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Dynamics and Kinematics Examples

1) The document provides 6 examples of physics problems involving kinematics. The problems determine position, velocity, acceleration and other variables based on given information about motion over time. 2) The examples are solved step-by-step showing calculations and equations used. 3) Example problems include motion with constant acceleration, projectile motion with drag forces, and cases where position, velocity or acceleration are defined as functions of time.

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Ishi Maxine
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41 views9 pages

Dynamics and Kinematics Examples

1) The document provides 6 examples of physics problems involving kinematics. The problems determine position, velocity, acceleration and other variables based on given information about motion over time. 2) The examples are solved step-by-step showing calculations and equations used. 3) Example problems include motion with constant acceleration, projectile motion with drag forces, and cases where position, velocity or acceleration are defined as functions of time.

Uploaded by

Ishi Maxine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

First Class-First Course Highway and Transport.

Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Examples
Example(1):-
The car shown in figure moves in a straight line such that for a short time its velocity is
defined by v=(3t2+2t) m/s, where t is in seconds. Determine its position and acceleration
when t=3s. When t=0, s=0.

Solution:-

𝑑𝑠
𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 →+ 𝑣 = = (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

|𝑆|0𝑆 = |𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 |𝑡0

𝑆 = 𝑡3 + 𝑡2

When t=3 s,

𝑺 = 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐦

𝑑𝑣 𝑑
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 →+ 𝑎 = = (3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡) = 6𝑡 + 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
When t=3s,
𝐦
𝐚 = 𝟔(𝟑) + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 →
𝐬𝟐

17 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(2):-
A small projectile is fired vertically down ward into a fluid medium with an initial velocity of 60m/s. due to
the drag resistance of the fluid the projectile experiences a deceleration of a=(- 0.4v3)m/s2, where v is in m/s.
Determine the projectile velocity and position after 4s it is fired.

Solution:-
Since the motion is downward, the position coordinate is positive downward with origin located at O.
𝑑𝑣
Velocity +↓ a= = −0.4𝑣 3
𝑑𝑡

𝑣 𝑡
𝑑𝑣
∫ 3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
60 −0.4𝑣 0

1 1 1 𝑣
| ( ) | =𝑡−0
−0.4 −2 𝑣 2 60

1 1 1
[ 2− ]=𝑡
0.8 𝑣 (60)2
−1/2
1
𝑣 = {[ + 0.8𝑡] } 𝑚/𝑠
(60)2

When t=4s, v=0.559m/s↓

dS 1 −1/2
Position +↓ v= = [(60)2 + 0.8t]
dt

𝑆 𝑡 −1/2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ [ 2
+ 0.8𝑡] 𝑑𝑡
0 0 (60)

1 𝑡 1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
𝑆= |[ 2
+ 0.8𝑡] | = {[ 2
+ 0.8𝑡] − } 𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 4𝑠 𝑆 = 4.43𝑚
0.8 (60) 0.4 (60) 60
0

18 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(3):-
A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity v=(12-3t2)m/s, where t is in
[Link] t=1s, the particle is located 10m to the left of the origin. Determine the
acceleration when t=4s, the displacement from t=0 to t=10s, and the distance the particle
travels during this time period.

Solution:-
v = 12 − 3t 2
dv
a= = |−6t|t=4 = −24m/s 2
dt
S t t
∫ dS = ∫ vdt = ∫ (12 − 3t 2 )dt
−10 1 1

S + 10 = 12t − t 3 − 11

S = 12t − t 3 − 21

When t=0 S=-21m

When t=10 S=-901m

∆S = −901 − (−21) = −880m

From velocity equation


When t=2s v=0
When t=2s S=12(2)-23-21=-5
ST = (21 − 5) + (901 − 5) = 912m

19 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(4):-
A particle moves along a horizontal path with a velocity of v=(3t 2-6t)m/s, where t is the time
in seconds. If it is initially located at the origin O, determine the distance traveled in 3.5s,
and the particle average velocity and average speed during the time interval.

Solution:-

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 +→ dS = vdt = (3t 2 − 6t)dt


S t
∫ dS = ∫ (3t 2 − 6t)dt
0 0

S = (t 3 − 3t 2 )m
When t=0s S=0
When t=2s S=-4m
When t=3.5s S=6.125m
The distance traveled in 3.5s is
ST=4+4+6.125=14.125m
Velocity

The displacement from t=0s to t=3.5s is


∆S = 6.125 − 0 = 6.125m
∆𝑆 6.125
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 1.75𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 3.5 − 0
ST 14.125
(vsp )avg = = = 4.04m/s
∆t 3.5 − 0

20 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(5):-
The position of a particle along a straight line path is defined by S=(t 3-6t2-15t+7)m, where t
is in seconds. Determine the total distance traveled when t=10s. What are the particle
average velocity, average speed, and the instantaneous velocity and acceleration at this time.

Solution:-

𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 S = t 3 − 6t 2 − 15t + 7
𝑑𝑆
𝑣= = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 − 15
𝑑𝑡
When t=10s v=165m/s
dv
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 a= = 6t − 12
dt
When t=10s a=48m/s2
When v=0
0 = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 − 15 → 𝑡 = 5𝑠
When t=0 S=7m
When t=5s S=-93m
When t=10s S=257m
Total distance traveled
ST=7+93+93+257
∆𝑆 257 − 7
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 20𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 10 − 0
𝑆𝑇 450
(𝑣𝑠𝑝 )𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 45𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 10

21 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(6):-
The rocket travels in a straight line with acceleration motion such that a=[Link] rocket
starts with no initial velocity at the position S=[Link] the velocity when S=1.5m, the
position where the velocity is again zero and the position where the velocity is maximum.

‫عندما يصل الصاروخ اقصى ارتفاع له فالسرعة =صفر‬:‫مالحظة‬

Solution:-
𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = 21 − 12𝑆 2 = 𝑣
𝑑𝑠
v S
∫ vdv = ∫ (21 − 12S 2 )dS
0 0

v S
v2 S3
| | = |21S − 12 |
2 0 3 0

v2
= 21S − 4S 3
2

v = √42S − 8S 3

velocity when S = 1.5m

= √42(1.5) − 8(1.53 ) = ∓6𝑚/𝑠

The position where v=0

√42S − 8S 3 = 0 42S − 8S 3 = 0 S(42 − 8S 2 ) = 0 → S = 0, S = ∓2.29m

The position where the v is max

𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑎 = 0

21
21 − 12𝑆 2 = 0 𝑆=√ = ∓1.32𝑚
12

22 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(7):-
A bus travels the 100 km between A and B at 50km/h and then between B and C at 70km/h.
the average speed of the bus for the entire 200km trip is:-

(a) more than 60km/h


(b) equal to 60 km/h
(c) less than 60 km/h

Solution:-
The time required for the bus to travel from A to B
100
=2h
50
The time required for the bus to travel between B and C
100
= 1.43
70
The total time=2+1.43=3.43h
200
the average speed = = 58km/h
3.43
the correct answer is (c)

23 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
Example(8):
The brakes of a car are applied, causing it to slow down at a rate of 10m/s 2. Knowing that the
car stops in 100m, determine (A) how fast the car was travelling immediately before the
brake was applied, (B) the time required for the car to stop.

Solution:-
a=a=-10m/s2
A)velocity at x=0
dv
v = a = −10
dx
0 xf
∫ vdv = ∫ (−10)dx
v0 0

v02
0 − = −10xf = −(10)100
2
v02 =2000
v0 = 44.72 m/s 2
B) time to stop
dv
= a = −10
dt
0 tf
∫ dv = ∫ (−10)dt
v0 0

0 − v0 = −10t f
v0 44.72
tf = = = 4.47s
10 10

24 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬
First Class-First Course Highway and Transport. Engineering Department
Physics for Engineers College of Engineering
2019-2020 Mustansiriyah University
[Link] Hashim
H.W 3
The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x=t3-6t2-36t-40, where x and t are
expressed in meters and seconds respectively. Determine (a) when the velocity is zero. (b)
the velocity, the acceleration, and the total distance traveled when x=0.

25 ‫رنا هاشم‬.‫م‬
‫قسم الطرق والنقل‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬. ‫كلية الهندسة‬

Common questions

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The negative displacement of ΔS=-880 m indicates that the particle moved to the left relative to its starting point . Negative acceleration at t=4 seconds, a=-24 m/s², implies a deceleration or reversal of direction as it acts opposite to the initial velocity . The significant negative displacement suggests the particle traveled in a predominantly leftward direction over the given time period .

When x=0, the real root for t indicates the specific time at which the position resets, affecting future velocity and acceleration calculations. With velocity v=3t²-12t, setting v=0 identifies critical points of rest or reversal in direction . The function implies periodic stasis points in the particle's movement, governed by time-dependent functions of its position .

The initial velocity (v₀) is calculated as 44.72 m/s, derived from v₀²=2aS where S=100 m and a=-10 m/s² . The time to stop is calculated through v=0, giving t=4.47 seconds from tf=v₀/a . The consistent deceleration permits direct application of kinematic equations .

The total distance traveled, calculated as ST=7+93+93+257=450 m, takes into account all movement changes in direction . Displacement, on the other hand, is derived simply from the position difference from start to finish, (-21) m to (257) m, resulting in ΔS=278 m, not accounting for reversals . This indicates the particle underwent multiple directional changes within the timeframe .

In this scenario, the average velocity is determined as v_avg = ΔS/Δt = 6.125 m/3.5 s = 1.75 m/s, based on the overall displacement . The average speed, however, is based on the total distance traveled and is calculated as (Vsp)avg = ST/Δt = 14.125 m/3.5 s = 4.04 m/s . The disparity arises because average speed considers total path length, including all directional changes, while average velocity considers only net displacement. This indicates divergence in path and net position .

Acceleration at any time t is derived from the velocity function v=(3t²+2t) by differentiating it with respect to t, giving a=6t+2. At t=3 seconds, this results in an acceleration a=20 m/s² . The car's position as a function of time is found by integrating the velocity function, resulting in s=t³+t², thus, at t=3 seconds, the position is s=36 m .

The average speed is less than 60 km/h because it accounts for time spent at different speeds, rather than a simple average of the speeds across distances. With travel times of 2 hours at 50 km/h and 1.43 hours at 70 km/h over 200 km, the actual average speed is 200 km/3.43 hours = 58 km/h . This indicates the lower speed over a greater time segment decreases the overall average .

The projectile’s deceleration due to fluid resistance is defined by a=(-0.4v³) m/s². Integrating the acceleration equation gives the velocity v(t) as v={[(1/3600) + 0.8t]^(-1/2)} m/s. After 4 seconds, this evaluates to v=0.559 m/s downward . The position can be found by integrating the velocity function, giving s=4.43 m after 4 seconds from the initial firing .

Velocity becomes zero at positions S=0 and S=±2.29 m, determined by solving the equation 42S - 8S³=0 . The velocity is maximal when acceleration is zero. Setting a=0 leads to S=±1.32 m, calculated from a=21-12S²=0 . These criteria indicate points of maximum displacement and zero crossing in the trajectory .

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