and English system. It is available in 12, 24, 36 and 48
inches size. It is used in linear measurement of short length or
height.
Caliper - is a tool used in measuring the diameter of a circular work.
The Inside caliper is used in measuring the inside diameter
whereas the outside caliper is used in measuring the outside
diameter of an object. The caliper is adjustable. The Vernier caliper
is a good example that is capable to measure both the inside and
outside diameter of an object with accuracy. It can also measure the
thickness and thinness in thousandths of an inch.
Metal tape measure - is a push and pull, long strip of thin sheet of
metal with corresponding increments in millimeter and inches
graduation. It is used for measuring stock and can be bought in
different sizes of length.
Feeler gauge - is a thin strip of metal with different thickness used
to measure or set gap and clearance between parts of mechanism.

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Lesson 4: Automotive Technology Career

Types of Careers in the Automotive Industry

Here are 15 common careers in the automotive industry:
1. Auto instructor
National average salary: $31,820 per year
Primary duties: Auto instructors teach high-school or college
students about repairing cars, engines, mechanical features and
electrical systems. They may specialize in one or two maintenance
areas or teach the basics of all vehicle components. They typically
work in a shop-style classroom where students are able to gain
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hands-on maintenance and repair experience. A state teaching

license is required for all teachers, including auto instructors.
2. Car rental agent
National average salary: $36,623 per year
Primary duties: Car rental agents administer and recommend
rental cars to guests who need to temporarily use a vehicle. They
take customer documentation and ensure vehicles in the rental fleet
are well maintained. Car rental agents should be familiar with the
operation and technological features of a variety of vehicle types
and be comfortable driving them around their lot as needed.
3. Tire technician
National average salary: $36,946 per year
Primary duties: Tire technician’s service, repair and replace
car tires to create a fuel-efficient and smooth ride for the driver.
They are knowledgeable about various tire types—including snow
tires—and recommended treads for various road or off-road
environments. Tire technicians can be employed by a tire specialty
repair shop or as part of a bigger automotive technician team at a
large auto body shop.
4. Car detailer
National average salary: $37,817 per year
Primary duties: Car detailers clean the interior and exterior of
vehicles by washing, vacuuming, waxing and polishing the car. If
needed or requested by the vehicle’s owner, they may also steam
and deodorize the carpets, buff the painted surfaces, apply
protective finishes to the exterior and shine the wheel rims. Car
detailers interact with the customers to determine what services
they need and drive vehicles around their shop to complete the
work.
5. Vehicle inspector

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National average salary: $49,620 per year

Primary duties: The vehicle inspector is responsible for
ensuring vehicles meet safety standards—reporting violations and
recommending repairs. They check cars for damages and drive
them to determine any malfunctions. The inspector also connects
the vehicles to mechanical and electrical testing devices to examine
the components for damage or incorrect settings.
Vehicle inspectors review cars’ emission levels and any
customizations added to the vehicles and confirm the cars meet all
required regulations. If any repairs are necessary, the inspector will
review the cars after repairs are completed to ensure they meet
quality standards.
6. Auto body repair technician
National average salary: $54,636 per year
Primary duties: Auto body repair technicians are responsible
for safely and efficiently fixing car frames, suspensions, dents,
windows and wheel alignment after a vehicle has been damaged.
They primarily focus on the exterior, non-mechanical components of
the vehicle and make them look new again.
Auto body repair technicians often directly interact with
customers in their repair shop and must have strong customer
service and business skills to give the customer an upfront estimate
of the cost and time required to repair their vehicle.
7. Auto electrician
National average salary: $58,043 per year
Primary duties: Auto electricians are responsible for
inspecting, repairing and maintaining a vehicle’s headlights,
dashboard warning lights, alarm system, circuit boards and starter
motor. They often work in mechanical and auto body shops with
other technicians, but focus on the electric issues within the vehicle.

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The auto electrician plugs the computerized diagnostic

system into the car to determine the issue and develop a plan to fix
it. The plan could include rewiring elements, replacing light bulbs or
the entire electrical system.
8. Auto mechanic
National average salary: $59,632 per year
Primary duties: Auto mechanics are responsible for carrying
out routine maintenance, diagnostic testing and mechanical repairs.
They primarily work on motorized components including engines,
drive belts, power steering, brakes and transmissions. Newer
vehicles can be plugged into a computerized diagnostic testing
machine, which tells the mechanic what repairs are required.
The mechanic may need to recalibrate a motor, rewire parts
or replace the entire component. Auto mechanics are familiar with
vehicle regulations and technological systems and ensure the
vehicle is safe to operate when returned to the owner.
9. Auto engineer
National average salary: $68,352 per year
Primary duties: Auto engineers research, develop and design
the technical systems in vehicles. They work with the development
and design team to utilize sophisticated technology in a safe and
user-friendly way in the vehicle’s navigation, warning, control and
fuel systems. The auto engineer can continue improving upon
previous technologies used in their vehicle or develop new systems
based on the current market trends.
Throughout the design process, they troubleshoot any
problems that arise and guarantee that they are fixed before
production begins. They also partner with the process engineer to
plan and develop the manufacturing process for their technological
components.

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10. Car salesperson

National average salary: $71,650 per year
Primary duties: A car salesperson helps customers find the
right car to purchase, explains the benefits and drawbacks of
different models and begins the payment process. They build
relationships with their customers to understand their vehicle needs
and encourage repeat purchases with their dealership.
A car salesperson also partners with the marketing team to
reach out to and engage new potential clients. They promote the
sale of their vehicles by encouraging test drives and riding along
with the customer while they drive to explain various features of the
car.
11. Auto sales manager
National average salary: $73,433 per year
Primary duties: Auto sales managers lead a car dealership
by forecasting vehicle demand and preferences for their area,
maintaining inventory levels and managing the car sales team.
They handle initiating and negotiating vehicle trades with other
dealerships in the area. The sales manager also oversees and
approves promotional discounts, public relations events and
advertising campaigns. Their primary responsibilities are to ensure
customer happiness and generate revenue for the dealership.
12. Tow truck driver
National average salary: $80,117 per year
Primary duties: Tow truck driver’s work on call to attend to
disabled or damaged vehicles on the road. They are responsible for
safely securing vehicles to their tow truck by using a chain, winch,
steering locks and affixing indicator lights on the disabled vehicles.
They then transport the vehicles to the designated repair shop or
junkyard.

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Tow truck drivers should have a basic knowledge of vehicles

and various car parts to effectively provide assistance and
determine if the vehicle can be fixed without a tow. They might
handle roadside repairs that include jump-starting the car, changing
tires and reconnecting parts.
13. Process engineer
National average salary: $85,903 per year
Primary duties: Process engineers handle the engineering of
the plant production process by maintaining automated systems
and resolving technical issues. They have strong technical
expertise in the automated manufacturing process and use
creativity to further develop and pilot new production processes.
The process engineers often work independently in overseeing the
overall efficiency of the plant, but they also partner with plant
personnel to understand what developments would benefit the
production line the most.
14. Quality testing engineer
National average salary: $87,337 per year
Primary duties: Quality testing engineers are responsible for
testing all components of a vehicle to ensure proper function and
safety. They typically specialize in a specific area of the vehicle,
such as crash testing, electronics, system integration or wireless
connectivity. They develop a test case, execute the test and resolve
any quality defects. These engineers partner with their cross-
functional teams regularly to ensure the entire vehicle meets the
highest quality standards.
15. Auto designer
National average salary: $89,738 per year
Primary duties: Auto designers are responsible for
developing the appearance of the interior and exterior of the car.

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They combine art, engineering and business to make the car

visually pleasing, aerodynamic, functional and cost-effective. They
use creativity to seamlessly incorporate all required mechanical,
electrical, technical and comfort features into the vehicle.
The designer partners with the auto engineer to create and
implement the technological systems in an efficient way. They also
work with the process engineer to implement an efficient
manufacturing process for the aesthetic components.

Reflection
The goal of Automotive Technology is to provide students
with a fundamental understanding of automotive design, theory of
functioning, and typical industry maintenance and repair practices.
This training not only provides the skills needed to detect equipment
problems, but also the information needed to service vehicles.

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Module 5:
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Civil Technology

Lesson 1: Civil Technology Terminology

Accident – is an event occurring unintentionally or by chance.

Area – extent of part of a surface enclosed within a boundary
Axis – line about which a body turns or rotates
Bill – a statement of payment due for goods and services
Calculation – the act or process of or result of estimation
Circumference – distance around the circle
Classification – group or category within an organized system

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Control – means to direct or determine

Damage – a destruction, injury, or harm to a person or thing
Decimal – number expressed in a counting system that uses units
of 10, especially a decimal
fraction.
Design – drawing showing the plan, elevations, sections, and other
features.
Detail drawing – separate drawing showing a small part of a
machine or structure
Dimension – definite measure shown on a drawing in detail
Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing
carpentry
First Aid – includes all forms of remedies given immediately to
humans in order to minimize or prevent casualties or
fatalities caused by accidents or normal course of time
Fraction – number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers
Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight line, regular curves
and angles
Graduation – scale of a measuring tool
Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
Hazard – involves unforeseen incident that is physically unfavorable
to humans or animals
Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
Isometric Drawing – drawing which resembles a respective drawing
Job – an activity such as a trade or profession that somebody does
for payment
Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
Lubricants – oils or grease which are used to help the machine run
smoothly
Material – something used for making items

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Mensuration – the act or art of measuring

Occupation – the job by which somebody earns a living
Orthographic Projection – arrangement in a drawing of the three
principal views of an object
Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area
Perspective Drawing – the representation of an object on a plane
surface, pertaining to materials, styles and finish presented as to
have the same appearances as when seen from various angles
Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
Projections – the cutting out of any part or any member of a
structure
Quantity – a number, amount in size
Reduced – made smaller than the actual size as in the size of
object
Requisition – act of requiring something to be furnished; a written
request for something authorized but not made available
automatically
Sanitize – to maintain high standard of housekeeping
Scaled Drawing – drawing plan made according to a scale, smaller
than the actual work
Scaled– marked for use in measurement
Segregate – set aside things from the others
Self-Discipline – refers to doing things spontaneously without being
told or ordered Signs – generally refer to objects made by flat sheet
metal or wood suspended by a stand or nailed on the post or wall
which are located strategically
Sketch – freehand drawing of an object
Sort – to take out unnecessary items and dispose the same
Specification – written instruction to the worker containing all the
information

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Standard – serves as a measure of reference

Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
Store – to put tools and materials in their proper place
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
Sweep – means to clean the workshop
Symbols – are generally common illustrations printed on the signs
which sometimes carry a descriptive word or few words
Systematize – means to arrange necessary items in good order for
use
Tool – a simple implement, as a hammer, saw, and spade chisel
etc. used in work
Toxic – deadly, harmful and poisonous
Volume – space inside a solid figure
Work – something made or accomplished

Lesson 2: HACCP in Civil Technology

HAZARDS AND RISKS IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL

Requirements in Conducting/Identifying Hazards

[Link] the workplace to identify hazards.
This survey must be in writing and must be available to all workers:
 Determine whether any hazard requires Personal Protective
 Equipment

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 Pay special attention to working conditions or process that

can produce hazards.
 Reassess hazards whenever necessary, especially when
new equipment is installed to avoid accidents.
 Any reassessment must be written and must be available to
workers upon request.

WORKING CONDITIONS THAT MAY CAUSE HAZARDS AND

ACCIDENTS
 Falling objects
 Objects that can puncture skin
 Objects that could roll over worker’s feet
 Toxic chemicals
 Heat
 Harmful Dust
 Radiation
 Signs, Signals and Barricades
 Signs, signals and barricades are important, if not critical, to
the safety of the
 construction workers.
 Accident Prevention Signs and Tags
General.
Signs and symbols should be visible at all times when work is in
progress, and shall be removed or covered promptly when there is
no threat of accident or hazard.
Danger Signs.
Danger signs shall be used only where an immediate hazard exists.

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Danger signs should have red as the predominating color for the
upper panel; outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for
additional sign wording.
Caution Signs. Caution signs shall be used only to warn against or
caution against certain practices. Caution signs shall have yellow as
the predominating color; black upper panel and borders; yellow
lettering of “caution” on the black panel; and the lower yellow panel
for the additional sign wording. Black lettering shall be used for
additional wordings. The standard color of the background shall be
yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Any letter used
against the yellow background shall be black. The colors shall be
those of opaque glossy samples.
Exit Signs. Exit signs, when required, shall be lettered in legible red
letters, not less than 6 inches high, on a white field and the principal
stroke of the letters shall be at least threefourths of an inch in width.
Safety Instructions Signs. Safety instruction signs, when used, shall
be with green upper panel with white letters to convey the principal
message. Any additional wordings on the sign shall be in black
letters on the white background
Directional Signs. Directional signs, other than automotive traffic
signs specified in the paragraph below, shall be white with a black
panel and white directional symbol. Any wording on the sign shall
be black letters on the white background
Traffic Signs. Construction areas shall be posted with legible traffic
signs at the point of hazard. All traffic control signs or devices used
for protection of construction workers
shall conform to Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) standards.

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Accidental Prevention Tags. Accident prevention tags shall be used

as a temporary means of warning of an existing hazard such as
defected tools, equipments, etc.
They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for, accident
prevention signs.
Specifications for accident prevention tags similar as shown below
shall apply.

Lesoon 3: Tools and Equipment

Name Picture Definition

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Boning Boning rods are made of wood and they are

Rods T shape. They are used to level the
excavated trench throughout its length.
Minimum three boning rods are used to
level the trench surface.
Brick Brick hammer is used to cut the bricks and
Hammer also used to push the bricks if they come
out of the course line.
Bump Bump cutter is used to level the concrete
cutter surfaces like concrete floors, foundations
etc. It is also called screed.

Chain Chain lewis and pin lewis are two different

Lewis tools which are used to lift heavy stones
especially in the construction of stone
masonry.

Chisel Chisel is generally used in wood work and

this must be useful to remove the concrete
bumps or excess concrete in hardened
surface.

Circular Circular saw used to cut the wood boards,

Saw frames etc. It is used when accurate cutting
is required in less time. It is safer than hand
saw.
Concrete Concrete mixer is machine which mixes the
mixer ingredients water, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and cement to deliver the
perfectly mixed concrete.
Crowbar Crowbar is used for digging the ground and
to remove the roots of trees in the ground,

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nails etc.
Digging Digging bar is solid metal rod with pin shape
Bar at the bottom. It is also used to dig the hard
surfaces of ground.

Drill Drill machine is used to make holes in the

machine walls, slabs, doors, window frames etc.

End Their use is similar to the line and pins. But

frames instead of pins, L shaped frames are used
at the end of thread which hold the brick
work effectively and level the alignment
accurately.

Float Float is made of wood which is used to

smoothen the plastered concrete surface. It
contains handle on its top and smooth
wooden surface on its bottom.

Gloves Gloves are required to prevent the hands

from direct contact with cement, paints etc.
and to avoid injury while using machines,
tools etc.

Head pan It is used to lift excavated soil or concrete or

cement to working sites which is made up of
iron.
Jack It is used in wood works to smoothen doors
plane and windows surface.
Ladder Ladder is also required in construction
works. To check slab work, to transport
material to the higher floors, to paint the
walls etc.
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Line and Line and pins consists a thread whose ends

Pins are connected with two solid metal rods with
pin points. It is used to level the alignment
of brick course while brick laying.

Mason's Mason’s square is used to achieve perfect

square right angle at the corner of masonry wall. It
is “L” shape. First course is laid properly
using Mason’s square then based on the
first, remaining layers of bricks are set out.

Measurin Measuring tape is used to check the

g tape thickness, length, widths of masonry walls,
foundation beds, excavated trenches etc.

Plumb Plumb bob is used to check the verticality of

bob structures. It contains a solid metal bob
connected to the end of a thread. It is also
used inn surveying to level the instrument
position.
Rubber During construction works, legs may
boots damage due to contact with chemical
materials like cement or physical accidents.
So, for safety rubber shoes are required

Lesson 4: Civil Drafting Employment Opportunities

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Drafters
 Career, Salary and Education Information
What They Do: Drafters use software to convert the designs of
engineers and architects into technical drawings.
Work Environment: Although drafters spend much of their time
working on computers in an office, some may visit jobsites in order
to collaborate with architects and engineers. Most drafters work full
time.
 How to Become One: Drafters typically complete education
after high school, often through a program at a community
college or technical school. Some programs lead to an
associate of applied science in drafting or a related degree.
Others result in a certificate or diploma.
 Salary: The median annual wage for drafters is $60,290.
 Job Outlook: Employment of drafters is projected to decline 3
percent over the next ten years.
 Related Careers: Compare the job duties, education, job
growth, and pay of drafters with similar occupations.
Following is everything you need to know about a career as a
drafter with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the
following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be
able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who
are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can
come back to this page to continue reading about the career:
 Top 3 Drafters Jobs
- CAD Drafter - Goldstone Partners, Inc. - Golden, CO
We're in search of an experienced drafter who is committed to our
service values and wants to help us grow. Do we have your
attention? Our Values: Pride, Passion, and Performance As the
newest member...

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- CAD Drafter - Altern Technology Systems - Oakland, CA

We are seeking CAD Drafters to provide high-quality drafting
support to our technical teams for a range of environmental and
engineering projects, including site investigation and remediation,
civil...
- Drafter - Valco Instruments Co., Inc. - Houston, TX
Drafter Essential Functions & Tasks · Develop and design drawings
and specifications for mechanical and electro-mechanical
equipment, tools, fixtures, components, circuitry and printed
circuit...
- Aeronautical drafters
- Architectural drafters
- Automotive design drafters
- Blueprint tracers
- Building drafters
- CAD designers
- CAD drafters
- Circuit board drafters
- Civil computer-aided design and drafting technicians
- Die designers
- Drafting layout workers
- Draftsmen
- Draughtsman
- Electrical computer aided design and drafting technicians
- Electrical drafters
- Electrical systems drafters
- Electronic drafters
- Electronics drafters
- Gage designers
- Geological drafters

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- Marine drafters
- Mechanical design drafters
- Mechanical drafters
- Printed circuit board drafters
- Structural drafters
- Tool and die designers
- Tool designers

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Lesson 5: Terms and Elements related to Map's and Civil

Drafting

Standard range of conventions and symbols are used to understand

and read the engineering drawings. The engineering drawings, at
first glance, look incomprehensible, they need to be comprehended
by means of specific types of symbols and codes. Engineering
drawings are prepared on the basis of technical standards and
professional codes, in order to be read by anyone witho ut any
difficulty and misinterpretation. Following elements are required to
comprehend for reading an engineering drawing. These elements
and codes act as alphabets of the engineering drawing.
 Scales
 Projections
 Symbols
 Lines
 Interpretation of Scales in Civil Engineering:
The scales adopted for drawings in civil engineering are dependent
upon the degree of accuracy and detail required. The ratio between
the dimensions in the drawing and the dimension in actuality is
indicated by a representative fraction. For instance, a location map
may have a scale of 1:300,000, meaning that the dimensions of the
actual object or space, in reality, is 100,000 times larger than that of
the drawing.
In the case of distances, the scaled distances 0.5 millimeters in the
drawing will be equal to 50 meters in actuality. The ratio between
the scaled distance on drawing and the actual distance is 1:100,000
millimeters.

Civil Engineering Scales and Their Typical Purposes:

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Representative Fraction Typical Purpose

? 1:100,000 Location maps
? 1:50,000 Town survey
? 1:25,000 Town surveys
? 1:10,000 Town surveys
? 1:5,000 Town surveys
? 1:2,500 Site maps
? 1:1,250 Site maps
? 1:500 Site plans
? 1:200 Site Plans
? 1:200 General arrangement
? 1:100 General arrangement
? 1:50 Plans, elevations, and sections
? 1:20 Plans, elevations, and section
? 1:5 Enlarged details
? 1:2 Enlarged details
? 1:1 Enlarged details

 Interpretation of Symbols in Civil Engineering Drawings:

Engineering drawings use abbreviations and symbols to
communicate and detail the characteristics of an engineering
drawing. The following list includes some symbols to make it
comprehensible for the readers of this article.
Interpretation of Abbreviations in Civil Engineering Drawings:
Abbreviations are the shortened form of the terms and words.
Writing the complete word and sentence each time takes time. Just
like another subject, in civil engineering and its drawing (order to
save time and space) abbreviations. Some of the abbreviations
frequently used in civil engineering drawing as given below as an
example, so that it may completely be comprehended.

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The common abbreviation used in the subject of civil engineering

are as follows:
A.A.S.H.T.O: (American Association of State Highway Transport)
A.B: (Anchor Bolt Or Asbestos Board)
AC: (Asphalt Concrete)
D.L: (Dead load)
ELCB: (Earth Leak Circuit Breaker)
MRC: (Material Receipt Challan)
TB: (Tie Beam)
TBM: (Tunnel Boring Machine)
W.S.D: (Working stress design)
WL: (Working Level)
WO: (Work Order)
04. Interpretation of Lines in Civil Engineering Drawings:
Many basic elements are used in a single drawing, and this work is
carried out by different types of lines. Various lines of different styles
and designs represent different physical objects in a drawing.
including visible, hidden, center, cutting plane, section, and
phantom. Each style of these lines can further be divided into
different types in a drawing. Most important and most commonly
used lines are as under:
01: Continuous Thick Line
A straight thick line is used, when we have to represent the outline
and edges of the main drawing, done with a pencil softer than HB.
__________________________________
02: Continuous Thin Line:
A long continous thin represents dimensions, extensions, leader
line, and projection, etc. A sharp and harder pencil is used for
drawing such a line. A 2H pencil is very suitable for drawing thin
lines.

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______________________________________________________
03: Continuous Thin Free Hand Line:
A thin non-straight hand line is used to display a rough and irregular
boundary.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
04: Continuous Thin Zigzag Line:
A continous thin zigzag line is used to show long break.
_______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l
05: Dashed Line:
A dashed line is used to show the backside/ hidden edges of the
main object.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
06: Chain Thin Line Long-Dotted (Dashed Thin Lines with Dots):
A chain thin line with dots along is used to represent the centerline
for circles and arcs.
_____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ ___
07: Chain Thin with Thick Ends:
The location of a cutting plane is displayed by means of this type of
line.
____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ ____
08: Long Thin Dashed and Double Short Dashed Lines:
It is located in front of cutting planes, outlines of adjacent parts,
censorial Lines, and to state center of gravity.
_____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ __
05. Interpretation of Projections in Civil Engineering:
Projections are used to represent the three-dimensional view of an
object in two dimensions. On plain paper, a three-dimensional
picture of an object is needed to be drawn. Different techniques are
used to perform this job. Drawing projections should be as per

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relevant standards like British Standards in order to prevent

misunderstanding and avoiding errors while interpreting them.
 Orthographic projection:
It is a type of 'parallel' projections in which the four orthogonal views
of an object are represented. In the UK, the orthographic projection
is known as ''First Angle Projection''.
 Axonometric projection:
The second method of drawing a projection is Axonometric
projection, which has become popular during the 20th century and
started being used as a formal representation technique. Till the late
20th century, it had remained very popular, but by the time of the
introduction of CAD, it became an outdated technique. Axonometric
projection creates a true plan set at 45º, which retains the original
orthogonal geometry of the plan. It is particularly suitable for
representing interior designs, such as kitchen layouts. Planning
drawings can also be effectively represented as axonometric
projections, showing the relationships between buildings and
topography.
 Isometric projection:
The isometric remained as the standard view until the mid of 20th
century. Unlike the axonometric projection, the isometric plan view
is slightly distorted, using a plan-grid at 30º from the horizontal in
both directions. It can be used to show the nature of the design and
explain construction details more clearly than an orthographic
projection. It is sometimes used during concept design to help the
client grasp the mass of the proposal.
 Oblique projection:
When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation
can be enhanced by an projection:

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4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation

can be enhanced by an oblique projection. This is a simple method
of producing two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects.
The differentiating characteristic of oblique projection is that the
drawn objects are not in perspective, and so do not correspond to
any actual obtainable view.
 Parallel projection:
'Parallel projections have lines of projection that are parallel both in
reality and in the projection plane.' Ref Drawing for Understanding,
Creating Interpretive Drawings of Historic Buildings, published by
Historic England in 2016. 2.54

Reflection

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

Civil technology focuses on the technological process as well as

ideas and norms found in the built environment. It embraces the
use of practical skills and scientific ideas. The goal of this field is to
develop and enhance the built environment so that people may live
better, society can function better, and the environment can be used
sustainably. The three primary areas of the topic are woodworking,
construction, and civil services.

References

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

L Tan, Michael Q., Gantalao, Fred T., Lasala, Rommel M. Simple

Electronics; Andes Mountain Printers: 2004
Enriquez, Marcelo T. Electronics Technology IV; Souvenir
Publications, Inc.: 2003
AutoCAD and Its Applications BASICS Reference Material
Pardinas, J. (2012). Handout on Signs and Symbols.
[Link]
tml
Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer. Hill and Dygdon, Technical Drawing
Eight Edition; The Macmillan Company: 1999
Industry, Department of Labor and Employment – Bureau of
Working Conditions, D.O. 13, s. 1998.
Morgan, Robert E , The Complete Handbook of Plumbing, TAB
Books Inc., Phils. , 1962
Oravetz, Jules Revised by Re Miller, Audel Questions and Answers
for Plumbers‟ Examination, 3rd Edition Mac Millan Publishing Co.,
New York.
Workplace hazards and risks
[Link]
Workplace
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
[Link]
sp
Hazard and Risk - Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and
safety
[Link]
Hazard - Wikipedia
[Link]
AEF Companies Crane Safety and Preventive Measures
[Link] PROTECT YOUR

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Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
4434 Nabua, Camarines Sur

HEARING!!! – IMPACT CIL

[Link]
Your health and safety at work - YOUR BODY AT WORK –
International Labour Organization [Link]
english/telearn/osh/body/[Link]
Open High School Program (OHSP)
Career Pathways in Technology and Livelihood Education (CP-TLE)
Civil Technology writers

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PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : ANNALIZA C. ARIBAN

Address : Zone 3, Sta. Elena, Buhi, Camarines Sur
Date of Birth : DECEMBER 3, 1999
Age : 23 years old
Civil Status : Single
Mother’s Name: Mercedita N. Cabanos
Father’s Name: N/A
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher

Education Major in Food Service
Management
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur
2020-2022

Senior High School Buhi St. Joseph Academy Inc.

Location San Pedro, Buhi Camarines Sur
2018-2020
Junior High School Agape Young Achiever’s Christian Academy
Inc.
Location Fourth Estate Subdivision Parañaque City
2013-2017
Elementary Buhi North Central School
San Pedro, Buhi Camarines Sur
2007-2013

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