Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX

KWnXw
`mKw˛2
NT-827-1-MATHS-9-M-VOL.2

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
s]mXphnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn, tIcfw

2019
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : [Link]
E-mail : scertkerala@[Link]
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,
Af-hp-If - ne
- qsSbpw Ah-bpsS ]c-k] v c _‘-ßf - ne
- q-sSbpw
temIsØ a\- n-em-°m-\mWv a\p-jy¿ ]e-Xcw kwJy-
Iƒ D≠m°nb - X- .v Cßs\ FƬkwJy-Ifpw `n∂k - w-Jy-
Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw, AØcw Af-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
`uXnI kml-Nc- y-߃°-\p-kc- n®,v Cu kwJy-If - psS {Inb-
Iƒ \n¿h-Nn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂s - X√mw CXp-hs - c-bp≈ KWn-X] - T- -
\-Øn¬ I≠p. FƬkwJy-Iƒ sImt≠m `n∂-kw-Jy-
IƒsImt≠m kqNn∏ - n°
- m≥ Ignb
- mØ Af-hp-Is - fbpw Ah
kqNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]pXnb kwJy-Is - fbpw Cu ]pkvXI - -
Øn¬ ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Smw.
Pyman-Xobcq]-ßf - psS ]T-\hpw CXn¬ XpS-cp-∂p. kam-¥c
h
- c
- I
- fpw {XntIm-Wß - fpw hrØ-ßf - p-sa√mw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-
kv]c- _ - ‘ - ß - f - mWv {][m-\a- mbpw N¿® sNøp-∂X - .v Ah
Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂X - n-eqsS ]pXnb Pyman-Xob XXzß - fpw {]tbm-K-
ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Ne-\m-fl-I-ambn
PymanXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Pntbm-Pn{_ F∂ Iºyq-´¿
t{]m{Kmw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXnbpw hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. IqSp-X¬
]T-\h - n-`h - ß- ƒ ka{Kt]m¿´¬, Iyq.B¿. tImUv F∂nh
aptJ\ e`y-am-Wv.
kvt\lm-iw-kI
- t- fmsS,

tUm. sP. {]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 `mc- X - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \
`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø- h y- ß ƒ

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:
(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-
sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb
al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-
X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-
Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂a
- mb ]mc-ºc
- ysØ hne-aX
- n-°p-Ibpw
\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-It- fmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo- b - a mb ImgvN- ∏ mSpw am\- h n- I - X bpw, At\z- j - W - Ø n\pw
]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\Ø
- n-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-XX
- e
- ß
- f
- n-te°v \nc¥cw
Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-
e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-
bn- e p≈ Ip´n- I ƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm- ] n- X m- ° tfm
c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
 8. _lp-]Z
- ß
- ƒ ....................................................... 119

9. hrØßfpsS- Af-hp-Iƒ ............................. 129

10. tcJo-bk
- w-Jy-Iƒ ................................................ 153

11. kvXw`-߃..............................................................165

12. A\p-]mXw ............................................................. 179

13. ÿnXn-hn-hc
- °
- W
- °v ........................................ 191
Cu ]pkvXI
- Ø
- n¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn
Nne Nn”-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

[Link].-‰n. km[yX

IW°v sNbvXp-t\m°mw

Kth-jWw

N¿®sNømw

F≥.-F-kv.-Iyq.-F-^v.
Af-hp-I-fpsS _oP-K-WnXw
hi-§-fpsS \ofw 2 skânaoä-dpw, 3 skânaoä-dp-amb Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ
hi-§-sfÃmw 1 skânaoäÀ hoXw \o«n, AÂ]wIqSn henb NXp-c-
am¡n:

]pXnb NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-f-sh-´mWv?

Cu NXp-c-¯nsâ hi-§-fpsS \ofw 4 skânaoä-dpw, 3 skânaoä-dpw;
Npä-fhv 14 skân-ao-äÀ.
asämcp coXn-bnepw Btem-Nn¡mw:
BZyw NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-fhv 10 skânaoäÀ, \mep hi-¯nepw
1 skânaoäÀ hoXw IqSn; BsI 4 skânaoäÀ IqSn. ]pXnb Npä-f-hv,
10 + 4 = 14 skânaoäÀ.
hi-§-fpsS \ofw 2 skânaoä-dmWv \o«n-b-sX-¦ntem? c­m-aXp ]d-
ª-Xp-t]mse Btem-Nn-¨mÂ, Hmtcm hi-¯nepw 2 skânaoäÀ hoXw
IqSn. BsI IqSnb \ofw 4 × 2 = 8 skânao-äÀ; ]pXnb Npä-fhv 10 + 8 =
18 skânaoäÀ.

C§s\ IW-¡p-Iq-«m³ Ffp-¸-am-W-tÃm. Iq«nb \ofw 2 12 skânaoä-dm-

sW-¦nÂ, henb NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-fhv,
⎜⎝ 4 × 2 ⎟⎠ + 10 = 20 skânao-äÀ
⎛ 1⎞
2
s]mXpsh ]d-ªmÂ, Hmtcm hihpw Iq«n-bXv F{X skânaoä-dm-bm-
epw, AXnsâ \mep aS-§v 10 skânaoä-dn-t\mSv Iq«n-bmÂ, ]pXnb Npä-
f-hm-bn.
KWnXw IX
*$  1 :; <  '       # = , /   !"  ( x
  7>   ( p  > 7=
p = 4x + 10
*
 #
? !">
 5( >  !?  >=
/-
3    !"  ( 22  

3 2    !"  ( 24  

1

3
3 4   !"  ( 25  
:;<' * !" $=,
x = 3 7> p = 22

x = 3 7> p = 24
1
2

x = 3 7> p = 25
3
4
*
 $=6  :;<'3(,
p(3) = 22
⎛ 1⎞
p ⎜ 3 2 ⎟ = 24
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3⎞
p ⎜ 3 4 ⎟ = 25
⎝ ⎠

   *

=:
p(x) = 4x + 10
*+ $=( >!" /
$- .01
@ !'$( A
'BC *
=%

 3   ">   
   / # !" # $
 .   ( !"

# (
/
( !"'(- D0E'  >
  !"  ( 
  !-
*( :;<' *
$=%

 2   3    
  x   !" # $
  ( p   7>= p = 4x + 10.
D0E' x = 1 12 7> p = 16


 



*# x >
 5'( p >> 1F$

p 7>9 7=>
 ! p(x) 7>=, /8? !
#=( *
=,

 2   3    
  x   !" # $
  ( p(x) = 4x + 10. D0E' p ⎛⎜⎝1 12 ⎞⎟⎠ = 16
*
 *+ !'$> 8 ( >( 7
> /
$-
#
? !"/G? 8 ( >( >> /
$>

 !  / !">
 x   7> :

9
>(  8 (
6 + 2x + 3x + x = 6 + 5x + x
7H # kÀh-k-a-hm-I-y-§Ä 7> I $!)
(
 ( !'$#/8#  x   !"/G=J
8 
a(x) 7>=
a(x) = x + 5x + 6
*
>(
a(1) = 1 + 5 + 6 = 12

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1 3
a ⎜1 2 ⎟ = 2 4 + 7 2 + 6 = 15 4
⎝ ⎠

a(2) = 4 + 10 + 6 = 20
7> !'$$- * A'
 B C
  *
=%


KWnXw IX
 1   !" 8 ( 12 9
 -
 1 12   !" 8 ( 15 34 9
 -
 2   !" 8 ( 20 9
 -
 D0E' 
 1 2 3   
$  / # !" # $$
1 ( 7
> /
$- !"
 x  
7> # ! 1 ( (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) K

 - *  (5=6 .01 /
 !3/ #
(x + 2) (x + 3) = x + 5x + 6

7>=- *
 *
x + 1 !3 <'$', 
( .01
!# "> L1!/#/>
 3 !#
/>!3 <'5( !"'-
(x + 1) (x + 5x + 6) = x + 5x + 6x + x + 5x + 6 = x + 6x + 11x + 6

0 4

 1   2   3   .
   $           x   !" #
$$ 1 ( v (x) K
  7>=
 v (x) = x + 6x + 11x + 6.
 

11 (  MB /

$- 49 N $ ( 7> / <
 /
 !/#$>  (  //#J 9
 /  $# 9-8 N $ ( 7>
$ / <
!> 5  $ ( .!/G? / < 0 .!! >(
/  $# 9-8 N $ ( 7>
$ !"> / <
/ /= => !'$$3( (7H #
 
7> I  7> B<)  
0" J :O  !1  - x  $# / <
*/8? P>/ # s(x) aoäÀ/sk¡â v Fs¶-gp-Xn-bmÂ
s (x) = 49 − 9.8x


 



 hy-X-ykvX ka-b-§-fnse thKw CXnÂ\n¶p IW-¡m-¡mw.
kabw x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

thKw sx 49 39.2 29.4 19.6 9.8 0 −9.8 −19.6 −29.4 −39.2 −49

CXn Xmgs¯ hcn-bnse ]qP-y-¯nsâ Ccp-h-i¯pw Htc kwJ-y-IÄ

\yq-\-ambn hcp-¶-Xnsâ IW-s¡-´mWv? CXnsâ `uXn-I-amb hni-Zo-I-
cWw F´mWv?
 Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw atä-h-i-¯nsâ \of-t¯-¡mÄ  skânaoäÀ
Ipd-hmb NXp-c-§-fnÂ, sNdnb hi-¯nsâ \ofw x skânaoäÀ
Fs¶-Sp-¡p-I.
 Ch- b psS Npä- f - h p- I Ä px skânaoäÀ Fs¶- S p¯v ,
x Dw px Dw X½n-epÅ _Ôw ka-hm-I-y-ambn Fgp-Xp-I.
 Ch-bpsS ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ ax NXpc{i skânaoäÀ Fs¶-Sp-
¯v, xDw axDw X½n-epÅ _Ôw ka-hm-Iy- a- mbn Fgp-Xp-I.
 p  p
 p  p p F¶nh IW-¡m-¡p-I. Fs´-
¦nepw {Iaw ImWp-¶pt­m?
 a a
  a a a  F¶nh IW-¡m-¡p-I. Fs´-
¦nepw {Iaw ImWp-¶pt­m?

 Nn{X-¯n¡m-Wn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse, Hcp NXp-c-¯nsâ \mep
aqe-I-fnÂ\n¶pw sNdp ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä sh«n-am-än, tatem«v aS¡n,
Hcp s]«n D­m-¡p-¶p.

 sh«n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw

x skânaoäÀ Fs¶-Sp-¯v, s]«n-bpsS aq¶-f-hp-Ifpw Fgp-
XpI.
 s]«n-bpsS hym]vXw vx L\-skân-ao-äÀ Fs¶-Sp-¯v,
x  Dw vx Dw X½n-epÅ _Ôw ka-hm-I-y-ambn Fgp-Xp-I.

v ⎜ ⎟ , v  v ⎜1 2 ⎟ Ch IW-¡m-¡p-I.
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞

⎝ ⎠
2 ⎝ ⎠


KWnXw IX
(3) )$   8 ; ?
 6?  3$2
)$ (#   x     4 3$#  %$<

 a (x) 3$>(    2 "
i) x 6 a (x) 6789:    "
ii) a (10), a (40) )$*A  
 , ?!
-
iii) x A$?
* 2B+a (x) A
)$*  1C4/* +789:
,$!-
khn-tij hmN-I-§Ä
]e-Xcw Af-hp-IÄ X½n-epÅ _Ôw _oP-K-WnX ka-hm-I-y-§-fmbn
Fgp-Xp-¶-Xp- I-­t-Ãm. tIh-ekw-J-y-I-fnt·-epÅ {Inb-I-fmbpw Chsb
ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn BZ-y-s¯ NXp-c-¡-W-¡n hi-§-fpsS \ofw
\o«n-bXpw ]pXnb Npä-fhpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw.
p(x) = 4x + 10
Fs¶-gp-Xn. NXp-c-¯nsâ Npä-fhv I­p-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ {Inb F¶-Xn¡-
hnªv s]mXpsh kwJ-y-Isf 4 sIm­p KpWn¨v 10 Iq«pI F¶ {Inb-
bmbpw CXns\ ImWmw. CXp-t]mse t\c-s¯ sNbvXp I­ ]e
_Ô§fpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
$ a(x) = x + 5x + 6


$ v(x) = x + 6x + 11x + 6
 

$ s(x) = 49 − 9.8x
D* >   ?4E
NXp-c-¯nÂ\n¶v s]«nbp-­m-¡n-bn-tÃ. 
D%3F.+ !"
C¯cw Hcp s]«n D­m¡p-¶Xv Pntbm-
Pn-{_-bn ImWn¡p¶sX-§-s\-sb¶v x   *2 % G  H*
t\m¡mw. Min = 0, Max = 2.5 hc-¯¡- h- n[w + ?!   4E#$!I   
 +
Hcp ssÉUÀ a D­m-¡pI. hi-§-fpsS &1  ;
  > !
 D
\ofw 7 − 2a, 5 − 2a Bb Hcp NXpcw
hcbv¡pI. C\n Pntbm-Pn-{_-bnse 3D 3
$ 
J x ED# )$ H *
Graphics Xpd-¡pI (View → 3D Graphics) &1  ;
 3
1 ?
"#$
\½Ä hc¨ NXpcw 3D Graphics  >  + > 6+<2  9'! 3 
ImWmw. Extrude to Prism or Cylinder D]-
tbm-Kn¨v Cu NXp-c-¯n ¢n¡v sN¿p- # %%$!
 _lp-]Zw
(polynomial).
t¼mÄ e`n-¡p¶ Pme-I-¯n s]«n-bpsS kwJ-y-I-fn C§-s\-b-Ãm¯ {Inb-IÄ sN¿p¶
Db-c-ambn ssÉU-dnsâ t]cv \ÂIp-I.
Volume D]-tbm-Kn¨v s]«n-bpsS hym-]vXw kml-N-c-y-§-fp-ap-­v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Hcp hiw atä
AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯mw. ssÉU-À \o¡n a -hi¯nt\-¡mÄ 1 skânaoäÀ IqSp-X-emb NXp-c-
amäp- t ¼mÄ s]«nbpw, hym]v X hpw
F§s\ amdp-¶p-sh¶p t\m¡p-I.
§-fp-sS-sbÃmw hnIÀW-§-fpsS \ofw t\m¡mw.


 
x 2 + ( x + 1)2  2 x2 + 2 x + 1

 2  2
 2


1
2
  2 


1
2
2
NT-827-2-MATHS-9-M-VOL.2



50
 x 


KWnXw IX
2( +,-. 8  C  !*
=  ( >  # C?  _lp-]-Z-¯nsâ IrX--y¦w
(degree of the polynomial)
* -8#* 916:  (
# +,-.= <.1 C? 2 (@1 
C? 3 1  C? 1.
C? 1 <# +,-.
 -( 2C +,-.
(first degree polynomial), C? 2 <# +,-.
 -(
(@C +,-. (second degree polynomial)
=  #/
-8#
C?= 9 D +,-.=  #/ -#
(-
E
2C +,-. : ax + b

(@C +,-. : ax + bx + c

C +,-. : ax + bx + cx + d

 a, b, c, d
 9F(=: B  #* '
6!* 9#* 2( B +,-. a, b, c, d  
/; x <# - :
!# 'A
0 :
G1 H1 H/
1 1
I  # +,-.
KpW-I-§Ä (coefficients)
* -8#*

(1) ' #% !   /

  -8J(! 9: &
% +K +L E +,-.1
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13M! (  (
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# ( -#@*   2( 3 
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aoäÀ
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x −


KWnXw IX

(5) NphsS¸d-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ p (x) F¶ _lp-]-Z-§Ä I­p-]n-Sn-

¡p-I.
i) p (1) = 1 Dw p (2) = 3 Dw Bb Hcp H¶mw-IrXn _lp-]Zw

ii) p (1) = −1 Dw p (−2) = 3 Dw Bb Hcp H¶mw-IrXn _lp-]Zw

iii) p (0) = 0, p (1) = 2, p (2) = 6 Bb Hcp c­mwIrXn _lp-]Zw

iv) p (0) = 0, p (1) = 2, Bb aq¶p hy-X-ykvX c­mwIrXn _lp-

]Z§Ä



 hr¯hpw _lp-`p-P-§fpw
Hcp _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ Npä-fhv IW-¡m-¡m³ Ffp-¸-am-Wv. hi-§-fpsS
\ofw Iq«n-bm aXn:
o.
sk.a
3.5
2.5
sk
.ao.
o.

Npä-fhv 4 + 1 + 2.5 + 3.5 + 2 = 13 skânaoäÀ

2 sk.a

.
.ao
sk

4 [Link].
1

ka-_-lp-`p-P-am-sW-¦nÂ, hfsc Ffp-¸-ambn:

Npä-fhv 6 × 2 = 12 skânaoäÀ

2 [Link].
hr¯-am-bmtem?
\qtem NctSm h¨v Af-s¶-Sp¡mw; Af-¡msX IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xm-WtÃm
KWn-X-c-kw.
Cu Nn{X§Ä t\m¡q.

hr¯-¯n-\-Is¯ ka_lp-`p-P¯ - nsâ hi-§f- psS F®w IqSpw-tXmdpw,

AXv hr¯-¯n-t\m-S-Sp-¡p-¶ntÃ?
KWnXw IX

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Pntbm-Pn{_ D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp hr¯-

¯n ka-_-lp-`p-P-§Ä hcbv¡mw.
Min = 3, Max = 100 hc-¯¡
- h
- n[w n F¶
Integer Slider D­m¡pI. hr¯w hc¨v
AXn Hcp _nµp AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
Angle with Given Size D]-tbm-Kn¨v hr¯-
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o
Pme- I - ¯ n tImW- f - h mbn (360
n )
F¶v Fgp- X p- I . hr¯- ¯ n asämcp
_nµp-IqSn In«pw. Regular Polygon D]-
tbm-Kn¨v hr¯-¯nse c­p _nµp-¡-
fnepw ¢n¡v sN¿p- t ¼mÄ Xpd¡p¶
Pme-I-¯n aqe-I-fpsS F®w n F¶v
\ÂIpI. n hi- § - f pÅ _lp- ` pPw
In«pw. Distance or Length D]- t bm- K n¨v
_lp-`p-P-¯n-\p-Ån ¢n¡v sNbvXmÂ

AXnsâ Npä-fhv In«pw. Bcw

1 Bb
2
hr¯-¯n C¯-c-¯n {Ia-_-lp-`p-
P-§Ä hc¨v Ah-bpsS Npä-fhv AS-bm-
f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. hi-§-fpsS F®w IqSp-
t¼mÄ Npä-f-hn\v F´mWv kw`-hn-¡p-
¶Xv?

At¸mÄ hi-§-sf{X IqSn-bmepw _lp-`pPw hr¯-am-In-Ã; F{Xbpw

ASp-¯p-h-cm-sa¶p am{Xw.
GXm-bm-epw, Cu _lp-`p-P-§-fpsS Npä-fhv hr¯¯nsâ Npä-f-hn-t\mSv
ASp-¯-Sp¯p hcp-atÃm; hi-§-fpsS F®w IqSpw-tXmdpw IqSp-XÂ IqSp-
X-e-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. {]mNo-\-Imew apXÂXs¶ IW-¡p-tPm-en¡mÀ
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-h-f-¡m³ Cu coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
130
 


 

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At¸mÄ hr¯-§-fnse ka-`pP{XntIm-W-§-fpsS hi-§-fpw, AXn-\mÂ

Npä-f-hp-Ifpw Bc-§-fpsS Awi-_-Ô-¯n-emWv; Bc-§-fpsS Awi-_-
Ôw-X-s¶-bmWv hym-k-§-fpsS Awi_-Ô-hpw.

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'(   ,-$ 1, ,(  ,-$
Ah-bpsS Npä-f-hp-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-
I. m = 2 BIp-t¼mÄ (henb hr¯-
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¯nsâ Bcw sNdp-Xnsâ c­v aS-§v) .
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 # () +;3!   +;32) _lp-`p-P-§-fpsS hi-§-fpsS F®w
))+ amän t\m¡q. m = 3 BIp- t ¼mtgm?
BZys¯ hr¯-¯nsâ Bcw F´m-
% 2 " % /4&#$) ,-$! 21, bmepw Cu _Ô- § Ä \ne- \ n¡p-
22, 23, . . . 9 1, 2, 3, . . . 8 +;3 ¶pt­m? a amän t\m¡q.

133
KWnXw 
IÄ c tbmSv ASp-¡p-¶-Xn-\m p p p  F¶o kwJ-y-IÄ c
tbmSSp¡pw; AXm-b-Xv, sNdnb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hnsâ c­p aS-§v.
1 2 3

Pym-an-Xo-b-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ henb _lp-`p-P-§-fpsS Npä-f-hp-IÄ,

henb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hn-t\mSv ASp-¡p-¶p- F¶mWv ImWp-¶-Xv.
kwJ-ym-]-c-ambn Btem-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah sNdnb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-
hnsâ c­p aS-§n-t\mSv ASp-¡p¶p-sh¶pw In«p-¶p. A§s\ henb
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hv, sNdnb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhnsâ c­p aS-§m-
sW-¶p-h-cp-¶p.
c­m-a-s¯ hr¯-¯nsâ hymkw c­p aS-§n\p ]Icw asä-sX-¦nepw
aSt§m `mKtam BsW-¦nÂ, Npä-fhpw AtX tXmXn amdp-sa¶v CXp-
t]mse ImWmw.
hr¯-§-fpsS Npä-f-hp-IÄ amdp-¶-Xv, hym-k-§-fpsS tXmXn-emWv.
C¡m-cyw C§-s\bpw ]dbmw;
hr¯-§-fpsS Npä-f-hp-IÄ X½n-epÅ Awi-_-Ôw, hym-k-§-fpsS
Awi-_-Ôw- X-s¶-bm-Wv.
At¸mÄ, hymkw  Bb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv I­p-]n-Sn¨p Ign-ªmÂ,
GXp hr¯- ¯ nsâ Npä- f hv IW- ¡ m- ¡ m\pw hym- k ¯ns\ Cu
kwJysIm­v KpWn-¨m aXn.
A§s\ BZ-y-`m-K¯v tNmZn¨ c­m-as¯ tNmZ-y-¯n\v D¯-c-ambn.

Hcp hr¯-¯nse _nµp-¡Ä tbmPn-¸n¨p hc¨ ka-jU - v`p-P¯
- nsâ
Npä-fhv  skânaoäÀ.

CtX hr¯-¯n aqe-I-sf-Sp¯p hc-bv¡p¶ ka-N-Xp-c-
¯nsâ Npä-fhv F{X skânaoä-dmWv?

Cu hr¯-¯nsâ c­p aS§v hym-k-apÅ hr¯-¯n aqe-
I-sf-Sp¯p hc-bv¡p¶ ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ Npä-fhv F{X-bmWv?

BZys¯ hr¯-¯nsâ ]IpXn hym-k-apÅ hr¯-¯n aqe-
I-sf-Sp¯p hc-bv¡p¶ ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-¯nsâ Npä-f-sh-{X-
bmWv?

Hcp I¼n hf¨v  skânaoäÀ hym-k-apÅ hr¯-ap-­m-¡n. CXnsâ
]IpXn \of-apÅ I¼n hf-¨p-­m-¡p¶ hr¯-¯nsâ hym-k-sa-
´m-bn-cn¡pw?

hymkw  aoä-dmb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv GI-tZiw . aoä-dm-
sW¶p Af¶p I­p-]n-Sn-¨p. hymkw aoä-dmb hr¯-¯nsâ
Npä-f-sh-{X-bm-sW¶v Af-¡msX F§s\ IW-¡m¡pw?


 


 

]pXnsbmcp kwJy
hymkw 1 Bb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv F´m-sW-¶ BZ-ys¯ tNmZyw
]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
BZ-y-`m-K¯p I­-Xp-t]mse C§-s\-sbmcp hr¯-¯n-Â aqe-I-fmbn
hc-bv¡p¶ ka_lp-`p-P-§-fpsS Npä-fhv Pntbm-Pn{_ D]-tbm-Kn¨p IW-
¡m-¡n-bmÂ, hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hn-t\mSv GI-tZiw Xpe-y-amb kwJ-y-I-
fpsS Zimw-i-cq]w In«pw. km[m-c-W-bmbn Pntbm-Pn{_bn c­p Zimw-
i-Øm\w hsc IrXy-am-bmWv kwJ-y-IÄ In«p-¶-Xv. CXv ]Xn-\©p
Zimw-i-Øm\w hsc-bm¡mw (Options → Rounding) \mep Zimw-i-Øm\-
§Ä hsc FSp-¯m Cu kwJ-y-IÄ C§s\ In«pw:
hi-§Ä Npä-fhv hi-§Ä Npä-fhv
3 2.5981 15 3.1187
4 2.8284 20 3.1287
5 2.9389 25 3.1333
6 3.0000 30 3.1359
7 3.0372 35 3.1374
8 3.0615 40 3.1384
9 3.0782 45 3.1390
10 3.0902 50 3.1395

At¸mÄ hymkw 1 Bb hr¯- ¯ nsâ Npä- f hv GI- t Ziw 3.14

t\mS-Sp¯ Hcp kwJ-y-bm-sW¶p ImWmw.
hi-¯nsâ \ofw 1 Bb ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ hnIÀW-¯nsâ \ofw t]mse
Xs¶, hymkw 1 Bb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhpw Hcp `n¶-kw-J-y-bmbn
Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bn-Ã. hnIÀW-¡-W-¡p-t]mse CXp sXfn-bn-¡pI A{X
Ffp-¸-aÃ; ]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-­n-emWv Hcp sXfnhv I­p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv.
2 , 2 + 3 F¶o kwJ-y-I-fn \n¶v Cu kwJ-ybv¡v Hcp {][m\ hy-
X-ym-k-ap­v; CXns\ F®Âkw-Jy-I-fp-sStbm `n¶-kw-J-y-I-fpsStbm
aqe§-sfm¶pw D]-tbm-Kn¨v IW-¡m-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. KWn-X-¯n Cu
kwJ-ysb kqNn-¸n-¡m³ Hcp {]tXyI NnÓ-ap-­v: p
{Ko¡v `mj-bnse ""ss]'' (pi) F¶ A£-c-am-Wn-Xv.
AXm-b-Xv, hymkw 1 skânaoä-dmb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv π skânaoäÀ,
hymkw 2 skânaoä-dmb hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv 2π skânaoäÀ; hymkw


KWnXw IX

1 *?K

    32 π *?@ ' (
1
2
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hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hv, AXnsâ hym-k-¯nsâ p aS-§mWv.
]e-t¸mgpw hr¯w hc-bv¡p-¶Xv \nÝnX Bc-¯n Bb-Xn-\m C¡m-
cyw Bc-¯nsâ IW-¡m-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fh- v, AXnsâ Bc-¯nsâ 2p aS-§mWv.
5<C
$()3π /4"$%
t]cp h¶ hgn
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hv amdp¶Xv hymk- * 5"8 "( "A+ ,
¯nsâ tXmXn-em-sW¶v Adn-ªt- Xm-sS, *+(+#)3 0!? % @*?L? 96 
FÃm hr¯§fpsSbpw Npä-f-hv, hymk-
¯nsâ Htc aS-§m-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. 'M,- .*!23

  3
F{X aS-§v, F¶mbn ]n¶o-SpÅ At\z- 
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j-Ww. 71 7
BZy-Im-e¯v Cu kwJy-bpsS GI-tZ- (8"K *  "&
?$
i-hn-e-I-fmb `n¶-kw-Jy-I-fmWv D]-tbm- )KN)3(%7('8 
Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. hnhn[ tZi-§-fnÂ, hnhn-[-
Im-e-¯v, C¯cw GI-tZ-i-hn-e-IÄ IqSp-
XÂ sa¨-s¸-«p. Cu kwJy Hcp `n¶- 3.1408 < π < 3.1428
kw- J y- b mbn Fgp- X m³ Ign- b n- s öv
sXfn-bn-¨-Xv hf-sc-¡m-e-¯n-\p-ti-j-am-@*L?(O23 17 = 227 34 K%
(
sW- ¦ n- e pw, C¡mcyw

    "#/B 1!2
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 %* B3
π F¶ t]cn-«Xv [Link].
1707 Â Cw¥- ­ nse 0$" $$%π "B3.*$1
hneyw tPm¬kv F¶ ! $ $"2 5* > *@! "#
(A{X-sbm¶pw {]kn-²-\-Ãm-¯) KWn-X- /2 &$!2
Im-c-\m-Wv.
kznävkÀem-­n π = 3.1415926535. . .
P\n¨ {]kn² KWn-X-
im-kv{X-Ú-\mb  C "
entbm¬lmÀUv
Hmbv s eÀ (Leonhard 0!"0(')  (%
Euler) At±-l-¯nsâ   *0$* π 1!# KM
IrXn- I - f n D]- t bm-
Kn¨p XpS-§nbtXm-sS-bm-Wv, Cu NnÓ- 1-*35*?K

  
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]c-¸-fhv
hr¯-¯n-\-Is¯ ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯nsâ hi-§-fpsS F®w IqSp-¶-X-\p-
k-cn¨v AXnsâ Npä-fhv hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hn-t\mSv ASp-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-
se, AXnsâ ]c-¸-fhv hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hn-t\mSpw ASp¡pw:

Ncn-{X-¯n-eqsS  hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv IW-¡m-¡m³, AXn-

hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhpw ]c-¸-fhpw IW-¡m-¡m-
\p-Ånse ka-_-lp-`p-P-§-fpsS ]c-¸-fhv
\pÅ amÀK-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´-IÄ¡v \mem-bn- F§s\ IqSp¶p F¶p IW-¡m-¡n-bm aXn.
c-t¯mfw B­p-I-fpsS ]g-¡-ap-s­¶p I­-tÃm. hr¯-¯nsâ tI{µhpw _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ aqe-
C¶s¯ `mj-bn¸-d-ªmÂ, Ch-sbÃmw π F¶ Ifpw tbmPn-¸n-¨v, _lp-`p-P-¯ns\ Xpe-y-{Xn-
kwJy-bpsS ASp-¯pÅ `n¶kwJy-IÄ I­p-]n- tIm-W-§-fmbn `mKn-¡mw. Cu {XntIm-W-§-
Sn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§fmbn hymJym-\n-¡mw. fpsS ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ Iq«n-bm _lp-`p-P-¯nsâ
]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vän \n¶pÅ Blvtamkv ]ss¸- ]c-¸-fhv In«pw.
d-kn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v F«mw ¢mkn tI«-tÃm. AXnse
Hcp IW¡p sN¿m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ amÀKw,
C¶s¯ coXn-bn t\m¡nbm π F¶Xv 256 81
≈
3.16 F¶p In«pw. GXm­v C¡m-e-¯p-Xs¶bpÅ
(_n.kn. 1500) _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse Hcp Ifn-a¬
25
]e-I-bn \n¶v, CXv, 8 = 3.125 F¶p In«pw.
_n.kn. ]¯mw \qäm-­n-te-sX¶p Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶,
`mc-X-¯nse iX-]-Y-{_m-Ò-W-sa¶ IrXn-bnÂ,
]©-`p-P¯
- nsâ Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw s F¶pw,
CXv 108 = 3.138 BWv.
339

hr¯-¯n-\-I¯pw ]pd¯pw 96 hi§fpÅ _lp-

hr¯-tI-{µ¯nÂ\n¶v ]©-`p-P-¯nsâ Hcp
`pPw hc- ¨ v , BÀ¡n- a n- U nkv I­p- ] n- S n- ¨ Xv , hi-t¯-bv¡pÅ ew_-¯nsâ \ofw h F¶p-
sa-Sp-¯m Hcp {XntIm-W-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv
F¶mWv . AXm-bXv 3.1408 < π < 3.1428.
223 22
<π < 1
71 7 sh
[Link]. 480 Â ssN\-bnse NqjmMvgn, Cu coXn- 2

bn 12288 hi-§-fpÅ ka-_-lp-`p-P-§-fp-]-tbm-

Kn¨v 3.1415926 < π < 3.1415927 F¶p
I­p-]n-Sn¨p. CXv F«p Zimw-i-
Øm\w hsc icn-bmWv. GXm­v
Bbncw sImÃ- § Ä¡p tij-
amWv CXn-t\-¡mÄ ASp¯ `n¶-
kw-Jy-IÄ I­p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv.



 


 

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%
3
-5 C;!
 


7
%'- π4 "% 4%
%



' 4"P:  $
%
)
*7&
7
'7 *!
1 1 1 1
π= 1− + − + ...
4 3 5 7

&
% $ )(+  M7 " &  C $ -
 !7: 1)%    , . . . F¶pw !   A1 0'
1" % LF   5/ 9

hr¯-tI-{µ-¯nÂ\n¶v Hcp hi-t¯-¡pÅ ew_-\o-f-§Ä
1 2, 3

*"7 ?7 7' 4 

"%7!
F¶psa-Sp-¯mÂ, ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ     
1 2, 3, . . .
1
2 1 1
1
2 2 2,
?7- ?$
 $
%

!
$!N)
  , . . . F¶n§-s\-bm-Ipw. *8 ?7 ! - ;
' +'
1
2
1 23  7
!
3 3

Ch-bnse    , . . . F¶o Npä-f-hp-IÄ, hr¯-¯nsâ Npä- π ! 1?   

 ' 7  0'

f-hn-t\mSv ASp-¯-Sp¯v hcpw;    , . . . F¶o ew_-\o-f-

1, 2, 3
"!!
$) #F?1
§Ä, hr¯-¯nsâ Bc-¯n-t\mSv ASp-¯-Sp¯p hcpw. AXn-
1 2, 3
$
   %  +' 1  2 3! 
L@7$4000 1 23
%
\mÂ, Ch-bpsS KpW-\^- e- § - Ä, hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fh- nsâbpw, *
7
" $ 
)
Bc-¯nsâbpw KpW-\^- e- ¯ - n-t\mSv ASp-¯S- p-¯p-hc- pw. KpW- 0'-K L7'
\-^-e-§-fpsS ]Ip-Xntbm?
Npcp¡n¸d-ªmÂ, Pym-an-Xo-b-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ hr¯-¯n- 1 1 1 1
π= 1− + − + ...
\-Is¯ ka_lp-`p-P-§-fpsS ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-
2 3
12 3× 3 5×3 7×3
0' 
7
! ?7 O"!
¸-f-hn-t\mSv ASp-¡p¶p F¶p ImWmw; C¡m-cyw kwJ-ym-]-c- /π ≈ 3.14159265359 0'
$

ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ Cu ]c-¸-f-hp-IÄ hr¯-¯nsâ %
)


KWnXw IX
'( )$, )$./0 )"
-  $  *
 7   % &-   "# 2 = >
"2$ 1
hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hv, AXnsâ Npä-f-hnsâbpw Bc-¯nsâbpw
KpW-\-^-e-¯nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Wv.
 ), r  '( 2πr 
? @ %
* #  )"#


1
× 2πr × r = πr2
2

hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hv, Bc-hÀK-¯nsâ p aS-§mWv.

AB 8/ $ !,57) (2 $ )"#25π '-
7) (C%
& ' -  D% &<      $ 
 ) " #   
-$ /1

 $   '2 $2 = ( $- $

&- 
/  @ %

* # $ )"#
6.25π − 4π = 2.25π '%7%%

140
 NT-827-3-MATHS-9-M-VOL.2






π



KWnXw IX

(3) 0%+7 6"8+3

 9)"%592/ 0
  (0)":0
%+7(*/ :%5

  !%  ;)!

 
!!
 % !5
(4) 
(1% )! 0)"% 
 %5-<)"%  !  !5

(5) 0(*+*  

-<)"%5

*=; 
-<  !%+0
   !    !5


 


 


(6) *+     3

)" /0 7:>)" 

5

 7:>          !   % +  ?

1% 7:>)!
  !!

  !5

\ofhpw tImWpw
Hcp hr¯-¯nse GsX-¦nepw Øm\-¯p-\n¶p XpS-§n, hr¯-¯n-eqsS
k©-cn-¡p¶ Hcp _nµp k¦Â¸n-¡p-I. k©m-c-¯nsâ ]e ka-b-
¯pÅ Nn{X-§-fm-Wn-h:

Cu k©mcw Hcp Id-¡-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, hr¯- A F¶ _nµp tI{µ-ambn Npä-fhv 24 Bb hr¯w

¯n-eqsS F{X Zqcw \o§n F¶-Xn\p ]I-cw, hc-bv¡p-I. (Bcw 12/Pi F¶v \ÂIn-bm aXn).
hr¯tI{µ-¯nÂ\n¶p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ F{X hr¯-¯n Hcp _nµp B AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. Hcp
Angle Slider α \nÀan¨v Angle with Given Size D]-tbm-
Un{Kn Xncnªp F¶pw ]d-bmw. Kn¨v B bnepw XpSÀ¶v A bnepw ¢n¡p sNbvXv
1 tImW-fhv α F¶v sImSp-¡p-I. Hcp ]pXnb _nµp
hr¯-¯nsâ 8
`mKw In«m³, tI{µ-¯n B′ In«pw. Circular Arc D]-tbm-Kn¨v A, B, B′ F¶o
1
360 ÷ 8 = 45 FSp-¯-Xpw, 4 `mKw In«m³, _nµp-¡-fn {Ia-ambn ¢n¡p sNbvXv Nm]w BB′
hc-bv¡p-I. Nm]-¯nsâ \ofw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-
tI{µ-¯n 360 ÷ 4 = 90 FSp¯-Xp-saÃmw I. hyXykvX tImW-f-hp-IÄ¡v Nm]-\ofw hr¯-

HmÀa-bpt­m? (Bdmw- ¢m-knse tImWp-IÄ ¯nsâ BsI Npä- f - h nsâ F{X `mK- a m- s W¶v
t\m¡q.
F¶ ]mTw)


KWnXw 
`qan-bpsS Npä-fhv A§s\ k©mcw \of-ambpw, tImWmbpw ]d-bmw.
_n.kn. c­mw \qäm-­n Pohn-¨n- At¸m-sfmcp tNmZyw. hr¯-¯nsâ ]IpXn Ign-ªv,
cp¶ {Ko¡p imkv { X- Ú \pw
Ihnbpw Bbn-cp¶p Cdm-tXm-kvsX- ho­p-samcp F«ns- emcp `mKw \o§p-t¼mÄ k©-cn¨ Zqcw,
\nkv. `qan-bpsS Npä-fhv BZy-ambn
IW¡p Iq«n-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. hr¯-¯nsâ 1
`mKw; CXv Xncn-hmbn F§s\
1 5
hÀj-¯n Hcp Znhkw CuPn-]vänse + =

tky³ ]«- W - ¯ n \«p- ¨ bv ¡ v

2 8 8

kqcy³ t\tc Xebv ¡ p apI- f n- ]dbpw?

embncn¡p-sa-¶pw, AXn-\m B ka- hr¯-¯nsâ `mKw  ; `mK-sa-¶m  ; At¸mÄ
1 1
b-¯v, hkvXp-¡Ä¡v \ng D­m-In-  

söpw Cdm-tXm-kvsX-\nkv Adn-

2 8

 Xncn-ªp-I-gn-ªv, ho­pw  bpw IqSn Xncnªp

ªp. At±lw tPmen sNbvXn-cp¶

 

Ae-Ivkm³{Un-b-bn AtX ka-b- BsI    Xncn-ªp-sh¶p ]dbmw

  

¯v, kqcy-c-ivan-IÄ ]Xn-¡p-¶Xv

F{X Ncn-ªn-«m-sW¶v \ne¯p
Ip¯s\ \m«nb Hcp I¼nsâ \ng-
en \n¶v At±lw IW-¡p-Iq-«n.
kqcy-c-ivan-IÄ kam-´-c-am-sW¶p

Icp-Xn-bmÂ, Ae-Ivkm³{Un-bbpw C§s\ hr¯w apgp-h³ Npän XpS-§nb Øm\-s¯-¯p-

tky\pw X½n tbmPn-¸n-¡p¶ `qan- ¶Xp hsc-bpÅ bm{X-bnse Hmtcm ka-b¯pw F{X
bnse RmWnsâ tI{µ-tIm-Wpw CXp k©-cn¨p F¶-Xv, hr¯-¯nsâ `mK-§f- m-tbm, Xncnh- nsâ
Xs¶-bm-Wv. c­p ]«-W-§fpw X½n- Af-hmbn  hsc-bpÅ tImWp-I-fmtbm ]d-bmw.
epÅ Zqc-am-Wv, Cu Nm]-¯nsâ


\ofw. CXn hr¯-¯nsâ Bcw  aoäÀ F¶p IqSn FSp-

At¸mÄ, Ae-Ivkm³{Un-b-bnse ¯mtem? hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv π aoäÀ, At¸mÄ Zqc-§-
kqcy-c-ivan-I-fpsS Ncn-hv, a° F¶pw-, sfÃmw hr¯-¯nsâ `mK-¯n\p ]Icw \of-am-bn-¯s¶
tky\n-te-¡pÅ Zqcw d F¶p-sa-Sp- ]d-bmw.
¯mÂ, `qan-bpsS Npä-fhv × d 360

F¶p I­p-]n-Sn¡mw.
a

144
 


 


5
4

(
 62 0 
0 ,+, 8
(7 9.  : ;&  +,  -
60   <5#  2
010 3


 $%& 0 "/6= > -1 " 

$ 3601  %&

 *  7- (45 60 " #    $


60 × 360  = 6  %& 8   $  ' "  2 π

0 ,      .#

1 1

" 13 π
01?

++, :. 360 %&

* : "# 2π
0


,$( %&
*"   20  "#
 $/ 1 12
0, > 3 '"3π
0 , ) -(45
     !" 62 )* > ># 3π
0,$%& 5
 > * - (  "#         !  % & 5>


 7 9 #0'  '
01)*>"
, -

145
KWnXw IX

@6 A  *
 - 45   <5# B  $ 18  %&  


*" 0 "8+C#     .062  83 π

01/) -

+ +, :.#

/ r
0,  2     .#)D .
"  x     <5#     2   ! 62


x
2πr ×
360
aoäÀ.
C\n C¡m-cyw IW-¡p-`m-j-bn-se-§-s\-bmWv ]d-bp-¶-sX¶p t\m¡mw.
Hcp hr¯- ¯ nse c­p _nµp- ¡ Ä¡n- S - b n- e pÅ `mK- ¯ n\p Nm]w
(arc) F¶mWp ]d-bp-¶Xv; Hcp Nm]-¯nsâ Aä-§Ä tI{µ-hp-ambn tbmPn-
¸n-¡p¶ Bc-§Ä¡n-S-bn-epÅ tImWn-s\, Nm]-¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm¬
(central angle) F¶pw.
1
At¸mÄ t\cs¯ I­-X-\p-k-cn-¨v, hr¯-¯nsâ 8
`mKw \of-apÅ
1
Nm]-¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm¬ 45,  hr¯-¯nsâ `mKw \of-apÅ Nm]-
2
5
¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm¬ 180, hr¯-¯nsâ 8
`mKw \of-apÅ Nm]-¯nsâ
tI{µ-tIm¬ 225 Fs¶Ãmw ]d-bmw.

146
 


 


!""9'( 4: "- ;3 !""-  )

; 
<
2  r 2 !""=3 /%7 x 2 ,"-
x
6 2πr × 360
.
  "= >=3
Nm]-¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm¬ 360 bpsS F{X `mK-amtWm, Npä-f-hnsâ
o

A{Xbpw `mK-amWv Nm]-¯nsâ \ofw

DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Bcw 3 skânaoä-dmb hr¯-¯nÂ, tI{µ-tIm¬ 60
Bb Nm]-¯nsâ \ofw F{X-bmWv?
1
CXp a\-kn¯s¶ sN¿mw. 60 F¶Xv 360 bpsS 6 `mK-am-b-Xn-
1
\mÂ, Npä- f hnsâ 6 `mK- a mWv Nm]w. hr¯- ¯ nsâ Npä- f hv ,
6π skânaoäÀ, Nm]-¯nsâ \ofw π skânaoäÀ.
Bcw 2.5 skânaoä-dmb hr¯-¯nÂ, tI{µ-tIm¬ 50 Bb Nm]-¯nsâ
\oftam?
50
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv 5π skânaoäÀ; AXnsâ 360
`mK-amWv Nm]-¯nsâ
\ofw, AXm-bXv
50 25
5π × 360 = 36 π ≈ 2.2 skânaoäÀ

asämcp IW¡p t\m¡mw. Bcw 9 skânaoäÀ Bb Hcp Ccp-¼p-h-«-

¯n \n¶v, tI{µ-tIm¬ 30 Bb Hcp IjWw apdn-s¨-Sp-¯p. CXp
hf¨v sNdn-sbmcp h«-ap-­m-¡n. sNdp-h-«-¯nsâ Bcw F{X-bmWv?
tI{µ-tIm¬ 30 Bb Nm]-¯nsâ \ofw, hr¯¯nsâ Npä-f-hnsâ
30 1 1 3
=
360 12
; AXm-b-Xv, apdn-s¨-Sp¯ Ij-W-¯nsâ \ofw 18π × 12
= 2π
skânaoäÀ. CXmWv sNdnb h«-¯nsâ Npä-fhv; At¸mÄ AXnsâ

147
KWnXw IX
3 3

2
π ÷ 2π = 4 
.

'1:+
 "!'8
 &#' 11* ;
 4
 '!
1

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12
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(#$ 2##
; #
 ;
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12
1 3
#( $
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.*
12 4

(1) 2' 

  40   2' 
 !
3π 
$* 
 '!$ "# 
$%
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(2) 2' 
  25  
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$*
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"# $%
ii) &#
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75
 
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(3)  3 
  2' !

($ 2' 5 '
6
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+'$  
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'71*
2
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-



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6'>,-7$0
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(4) 2' ,'?#


 2 :;  ' ' 7'
:;   !
 ; :+ + ( '    '(  ,  -  < 9 6 
#
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&#
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$%

148
 


 


(5) 2'05$+,'?

:;9
,-<9
6$ '+1'( : 4
 +'1'('*

]c-¸- fhv 24 Bb, A tI{µ-amb

Hcp hr¯w hc-bv¡p-I (circle
4
 +':
'!$ 11'* with centre and radius F¶ SqÄ
D]tbmKn¡mw, Bcw sqrt(24/
Pi) F¶p sImSp¯m aXn).
tImWpw ]c-¸-fhpw AXn B F¶ _nµp AS-bm-

 
@
 '+ 2' ,- f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. α F¶ t]cnÂ
ssÉUÀ D­m¡n ∠BAB′=α
$ * 2' ' 0#
 Bbn B′ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
7   <  !
1: +
 '>  < !' Circular Sector D]-tbm-Kn¨v A,
B, B′ F¶o _nµp-¡-fn {Ia-
.( 88
 2' ,- ambn ¢n¡v sNbv X v
'* hr¯mwiw hc- b v ¡ p- I .
CXnsâ ]c-¸-fhv AS-bm-f-s¸-
&' ,- Sp- ¯ p- I . tImW- f hpw
hr¯mw-i-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhpw

 (sector) "($  ' hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhpw X½n-
¶-Xv. CXnse Nm]-¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm-Wns\ hr¯mw-i-¯nsâ epÅ _Ôw Is­-¯pI.
tI{µ-tIm¬ F¶pw ]dbmw.
tI{µ-tIm¬ amdp-¶-Xn-\p-kcn¨v, Nm]-
¯nsâ \ofw amdp-¶-Xp-t]me, hr¯mw-
i-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhpw amdpw. c­nsâbpw
IW¡v Hcp t]mse-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-
ambn tI{µ-tIm¬ 60 Bb Nm]w hr¯-


¯nsâ Npä-f-hnsâ `mK-amWv; tI{µ-

1

tIm¬ 60 Bb hr¯mw-iw, hr¯-

6


¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hnsâ `mK-hpw. 1

6

149
KWnXw IX
1
1
360
 
# -  .% 

/0#  1 - #   !&% 

1
360
 /0

2&3     $% 4

5 67 

                        !  &  %      4  
 5  6 7   

8  

Nm]-¯nsâ tI{µ-tIm¬ bpsS F{X `mK-am-tWm, hr¯- 360o

¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hnsâ A{Xbpw `mK-amWv hr¯mw-i-¯nsâ ]c-¸-
fhv.
_oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v C§-s\bpw ]d-bmw.
Bcw r Bb hr¯-¯nÂ, tI{µ-tIm¬ x Bb hr¯mw-i¯ - nsâ 

]c-¸-fhv πr × 
x
360

DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Bcw 3 skânaoä-dmb hr¯-¯nÂ, tI{µ-tIm¬ 40 

Bb hr¯mw-i-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hv, hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hnsâ = `mK- 40 1

amWv; hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv 9π NXp-c-{i-skânaoäÀ, At¸mÄ hr¯mw-

360 9

i-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv π NXp-c-{i-skânaoäÀ.

C\n Cu IW¡p t\m¡p-I. Nn{X-¯nse \nd-
apÅ `mK-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-sh-{X-bmWv?

hr¯mw-i-¯nÂ\n-s¶mcp {XntImWw amän-bm Cu `mKw In«p-a-tÃm.

150
 


 

1
$% &' % &'%  -. 1
6
1 2
 4π × ; π /
!$+% ,0
6 3
3
! + -
 < 7=1%&' × 4 = 3 /

4
!$+%  ,0. 1&2 )> /!5 -% &
2
'
3
π − 3  /
!$+% ,0

(1) 3+% ,  !" #120 

$%&'! 7 6+% , 

 !" # 
8   $% &'7

(2) /!5

6-%

&' 44

(3) ?
+ @A-
% B5 2 !"  -2

/
C 
8 B 9 C
4
8


C
B%&' 44
 

151
KWnXw IX

(4) D
'?8
 ,8% !"5BC C8


8/!  /
C4
8.

D
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8 -% &' 4
4
 
(5) ?
+ -
! %? B5
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D

B5 '4BC C8


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4
8
B8
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8 -% &' 4
4


152
_nµp-¡fpw kwJy-Ifpw
hc-If- psS \of-§sf kwJ-yI
- f- mbn ]d-bp-¶s- X-§s- \-bmWv? GsX-¦nepw
Hcp \nÝnX \ofw 1 Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, AXnsâ c­p aS§v \ofs¯
2 F¶pw, ]IpXn \ofs¯ 2 F¶pw, AXnsâ H¶-c- a-S-§v \ofs¯
1

1 2 F¶psams¡ ]d-bmw.
1

C§s\ 1 Fs¶-Sp-¡p¶ \of-s¯, \of-¯nsâ Hcp GIIw (unit length)

F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. C¯-c-samcp GIIw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-tXmsS, aäp
]e \of-§-sfbpw Ct¸mÄ I­-Xp-t]mse F®ÂkwJ-y-I-fmbpw `n¶-
kw-J-y-I-fmbpw ]d-bmw.
]t£ Cu GI-I-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n C§s\ F®Âkw-J-y-I-fm-
tbm, `n¶-kw-J-y-I-fmtbm ]d-bm³ Ign-bm¯ \of-§-fp-ap-­v. DZm-l-c-
W-am-bn, hi-¯nsâ \ofw Cu GI-I-amb ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ hnIÀWw,
Cu GIIw hym-k-amb hr¯w \nhÀ¯nb hc-bpsS \ofw:

Af-hp-IÄ X½n-epÅ _Ô-§fpw tIh-e-kw-J-y-I-fpsS {Inbm-_-Ô-§-

fp-saÃmw _oP-K-WnX ka-hm-I-y-§-fm-¡p-t¼mÄ kuI-c-y-¯n-\mbn
\yq-\-kw-J-y-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-­v. (F«mw-¢m-knse \yq-\-kw-J-y-IÄ
F¶ ]mT-¯n D]-tbm-K-§Ä F¶ `mKw) At¸mÄ, 2 , π t]mepÅ
kwJy-I-fpsS \yq-\-amb − 2 , −π F¶n-§s\bpÅ kwJ-y-Ifpw Bh-
i-y-ap-­v.
KWnXw IX
/" .(# 0 .( $ 
G
.(
GD!
'C       
(rational numbers) 
) *
$C! C  

(irrational numbers)  )

/"  0G!" 5'+C) 678'# 5


15 +# 102 + !" 5) $9+' +L7+'

G
/" !# /" 
G

0G!5) GD!
10  5) $+-. 0
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$ 
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 4 5! π +? 'C'&M

'  G! $  (4 5C)
0# $0'C +:;!  
   
(real numbers)  .
N& *2 +  +
()   *! $,!
 @O  $% 0E! ', @O  $-
!"# K7! @O "
 &'! @O +(?
$ 1 () K!#  9!? C @O(
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C @O (      $ $      -   !     '  "#

$0  + & )

154
 
  

*2  0  @O "
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H'+C# K 0E!
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G
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$
*2  C @O( + A`n-¶I Af-hp-IÄ
.& $-!) 'P# + \of-§Ä am{X-a-Ã, ]c-¸-fhpw hym]vX-hp-
saÃmw A`n-¶-I-kw-Jy-I-fmbn hcmw. DZm-
C *2  (+) @O l-cW
- a- mbn 3 \ofhpw 2 hoXn-bp-apÅ
( ) NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv 3 × 2 = 6
*! '     (number line)  BW-tÃm.
6 s\ \of- a mbpw ImWmw.
) Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q.
+" 0  @O "
 +!( Cu a«- { Xn- t Im- W - .ao
.

[Link].

+ . &+C) * ¯nse aq¶m-as¯- s k

+!(
+F+5 hi¯nsâ \ofw
F{X-bmWv?
−1, −2 * "   A[n-kw-Jy-I-fmb FÃm A`n-¶-I-kw-Jy-
−1 " GD!"
 1  M −2 K+ I-tfbpw \of-§-fmbn ImWp-¶Xv Hcp
GD!"
 2  # $ −1 "
 & kuI-cy-am-Wv.
1  ) $
" −1 +
(. :  kwJym-km-{µX
−2) E0Q" −2 < −1. \pw  \pw CS-bn F{X kwJy-I-
$+-. +" GD!"
  fp­v? F®ÂkwJy-I-sfm¶pw Xs¶-
+!H
+F.  # *+!H bn-Ã. F¶mÂ, 12 , 13 , 34 t]mse-bpÅ

+F. : ' ) `n¶-I-kw-Jy-Ifpw 12 , 13 , π3 t]mse-

GD!
#  3
!
  bpÅ A`n-¶-I-kw-Jy-I-fp-saÃmw tNÀ¶v
# *+C 0 () $+-. F®n-bm Xocm¯ kwJy-IÄ \pw 
 & + . !#  \pw CS-bnep­tÃm. CXv Pyman-Xo-b-
+" *    3
# ambpw ImWmw. Hcp hc hc¨v Hcä¯v 
F¶pw atä Aä¯v  F¶pw Fgp-Xp-I.
:   0E!() $ $
$
# :  @A#  
C\n, Cu hc-bnse GXp _nµp FSp-


+" # *  D' @A' ¯mepw  F¶ _nµp-hn \n¶pÅ

') AIew D]-tbm-Kn¨v B _nµp-hns\
*
 + & @O(. >? kqNn-¸n-¡m-w.
$  D' K9# *2 @O(
1

$ 3
$ $
$-! +EP   1 

 +
() K7 GD!"
?
3
At¸mÄ hc-bnse Hmtcm _nµphpw Hcp
$'() kwJysb kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hc-bn-se{X
_nµp-¡-fp­v?

155
KWnXw IX
_nµp-¡sf kwJ-y-I-fmbn AS-bm-fs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-Xs¶ 0 F¶ _nµp-
hnÂ\n-¶pÅ AI-e-a-\p-k-cn-¨m-WtÃm. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, 2 F¶Sbm-f-
s¸-Sp¯nb _nµphpw 0 F¶-S-bm-fs¸--Sp-¯nb _nµphpw X½n-epÅ
AIew 2.

CtX AI-e-¯n 0 F¶ _nµp-hnsâ CS-Xp-h-i-¯pÅ _nµp-hn-s\-

bmWv −2 F¶-S-bmfs¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.

CXp-t]mse 2 F¶ _nµphpw 0 F¶ _nµphpw X½n-epÅ AI-

1
3
ehpw −2 F¶ _nµphpw 0 F¶ _nµphpw X½n-epÅ AI-ehpw 2
1
3
1
3
Xs¶-bmWv:

C\n s]mXpth c­p _nµp-¡Ä X½n-epÅ AIew t\m¡mw. DZm-l-c-

W-ambn 2 F¶ _nµp-hpw, 5 F¶ _nµphpw X½n-epÅ AI-e-sa-
1 1

´mWv?
2 4

Ch X½n-epÅ AI-ew, 0 F¶ _nµp-hnÂ\n¶v Ch Hmtcm-¶n-te-¡p-

apÅ AI-e-§fpsS hy-X-ym-k-atÃ?

156
 
  

  (  


  

 

1
2
1
4

1 1 3
4 −22 =24

− 22 $ − 5 $ 
'*
1 1
4

 1
23.+
+45

56+  *

 − 2 $ 5 $7*
1
2
1
4

8 !

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9
7 +(  

"":( 23.+
-# +
2;
1 1
22 +54

  ( − 2 $ 5 $ 


1
2
1
4

1 1 3
22 +54 =74

1
22 $ − 5 $ 


 0
1
4

157
KWnXw IX
 #!-0,
'61
 "
_nµp-¡Ä AIew
1 1 1 1 3
22, 54 54 −22 =24

1 1 1 1 3
−2 2 , −5 4 54 −22 =24

1 1 1 1 3
−2 2 , 5 4 54 +22 =74

1 1 1 1 3
2 2 , −5 4 54 +22 =74

 7%.3/<.+("" (

/<. 5 +( 45/<. 2 
56;
1
4
1
2

!'3* +/<. −2 ; + 1

2

45/<. −5 
56
" 1
4

1 ⎛ ⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 3
−2 2 − ⎜ −5 4 ⎟ = −2 2 + 5 4 = 5 4 − 2 2 = 2 4
⎝ ⎠


 0' ;
* #83

( /<.+ 45/<.
56
 
'2'3*/<.5 45/<.−2 .
 1
4
1
2

+ 45


56+
Aev]w Ncn{Xw 5 − = 5 + 2 =  7
1 ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ −2 ⎟
1 1 3

FÃm Af-hp-I-tfbpw F®ÂkwJy- 4 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 2 4

Ifpw Ah- b psS Awi- _ - Ô - § fpw 83

(/<. +45
sIm­v kqNn-¸n-¡m-sa¶ ss]Y-mK- /<.
56 /3
"
dknsâ XXz-imkv{Xw, ln¸m-k-knsâ
hmZ§-fn-eqsS XIÀ¶Xv ]dªtÃm. 
2 (45
−5 1 1
F¶m A`n-¶-I-kw-Jy-IÄ Fs¶mcp 2 4
k¦ev]w {Koknse KWnXNn´-bnÂ
D­m-bn-Ã. kwJy-IÄ¡p ]I-cw \of- ⎛ 1⎞
2 − ⎜ −5 4 ⎟ = 2 + 5 = 7
1 1 1 3

§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¡- p¶ coXnb- mWv XpSÀ¶p- ⎝ ⎠ 2 2 4 4

­m-b-Xv. AXp-sIm­p Xs¶ kwJym-]-  #

"# !
23.=
9
−

c-amb XXz-§-sfÃmw Pyman-Xob `mj-bn- 

 !

9
(,

9

emWv A¡m-es¯ {Ko¡p-{K-Ù-§-fn '>
9
'
( 

ImWp-¶Xv.
158
 
  

/<.
 + 45


56
 
,
/<.23.'
( 
9 
'*$%& '( 0( 2
 
 20, −27
(2 (

+45


56+0 − (−2) = 2
kwJ-ym-tc-J-bn GXp c­p _nµp-¡Ä X½n-epÅ AI-e-hpw,
Ahsb kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ kwJy-I-fn hep-XnÂ\n¶v sNdpXp Ipd-¨-
Xm-Wv.

?6( /<. <+ !

"
'@.
!

" 
"/24 "
/<.+45
 x 
(

y 
'
" #x =
9y.  

 y − x

x 
+ y − x  y 
A '@.

 ( x +  =

%2 ;

  ( '@.

1 1 1 1
x + 2 (y − x) = 2 x + 2 y = 2 (x + y)

kwJym-tc-J-bn GXp c­p _nµp-¡-fp-sSbpw a[y-_n-µp, Ahsb

kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI-bpsS ]IpXn kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ _nµp-
hm-Wv.
$%& '( −2 =
 4 =
'@.

1
2
3
4

1 ⎛ 1 3⎞ 1 1 1
⎜ −2 + 4 ⎟ = 2 ×24 = 18
2 ⎝ 2 4⎠

159
KWnXw IX

(1) /<. <+( 4

5B "
, 3/<.

/24 "

"# 
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1 2 1 1
i) 1, −5 ii) ,
2 3
iii) − 2 , − 3

1 3
iv) −2, 4
v) − 2 , − 3

(2) ,4%., 3

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 /24 "

1 1



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C?
/'C?-"

3 2


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_nP-K-WnXw
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0 

 

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 0 

 
 2

5B+,
@/<.
23.
 

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x .2/<.D*
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 1

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5B+'   # x ,
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/<.D+( .24IB@/<.;: −x 

+'  $%& ' x = −3 7D+
−x = − (−3) = 3


 
  

/<. <+x 

.2/<.
23.
 

 −x 
5
- x > 07D+ (   x @/<.D+)
x 
( x < 0 7D+ (   x .2/<.D+)
−x 7
 
"
K4

"| x | F¶m-sW-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. CXns\
x sâ tIh-e-aqeyw (absolute value) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn

|5|=5 | −5 | = 5

2 2 2 2
= 3 − = 3
3 3

|π|=π | −π | = π
]qPy-¯nsâ tIh-ea
- qeyw ]qPywXs¶-bm-bn-«mWv FSp-¡p-¶X
- v. CsXÃmw
Npcp¡n C§-s\-sb-gp-Xmw.

⎧x , x>0 BsW-¦nÂ
⎪
| x | = ⎪⎨− x , x<0 BsW-¦nÂ
⎪
⎪⎩0 , x=0 BsW-¦nÂ

CXp-hsc ]d-ª-sXÃmw Npcp¡n C§-s\-sb-gp-Xmw.

kwJym-tc-J-bn ]qPyw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ _nµp-hpw, asämcpkw-Jy-

kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶ _nµphpw X½n-epÅ AIew, Cu kwJy-bpsS tIhe-
aq-ey-amWv.
_oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨p ]d-ªmÂ

kwJym-tc-J-bn 0 kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ _nµphpw x F¶ kwJy kqNn-

¸n-¡p¶ _nµphpw X½n-epÅ AIew |x|
C\n kwJym-tc-J-bnse x, y F¶ GsX-¦nepw c­p _nµp-¡Ä X½n-
epÅ AIew _oP-K-Wn-X-¯n F§s\ Fgp-Xm-sa¶p t\m¡mw.
henb kwJy-bn \n¶p sNdnb kwJy-Ip-d-¨p-In-«p-¶-XmWv AI-e-
sa¶p I­p. At¸mÄ x, y Ch-bn hep-tX-XmWv F¶-Xns\ A\p-k-
cn-¨mWv AIew Xocp-am-\n-t¡-­-Xv.

x>y BsW¦nÂ, AIew x−y

x<y BsW¦nÂ, AIew y−x
x F¶ kwJy y F¶ kwJy-tb-¡mÄ hep-Xm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xn\p
]Icw x − y A[n-kw-Jy-bm-sW¶p ]dbmw; AsÃ-¦n x − y > 0 F¶pw
]d-bmw. CXp-t]mse x -F¶ kwJy y -F¶ kwJytb¡mÄ sNdp-Xm-


KWnXw IX
  
 ! x − y .!/ !< 4%
6- x−y<0  ! !

x − y > 0 96-: 4 ! x−y

x − y < 0 96-: 4 ! y−x
 x − y, y − x, * .!/8
2 =6 ! )> 7
? $ @ .!/- A  $ 

 ,  $ 
 "!B.- 7" 7%C
(((
)  D * +,)  E+!)

4

 x, y  5
7 .!/F#  !

y − x = − (x − y)

408 2 # 4 $$ *7 ! A 

!

x− y>0 96-: 4 ! x−y

x−y <0 96-: 4 ! − (x − y)


 # GHI, $ x−y 4;.!/6- 4


 !: x−y .!/6- 4
  % # 
$ 
C
% x−y  .!/ #   !C

408 4 $ , 7$7

:  @$!

.!//- x, y * .!/8 .&0$  )1 

$8
2 3 4 ! |x − y|

.; EJ- (-:

    -   )     !  !


.$ 
/0 %&'

: .!// 2: 5 * )1 $8

2 3
4 !

| 2 − 5 | = | −3 | = 3
2, −5 
2 3 4 C

| 2 − (− 5) | = | 2 + 5 | = | 7 | = 7
 & $ 8 $!

|x−1|=3 96- x 5
$ .!/F!C



 
  

CXv ]e-X-c-¯n sN¿mw. Pym-an-Xo-b-ambn t\m¡n-bm hÀK-aq-ehpw tIh-e-aqeyhpw

x− F¶Xvv kwJ-y-mtc-J-bn x, F¶o kwJ-y-IÄ x A[n-kw-Jy-bm-bmepw \yq\-kw-Jy-bm-
X½n-epÅ AI-e-am-Wv. Cu AIew  BI-Ww. b-mepw, x  A[n-kw-Jy-Xs
- ¶-bm-Wv. CtX
t]mse, x A[n-kw-Jy-bm-bmepw \yq\
 sâ he-Xp-h-i-¯v, AIew  Bb kwJy   
kwJy-bm-bmepw x A[n-kw-Jy-X-s¶.

 sâ CS-Xp-h-i¯v, AIew  Bb kwJy −  −Dw

GXp A[n-kw-Jybv¡pw c­p-hÀK-aqe
ap­v. AXnse A[n-kw-Jy-bmb hÀK-

At¸mÄ x 
 Asæn x  − aq-e-s¯-bmWv
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
NnÓw sIm­v kqNn-

C\n _oP-K-Wn-X-co-Xn-bn Btem-Nn-¨mtem? x >  x2 F´mWv?

BsW-¦n x−  x −  BWtÃm. x −  BI-W- DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, x 

sa-¦n x =
 BI-Ww. Fs¶-Sp-¯m x

x <   Bbmtem? At¸mÄ  x −     − x  BWv.

x 2  16 x

− x BIWsa-¦n x − − BIWw.

x −Bbmtem?
x
tNmZyw AÂ]w amän C§-s\-bm-¡n-bmtem? x 2  16    −x
| x  BI-W-sa-¦n x GsXms¡ kwJy-I- s]mXpth ]d-ªmÂ, x GXp kwJy-bm-

fmImw? bmepw

Pym-an-Xo-b-ambn CXp sN¿m³, | x s\ Hcp AI-e- x 2  x 

ambn ImW-Ww. kwJ-y-IÄ X½n-epÅ hy-X-ym-k-¯nsâ

CXn {i²n-t¡-­Xv CXmWv

tIh-e-aq-e-y-am-WtÃm AI-e-ambn In«p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ ( x)

2
 x BsW-¦nepw x2 F¶Xv x

BZyw xs\ XpIbv¡p ]Icw hy-X-ym-k-ambn Fgp- Xs¶ BI-W-sa-¶n-Ã.

X-Ww:
x x−−
CXnÂ\n¶v | x F¶Xv, kwJym-tc-J-bn x Dw − Dw X½n-epÅ
AI-e-amsW¶v ImWmw.
C\n BZ-ys¯ IW-¡n sNbvX-Xp-t-]mse − sâ he-Xp-h-i¯v 
AI-e-¯n-epÅ _nµp − F¶pw, CS-Xp-h-i¯v AIew  Bb
_nµp −− −
F¶pw ImWmw.
Cu IW¡pw _oP-K-Wn-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v sNbvXp-t\m-¡q.
Hcp IW-¡p-IqSn:
x GXp kwJy Bbmepw | x   x  F¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-I.
 

x A[n-kw-J-y-bm-sW-¦n | x x BW-tÃm. At¸mÄ

| x x

163
KWnXw IX
x \yq-\-kw-J-y-bm-sW-¦ntem? | x | = −x. At¸mÄ

| x | = (−x)2 = (−x) × ( −x) = x × x = x2

Ah-km-\-ambn, x=0 BsW-¦ntem? |x|=0
| x |2 = 02 = 0
C\n x=0 BbXn-\mÂ

x2 = 0 2 = 0
At¸mÄ, x=0 BsW¦nÂ

| x |2 = 0 = x2

(1) Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm ka-hm-I-yhpw icn-bm-Ip¶ x I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-I.

i) | x −1 | = | x − 3 | ii) | x −3 | = | x − 4 |
iii) |x+2|=|x−5| iv) |x|=|x+1|
(2) 1 < x < 4, 1 < y < 4 BsW-¦n | x −y | < 3 F¶p sXfn-bn-¡pI-.

(3) x < 3, y > 7 BsW-¦n |x−y|>4 F¶p sXfn-bn-¡pI-.

(4) | x + y | = | x | + | y | BIp¶ c­p kwJ-yI

- Ä x, y I­p-]n-Sn-¡pI.

(5) | x + y | < | x | + | y | BIp¶ kwJ-y-IÄ x, y Dt­m?

(6) | x + y | > | x | + | y | BIp¶ kwJ-y-IÄ x, y Dt­m?

(7) |x−2|+ |x−8|=6 BIW-sa-¦nÂ, x GsXms¡ kwJy-I-

fmImw?

(8) | x − 2 | + | x − 8 | = 10 BIW-sa-¦nÂ, x GsXms¡ kwJy-I-

fmImw?

x Bbn ]e kwJy-I-sf-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ, |x−2|+ |x−8| F¶

kwJy-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bm-hmw?

164
]mZw ]e-Xcw
NXp-c-¡-«-Isf¡pdn¨pw, Ah-bpsS hym]vX-s¯-
¡p-dn¨pw Bdmw ¢mÊn ]Tn¨tÃm

]e NXp-c-§Ä tNÀ¶-XmWv CXnsâ ]pdw-Iq-Sv, AYhm D]-cn-X-ew.

Xmsgbpw apI-fnepw Htc t]mepÅ c­p NXp-c-§Ä, CSXpw heXpw
cs­-®w, aq-¶nepw ]n¶nepw aq¶m-a-sXmcp tPmSn; BsI Bdp
NXp-c-§Ä.
Cu Nn{X-§Ä t\m¡q

]c-¸pw, Db-c-hp-apÅ Ch-sb {Xnam\cq]-§Ä 


  -
A-sÃ-¦n L\-cq-]-§Ä  
 F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ch-bvs¡Ãmw
s]mXp-hmb aäp Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-­v.
KWnXw 
L\-cq-]-§Ä Pntbm-Pn-{_-bn @ ) (+!/ !0
16&"
.)% "
 $%
hnhn[Xcw L\-cq-]-§Ä Pntbm-Pn-{_-bnÂ
hcbv¡mw. CXn-\mbn XpS-¡-¯n Nne &, 1. 6&"# 
Xbm-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ Bh-iy-am-Wv. $A 3  "
 .)% .      ?B A 
$ Pntbm-Pn{_ Xpd¶v View hnÂ\n¶v Al- 3"
.&,
gebra, Graphic, 3D F¶nh Xpd-¡p-I.
$ 3D Graphics  heXp¢n¡v sNbvXv   C /  !0 1
Graphic F¶-Xn ¢n¡v sN¿p-t¼mÄ DEA3"
   >"
%
e`n-¡p¶ Preferences F¶ Pme-I- ;$>"
/+7% 
¯n Show Axes, Use clipping, Show clip- "
.& '    +!, '
ping F¶nhbv¡v t\sc-bpÅ P AS-
bmfw If-bp-I. )"
    DEA3=A
$ Options → Labelling → No New Object 
;%&,
\ÂIn-bm hc-bv¡p¶ cq]-§-fpsS
t]cv Fgp-Xn-h-cp-¶Xv Hgn-hm-¡mw. C\n /=A !DEA3"
 "

kvXw-`§Ä hcbv¡p-¶Xv F§-s\-  .  (.F"#  ;%& 
sb¶v t\m¡mw. %  , -.
!.0DEA3"

@
Graphic  {XntIm-Ww, NXpcw F¶n-§s\
GsX-¦nepw Hcp Pyman-Xobcq]w hc-bv¡p- .F"
% "
 $>G.F"
%
I (CXn-\mbn Grid D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw). Cu cq]w %, @.F"
  H7= 
3D Graphics epw ImWm³ Ignbpw. 3D Graph- =A"
6&=A $A3=A
ics  ¢n¡v sNbvXv Extrude to Prism or Cylin-
der D-]-tbm-Kn¨v 3D Graphics  ImWp¶ ; %  ,
Pyman-Xobcq]-¯n ¢n¡v sN¿p-t¼mÄ .
 ! 6 &% / 6&
Xpd- ¡ p¶ Pme- I - ¯ n kv X w`- ¯ nsâ =A/ $A3=A/?BA3
Dbcw \ÂIp-I. 3D Graphics  Hcp kvXw`w
e`n-¡pw. Rotate 3D Graphics View D]-tbm-Kn¨v =A.&,'  ;%
 
Cu kvXw`-¯ns\ Xncn¨pw adn-¨p-sams¡ %) 7 !)7 
t\m¡m³ Ign-bp-w.
Graphics  hc¨ Pyman- X obcq]- ¯ nsâ
=A;%
,
BIrXn am-äp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v kvXw`-¯n- DEA3"
 "
 $B D$B
tâbpw BIrXn amdp-¶Xv ImWmw. Hcp   0 ! =A"#
ssÉUÀ D­m¡n kvXw`-¯nsâ Db-ca- mbn
ssÉU-dnsâ t]cv sImSp-¯m Dbcw Bh- +1 7),
iy¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v amämw.
hym]vXw
Bdmw¢mkn NXp-c-kvXw-`-
§-fpsS NXp-c-¡-«-I-fpsS
hym]vXw IW-¡m-¡n-bXv
 

HmÀa-bpt­m? DZm-l-c-W-
ambn, Cu NXp-c-kvXw`w
t\m¡pI.
166
 

NphsS ImWp-¶Xp t]mse CXns\ hi-§-sfÃmw Hcp skân-ao-ädmb
ka-N-Xp-c-¡-«-I-fmbn `mKn-¡mw:

CXn  ×  ×    sNdp-k-a-N-Xp-c-¡-«-I-fp-­v. AXn-\m NXp-c-

kvXw-`-¯nsâ hym]vXw  L\-skân-ao-äÀ.
Bdmw-¢m-kn `mK-§-fpsS `mKw F¶ ]mT-¯nse `n¶-¸-c¸v F¶
`mK¯p I­-Xp-t]m-se, NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯n-sâbpw \ofhpw hoXnbpw Db-
c-hp-saÃmw `n¶-kw-Jy-I-fmbmepw hym]vXw, Cu \of-§-fpsS KpW-\-^-
e-am-sW¶p ImWmw. ]pXn-b-kw-Jy-IÄ F¶ ]mT-¯nse KpW\w F¶
`mK-¯n NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv hniZo-Icn¨Xp-t]m-se, NXp-c-kvXw-`-
¯nsâ Af-hp-IÄ A`n-¶-Ikw-Jy-I-fm-sW-¦nepw, hym]vXw Ah-bpsS
KpW-\-^-e-am-sW¶pw ImWmw.
NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯nsâ hym]vXw asämcp coXn-bnepw ]d-bmw. apI-fnse
Nn{X-¯nÂ, NXp-ck - vXw-`¯ - nsâ ]mZw Hcp NXp-ca- m-Wv: hi-§f- psS \ofw
 skânao-ä-dpw,  skân-ao-ä-dpw; ]c-¸-fhv  ×  NXpc-{i-skân-ao-äÀ;
At¸mÄ Cu ]c-¸-f-hn-sâbpw kvXw`-¯nsâ Db-c-amb  skân-ao-ä-dn-
sâbpw KpW-\-^-e-amWv hym]vXw.
NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯nsâ FÃm apJ-§-fpw NXp-c-am-b-Xn-\mÂ, GXp apJhpw
]mZ-am-sb-Sp-¡mw:


KWnXw 
F§-s\-sb-Sp-¯mepw, ]mZ-]c¸-fh- n-sâ-bpw, Db-c¯
- n-sâbpw KpW-\^- ew
Xs¶-btà hym]vXw?
GXp kvXw-`-¯n-sâbpw hym]vXw C§s\ IW-¡m-¡mtam F¶p
t\m¡mw. BZy-samcp a«{XntImW-kvXw-`-sa-Sp-¡mw:
Pntbm- P n- { _- b n hc¨ Hcp
kv X w`- ¯ nsâ hym]v X w
ImWm³ Volume D]-tbm-Kn¨v
kvXw`-¯n ¢n¡v sNbvXmÂ
aXn. kvXw`w hcbv¡p-t¼mÄ
Algebra PmeI¯n Prism CtXt]msebpÅ Hcp a«{XntImW-
F¶-Xn\v Xmsg Hcp A£-chpw kvXw-`w IqSn tNÀ¯p h¨v Hcp NXp-
kwJybpw ImWmw. kv X w`-
¯nsâ hym]v X - s ¯- b mWv c-kvXw-`-ap-­m-¡m-a-tÃm:
kwJy kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mZ-amb a«-{X-ntIm-W-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv a Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, C¯cw

cs­®w tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯nsâ ]mZ-¸-c¸v ]mZ-¯nsâ
]c-¸-fhv F¶-Xns\ C§s\ Npcp-¡n-¸-dbmw a; {XntIm-WkvXw`-
¯nsâ Dbcw Xs¶-bmWv NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯n-tâbpw Db-cw. AXv h Fs¶-
Sp-¯mÂ, NXp-c-kvXw-`-¯nsâ hym]vXw ah. CXv Htc hep-¸-apÅ c­v
{XntIm- W - k v X w- ` - § Ä tNÀ¶ hym]v X - a m- W v . At¸mÄ Hcp
{XntImWkvXw`¯nsâ hym]vXw ah. AXm-bXv, ]mZ-¸-c-¸n-sâbpw Db-
c-¯n-sâbpw KpW-\-^ew.
C\n ]mZw a«-a-Ãm¯ {XntIm-W-am-sW-¦ntem? GXp {XntIm-W-s¯bpw,
Hcp ioÀj-¯n-eqsS ew_w hc-¨v, c­p a«-{Xn-tIm-W-§-fm-¡mw.

168
 

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169
KWnXw 
# $  
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h * '
) 
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'
(:51,
5&4
#$ n,&
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(7'
)
%
 b , b  ..., b Fs¶-Sp-¯mÂ, hym]vXw b h b h 
b h F¶mIpw. At¸mÄ _lp-`pPkvXw`-¯nsâ hym]vXw
1 2 n 1 2

b1h
b2h + 
 bnh  b1
b2
.... + bnh  ah

AXmbXv,
GXp _lp-`p-P-kvXw-`-¯n-sâbpw hym]vXw, ]mZ-¸-c-¸n-sâbpw Db-
c-¯n-sâbpw KpW-\-^-e-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp kvXw`-¯nsâ ]mZw, hi-§-fpsS \ofw  skân-ao-
ä-dmb ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-hpw, Dbcw  skân-ao-ä-dp-am-sW-¦nÂ, AXnsâ
hym]vXw
× ×   3 L\skânao-äÀ
3
4

asämcp IW¡p t\m¡mw:

Hcp Pe- k w- ` - c - W n- b psS
Nn{X-amWv sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-
¶- X v . CXn- s e{X enäÀ
shÅw sImÅpw?
ap¶nsebpw ]n¶n-sebpw
apJ-§Ä Htct]msebpÅ ka-]mÀiz-ew-_-I-§-fmb kvXw-`-am-Wn-Xv.
CsXmcp kvXw`-am-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Cu kvXw`s¯ Ncn¨v C§s\
hbv¡p-¶-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I:

Cu ew_-I-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv,
1
×
 ×  NXp-c-{i-ao-äÀ
kw`-c-Wn-bpsS hym]vXw,
2

×  L\-ao-äÀÿ

170
 

%"/)$*+, ?"1+0"# #!1+0
33
@ A!A7#$BC
  Hcp ka-`p-P-{Xn-tImWkvXw`-¯nsâ ]mZ-Np-ä-fhv  skânao-ädpw,
Dbcw  skân-ao-ä-dp-am-Wv. AXnsâ hym]vXw I­p]nSn-¡p-I.
 ag-shÅw tiJ-cn-¡m-\m-bn, kvIqÄap-ä-¯v ka-j-Uv`p-Pm-Ir-Xn-bnÂ
Hcp Ipgn-bp-­v. CXnsâ Hcp hiw  aoädpw, Ipgn-bpsS Bgw  aoä-
dpam-Wv. CXn Hcp aoäÀ Db-c-¯n shÅ-ap-­v. AXv F{X enä-
dmWv?
 kvXw`m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Hcp ]m{X-¯nsâ ]mZw, hi-§-sfÃmw
! skân-ao-ä-dmb ka-N-Xp-c-am-Wv. ]m{X-¯n  skân-ao-äÀ Db-
c-¯n shÅ-ap-­v. CXnÂ, h¡p-I-sfÃmw " skân-ao-äÀ Bb
ka-N-Xp-c-¡« ap¡n-bmÂ, shÅ-¯nsâ \nc¸v F{X skânao-äÀ
Dbcpw?

]c-¸-fhv
Hcp kvXw`s¯ s]mfn¨v \nhÀ¯n-hb - v¡p¶
I«n-¡-S-em-kp-sIm­v ChnsS Im-Wn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Af- cq]w F§-s\-bp-­m-Ip-sa¶v Pn-tbm-Pn{_
hp-I-fn Hcp Ipg-ep-­m-¡-Ww: D]-tbm-Kn¨v ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Hcp kvXw`w
hcbv¡p-I. Graphics se Net D]-tbm-Kn¨v
kv X w`- ¯ n ¢n¡p- s N- b v X m kv X w`w
s]mfn¨v \nhÀ¯nb cq]w In«pw. CXn-t\m-
sSm¸w Graphics  Hcp ssÉUdpw In«pw.
ssÉUÀ \o¡p-¶X - n-\\
- p-kc- n¨v kvXw`w cq]-
s¸«phcp-¶Xv ImWmw. BZyw hc¨ kvXw`w
ad¨p hbv¡W - s- a-¦n Algebra View se Prism
F¶-Xn kvXw`-¯nsâ t]cn\p t\sc-bpÅ
_nµp-hn ¢n¡v sNbvXm aXn. hc¨ Nn{X-
¯nse _nµp-¡Ä ad¨phbv¡m³ Algebra
View bnse Point F¶v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶X - nÂ
¢n¡v sNbvXv FÃm _nµp-¡fpw Hcp-an-s¨-Sp-
¡p-I. XpSÀ¶v heXp ¢n¡v sNbvXv Show
Object F¶-Xn\v t\sc-bpÅ P AS-bmfw If-
aq¶p NXp-c§ - Ä apdns¨m«n¨v D­m¡mw. Hä-¨X - pcw bp-I.
aS-¡n-sbm-«n¨pw D­m-¡mw:
CXp-­m-¡m³ F{X NXp-c-{i-skân-ao-äÀ IS-emkv
thWw?
NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-fhv
!×" ×" NXp-c-{i-skân-aoäÀ


KWnXw 
{XntIm-WkvXw`-¯nsâ ]mÀiz-ap-J-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw ]c-¸-fhv Iq«n-b-Xm-

Wn-Xv. s]mXpsh Hcp kvXw`-¯nsâ ]mÀiz-ap-J-§-fpsS-sb-Ãmw ]c-¸-f-

hnsâ XpIsb AXnsâ ]mÀiz-Xe ]c-¸f

- hv 

 
 F¶mWv
]d-bp-¶-Xv. CXv Npcp¡n, ]mÀiz-¸-c¸v F¶pw ]d-bmw.

Nn{X- ¯ nse {XntIm- W - k vXw- ` - ¯ nsâ ]mÀiz- ¸ - c ¸v IW- ¡ m- ¡ m³,

 s\  sIm­v KpWn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv; CXnse  ]mZ-

amb {XntIm-W-¯nsâ Npä-fhpw,  kvXw`-¯nsâ Db-chp-atÃ? AÂ]-

sam- ¶ m- t em- N n- ¨ mÂ, GXp {XntIm- W - k v X w- ` - ¯ n- s âbpw ]mÀiz- ¸ - c ¸v

C§s\ IW-¡m¡m-sa¶p ImWmw.

]mZw {XntIm-W-¯n\p ]Icw NXpÀ`p-P-am-bmtem?

Cu NXpÀ`p-P-kvXw-`-¯nsâ ]mÀiz¸-c¸v a      AXm-b-Xv,

]mZ-N-XpÀ`p-P-¯nsâ Npä-f-hn-sâbpw, Db-c-¯n-sâbpw KpW-\-^-ew. CXp-

t]mse GXp _lp-`p-P-kvXw-`-¯nsâbpw ]mÀiz-¸-c¸v IW-¡m¡mw:

GXp _lp-`p-P-kvXw-`-¯n-sâbpw ]mÀiz-¸-c-¸v, ]mZ-Np-ä-fhn-sâbpw

Db-c-¯n-sâbpw KpW-\-^-e-am-Wv.
ASª kvXw`-am-sW-¦n D]-cn-X-e-¯nsâ BsI ]c-¸-fhv IW-¡m-

¡m³, ]mÀiz-¸-c-¸n-t\mSv ]mZ-¸-c¸pIÄ Iq«n-bm aXn.

Hcp IW¡p t\m¡mw:

acw sIm­p-­m-¡nb Hcp ka-`p-P-{Xn-tIm-W-kvXw`¯nsâ

]mÀiz-¸-c¸v  NXp-c-{i-skâ nao-ä-dpw, AXnsâ Dbcw

 D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp kvXw`-¯n-  skâ nao-äd

- p-amWv. C¯cw Bsd®w tNÀ¯p-h¨v Hcp jUv`p-

s\ s]mfn-¨p-\n-hÀ¯nb cq]w
P-kvXw-`-ap-­m¡n:
\nÀan-¡p-t¼mÄ 
Pme-
I¯n  F¶v Fgp- X n- b -
Xn\p NphsS Hc-£-chpw Hcp
kwJybpw ImWmw (DZm-l-
cWambn  ). kvXw`-¯nsâ
D]-cn-Xe ]c-¸-f-hn-s\-bmWv Cu
kwJy kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

172
 

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   C3(,
4    C3(
" $ A 4%
 
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    .+6 &   
5

hr¯-kvXw`w
Aä¯v Xpey-amb _lp-`p-P-§fpw, hi-§-fn NXp-c-§-fp-amb cq]-§-
fmWv _lp-`p-P-kvXw-`-§Ä. Aä¯v hr¯-§fpw, hi-§Ä NXp-c-§-
fmbn aS-§msX Hgp-¡³ hf-hp-amb kvXw`-§-fp-ap-­v; I«nbpw s]mÅ-
bp-amb C¯cw cq]-§Ä [mcmfw I­n-«p-­m-Ip-a-tÃm:



 

5"/)"?@  #,
@'( 
 !" "A#
)B2$#>
@"( #77
 )3 "7$
&'( C?27D#E<
 F¶ t]cn Hcp Integer
Slider D­m¡p-I. Hcp hr¯w
hc- ¨ v , aqe- I Ä hr¯- ¯ nÂ
Bbn n hi§-fpÅ Hcp ka-
_- l p- ` pPw hc- b v¡p- I . 3D
Graphics Xpd- ¶ v , _lp- ` p- P -
kv X w- ` hpw hr¯- k v X w- ` hpw
hc-bv¡p-I. hi-§-fpsS F®w
Iq«n t\m¡q. _lp-`-p-P-

'( !&'( C kvXw`w hr¯-kvXw

- `-¯n-t\mSv

?F@) 7< ASp-¯p-h-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

@)32G'(!" 

  
@!"c $

p p p  *1  c 1 "

2 3

E'7%" "$#H  h 

 
1 2 3

'(  p h p h p h  ')#59

1 ch 1 ":- )

1 2 3

'(    "

 @
 )#')
@
  ch D
"
     
 !
@"(
I"0A) π JA#;
#E 
 %" @ ! I"

175
KWnXw 
 skânao-ädpw, Dbcw  skân-ao-ä-dp-am-sW-¦n AXnsâ hym]vXw
π×2×π L\-skânao-äÀ.

asämcp IW¡v:
ka-NX - p-ck
- vXw-`m-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Hcp XSn¡j-W¯
- nsâ ]mZ-¯nsâ
hi-§-Äs¡Ãmw  skân-ao-äÀ \of-ap-­v. kvXw`-¯n\v  skân-
ao-äÀ Db-c-hp-ap-­v. CXn \n¶v sN¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-hp¶ Gähpw
henb hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ hym]vXw F{X-bmWv?
ka-N-Xp-ckvXw`-¯nsâ ]mZ-¯n-\p-Ån hc-bv¡m-hp¶ Gähpw henb
hr¯-amWv Gähpw henb hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ ]mZw; Db-cw, ka-N-Xp-
c-kvXw-`-¯n-tâ-Xp-Xs¶:

AXm-bXv, hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ ]mZ-¯nsâ hymkw, ka-N-Xp-c-kvXw-`-

¯nsâ ]mZ-¯nsâ Hcp hi-¯n\p Xpey-am-I-Ww.
At¸mÄ, ]mZ-hr-¯-¯nsâ Bcw  skâo-ao-äÀ; ]mZ-]-c-¸-fhv π NXp-
c-{i-skân-ao-ä-À. kvXw`-¯nsâ Dbcw  skân-ao-äÀ Bb-Xn-\mÂ,
hym]vXw π×π L\skân-ao-äÀ.

  Ccp-¼psIm­p-­m-¡nb Hcp hr¯-kvXw-`¯ - nsâ ]mZ-¯nsâ Bcw

 skân-ao-ädpw, Dbcw  skân-ao-äd
- p-am-Wv. CXp-cp¡n, ]mZ-¯nsâ
Bcw  skân-ao-äd- mb hr¯-kvXw`w D­m-¡n. Cu kvXw`-¯nsâ
Dbcw F{X-bmWv?
 Htc Db-c-apÅ c­p hr¯-kvXw-`-§-fpsS ]mZ-¯nsâ Bcw 
F¶ Awi-_-Ô-¯n-em-Wv. Ch-bpsS hym]vXw X½n-epÅ Aw-i-
_Ôw F´mWv?


 

(3) c­p hr¯-kvXw-`-§-fpsS ]mZ-¯nsâ Bcw 2 : 3 F¶ Awi-_-
Ô-¯nepw Dbcw 5:4 F¶ Awi-_-Ô-¯n-ep-am-Wv.
i) Ch-bpsS hym]vXw X½n-epÅ Awi-_Ôw F´mWv?
ii) BZys¯ hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ hym]vXw 720 L\-skân
ao-äÀ; c­m-a-t¯-Xnsâ hym]vXw F{X-bmWv?

h{I-Xew
NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ IS-emtkm XIntSm hf¨v, hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ
BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ Ipg-ep-­m-¡mw; adn¨v, s]mÅ-bmb, c­-ähpw Xpd¶
Hcp hr¯-kvXw-`-¯ns\ apdn-¨v hfhp \nhÀ¯n-bm Hcp NXp-c-am-Ipw:

Cu NXp-c-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hns\ hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ h{I-X-e-]-c-¸-

Pntbm- P n- { _- b n hr¯
fhv (curved surface area) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Npcp¡n h{I¸-c¸v
kv X w`w D­m¡pt¼mÄ
F¶pw ]d-bmw. Algebra Pme-I¯n Cylin-
der F¶- X n\p NphsS
Cu NXpc¯nsâ Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw, hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ Dbcw ImWp¶ kwJy kv X w- ` -
¯nsâ hy]v-Xhpw Surface
Xs¶-bm-Wv. atä hiw ]mZ-hr¯w \nhÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯-XmWv; AXm- F¶-Xn\p NphsS ImWp¶
b-Xv, AXnsâ \ofw hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-f-hm-Wv. Cu \of-§-fpsS KpW- kwJy h{I-Xe ]c-¸-f-hp-
\-^-e-amWv h{I-¸-c-¸.v am-Wv.
hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ h{I-Xe ]c-¸-fh,v ]mZ-Np-ä-f-hn-sâbpw Db-
c-¯n-sâbpw KpW-\-^-e-am-Wv.
hr¯-¯nsâ Npä-fhv, hymk-¯nsâ π aS-§m-Wt- Ãm. At¸mÄ, Hcp hr¯-
kvXw-`-¯nsâ ]mZ-¯nsâ Bcw 3 skâo-ao-ädpw, Dbcw 5 skânao-
ädpamsW-¦nÂ, AXnsâ h{I-]-c¸v π × 6 × 5 = 30π NXp-c-{i-skân-ao-äÀ.
CXv ASª kvXw`-am-sW-¦nÂ, D]-cn-X-e-¯nsâ sam¯w ]c-¸-fhv
In«m³, c­-äs¯bpw hr¯-§-fpsS ]c-¸-fhv IqSn Iq«-Ww. AXmbXv,
30π + (2 × 32 × π) = 48π NXp-c-{i-skân-ao-äÀ.

177
KWnXw 
(1) Hcp InW-dnsâ AIs¯ hymkw 2.5 aoädpw, Bgw 8 aoä-dp-am-Wv.

CXnsâ DÄ`mKw knaâ v tXbv ¡ p- ¶ - X n\v , NXp- c - { i- a o- ä - d n\v

350 cq] \nc-¡n F{X cq] sNe-hmIpw?

(2) 1.20 aoäÀ \of-apÅ Hcp tdmfdnsâ

hymkw 80 skânao-äÀ BWv.

CXv Hcp {]mhiyw Id-¡p-t¼mÄ,

\nc-¸m-hp¶ Øe-¯nsâ ]c-¸-

fhv F{X-bmWv?

(3) Hcp hr¯-kvXw-`-¯nsâ h{I-¸-c¸pw, ]mZ-¸-c¸pw Xpey-amWv. ]mZ-

¯nsâ Bchpw kv X w`- ¯ nsâ Db- c hpw X½n- e pÅ _Ôw

F´mWv?

30
Hcp Ae-am-c-bpsS Nn{X-amWv ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \of-
§Ä FÃmw C©n-emWv. ap³`m-K¯v c­v AS-¸p-Ifpw 18

thWw. CXp­m-¡m³ Bh-iy-amb Hmtcm ss¹hpUv

Ij-W-¯n-sâbpw Nn{Xw {]tXyIw hc¨v Af-hp-IÄ
Fgp-XpI (Htc Af-hp-IÄ DÅXv Hsc®w hc¨v F®w
Fgp-Xn-bm aXn). Ae-amc D­m¡m³ Bh-iy-amb
ss¹hp-Unsâ BsI ]c-¸-f-hv F{X-bmWv?
3
18 anÃn-ao-äÀ (GI-tZiw C©v) I\-apÅ
4
ss¹hpUmWv \nÀam- W - ¯ n\v D]- t bm- K n- t ¡- ­ - X v .
amÀ¡-än c­v hyXykvX hen-¸-¯n-epÅ joäp-IÄ
In«pw. 96 × 48 C©v hen-¸-ap-ÅXpw 72 × 48 C©v hen- 78

¸-ap-Å-Xpw. 18

Cu Ae-am-cb
- p-­m-¡m³ C¯-c¯
- n-epÅ Hmtcm joäpw
F{X-hoXw hm§Ww? (Hmtcm joäpw ]cam-h[n D]-
18
tbm- K - s ¸- S p- ¯ m³ {i²n- ¡ pI). I«n- b pÅ ImÀUv
t_mÀUv D]- t bm- K n¨v CXnsâ Hcp sNdp- a m- X rI
D­m¡n t\m¡q.

178
 Cu NXp-c-§Ä t\m¡q:

4 [Link].
2 [Link].

1 [Link].

3 [Link]. 1.5 [Link]. 6 [Link].

\ofhpw hoXn-bp-saÃmw hy-X-ykvX-amWv; ]t£ AXn-semcp IW-¡ntÃ?

BZ-y-s¯ NXp-c-¯nsâ \of-¯nsâ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Wv, c­m-a-s¯ NXp-c-
¯nsâ \ofw; c­p aS-§mWv aq¶m-a-s¯ NXp-c-¯nÂ. hoXnbpw CXp-
t]m-se-X-s¶-b-tÃ?
AXm-b-Xv, Cu NXpc-§-fnÂ, \ofhpw hoXnbpw Htc tXmXn-emWv amdp-
¶-Xv.
C\n Cu NXpcw t\m¡q:
3.5 [Link].

4.5 [Link].
CXpw C¡q-«-¯n-Âs¸Sp¯mtam?
BZ-y-NXp-c-¯nsâ \of-¯nsâ H¶c aS-§mWv CXnsâ \ofw; hoXn
Ht¶-ap¡m aS-§pw. \ofhpw hoXnbpw amdn-bXv Htc tXmXn-e-Ãm-¯-
Xn-\mÂ, Cu NXpcw C¡q-«-¯n tNcn-Ã.
KWnXw 
#1'"%&' /'    
3.!  #  .#1'"4 '")
+/,+ $'-!  .5 
6'- 07 -) #1'" ,  ") 
8"9!:;< '-  

!:;<
"
!:;< + "   A\p-]mXw (proportion)
4,  0,. 3)%&3, ")
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180
 

aS-s§¶pw FSp-¡mw. At¸mÄ, ]Ip-Xn-bmbn apdn-¨-Xnsâ hi-§-fpsS
\ofw F´mWv?

t\cs¯ ]dª IW-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v, ]Ip-Xn-bmbn apdn¨ NXp-c-¯nepw

henb hi-¯nsâ \ofw, sNdnb hi-¯nsâ \of-¯nsâ  aS§p-Xs¶
BI-W-a-tÃm. At¸mÄ
1 1
× 2  2 2

F¶p In«pw. CXnÂ\n¶v     F¶pw, XpSÀ¶v   2 F¶pw

1 2

ImWm-a-tÃm.
2

AXm-b-Xv,       F¶o IS-em-kp-I-fn-seÃmw henb hiw,

sNdnb hi-¯nsâ 2 aS-§m-Wv.
c­n¡q-Sp-X Af-hp-I-fnepw B\p-]m-Xn-IX ]d-bmw. Cu {XntIm-W-
§Ä t\m¡q.

Htc tImWp-I-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ, {XntIm-W-§-fpsS hi-§Ä amdp-¶Xv Htc

tXmXn-em-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, Ch-bnse GXp tPmSn {XntIm-W-§-sf-Sp-
¯mepw, Ah-bn-sem-¶nse hi-§-fpsS \ofs¯ Htc kwJ-y-sIm­p
KpWn-¨-XmWv asäm-¶nse hi-§-fpsS \ofw ( kZri{Xn-tIm-W-§Ä
F¶ ]mTw). asäm-cp-X-c-¯n ]d-ªmÂ, Ch-bnse GsX-¦nepw Hcp
{XntIm-W-¯nsâ hi-§Ä X½n-epÅ Awi-_Ôw Xs¶-bm-Wv asäÃm
{XntIm-W-§-fp-tSbpw hi-§Ä X½n-epÅ Awi-_Ôw. ]pXnb ssien-
bn ]d-ªmÂ, Cu {XntIm-W-§-fpsS hi-§Ä B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.

181
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S 8!&# #$ #$%
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S 8!&# #$ !/L
= 01*
S !&#$ !/>& "

S ! &#  $ #  $ # * +  
!/"
GXp ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâbpw hnIÀW-¯nsâ \ofw, 
 D]tbm-Kn¨v kZricq]-
hi-¯nsâ \of-¯nsâ 2 aS-§m-sW-¶v, ]pXnb §Ä hc-bv¡p-¶Xv kZri{XntIm-W§ - Ä
kwJ-y-IÄ F¶ ]mT-¯n I­-tÃm. CXv tase-gp- F¶ ]mT- ¯ n I­- tÃm. Hcp _lp-
Xn-b-Xp-t]mse F§-s\-sbÃmw ]dbmw? `p-P¯nsâ kZricq]w hc-bv¡p-I.
C\n ka-N-Xp-c-¯nsâ Npä-f-hp-IÄ¡p ]Icw ]c-¸- Ch- bpsS hi-§-fpsS \ofw, Npä-f-hv,
]c-¸-fhv AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. ssÉUÀ
f-hp-I-sf-Sp-¯mtem? hi-§-fpsS \ofw  skânaoä- \o¡n, Xmsg ]d-bp¶ Hmtcm tPmSn
dmb ka- N - X p- c - ¯ nsâ ]c- ¸ - f - h v ,  NXp- c - { i- Af- hp-I-fnepw BZy-t¯-Xn\v A\p-]m-
skânaoäÀ, hi-§-fpsS \ofw c­p aS-§m-¡n-bmÂ, sX¶v-am-bI­p- Xn- I mtWm c­m-a-t¯Xv amdp-¶-
]c-¸-fhv  NXp-c-{i-skânaoäÀ. At¸mÄ hi-¯nsâ   hi-¯]nsân-Sn-¡\ofhpw p-I.
\ofhpw, ]c-¸f- hpw Htc tXmXn-eà amdp-¶X- v, AYhm   hi-¯nsâ \ofhpw Npä- fhpw
]c-¸-fhpw
Ah B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-Ã.   Npä-fhpw ]c-¸-fhpw

`uXnIimkv{X-¯nÂ\n-s¶mcp DZm-l-cWw t\m¡mw; Hcp hc-bneqsS

 aoäÀ/sk¡âv F¶ Htc thK-¯n Nen-¡p¶ hkvXp,  sk¡ânÂ

 aoä-dpw,  sk¡ân  aoädpw, sk¡ân  aoädpw k©-cn-

1
2
¡p¶p.
s]mXpth ]d-ªmÂ, sk¡ân aoä-dmWv k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-
b-Xv, ka-b-¯nsâ  aS§v F¶ tXmXn-emWv Zqc-sa-t¸mgpw amdp-¶Xv;
AYhm, ka-bhpw Zqchpw X½n-epÅ Awi_Ôw    Xs¶-bm-Wv.
Zqcw ka-b-¯n\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.
183
KWnXw 
C\n thKw Ft¸mgpw amdp-¶p-sh-¦ntem? DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, apI-fnÂ\n¶v
`qan-bn-te¡p hogp¶ hkvXp-hnsâ thKw Hmtcm £Whpw amdp¶p­v;
 sk¡ân k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv   aoä-dm-Wv. At¸mÄ Hcp sk¡ânÂ
2

. aoä-dpw, c­p sk¡ân . aoä-dp-am-Wv k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXmbXv,

Cu k©m-c-¯nÂ, ka-bhpw Zqchpw Htc tXmXn-eà amdp-¶Xv; Ah-
bpsS Awi-_Ôw Hmtcm ka-b¯pw amdp-¶p. Ah B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-Ã.
Cu k©m-c-¯n¯-s¶, sk¡ânse thKw y aoäÀ/sk¡â v Fs¶-
Sp-¯mÂ, kabþthK ka-hm-Iyw y
 x F¶m-Ipw. ka-b-¯n\v B\p-
]m-Xn-I-am-bmtWm thKw amdp-¶Xv?
Cu DZm-l-c-W-§-sfÃmw Hcp-an¨p t\m¡mw.
kµÀ`w Af-hp-IÄ ka-hm-Iyw B\p-]m-XnIw
x y
hiw Npä-fhv y
x AsX
ka-N-Xpcw hiw hnIÀWw y
 2x AsX
hiw ]c-¸-fhv y
x2 AÃ
k©mcw kabw Zqcw AsX
Htc thKw
y
x

k©mcw kabw Zqcw y

x AÃ
2

amdp¶ thKw kabw thKw y

x AsX
CXn-seÃmw ImWp-¶-sX-´mWv? Hc-fhv amdp-t¼mÄ,
AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Af-hp-Is- fÃmw AXn\\p-kc- n¨p
Pntbm-Pn-{_-bn Hcp Angle slider α \nÀan- amdp¶p, kz-X-{´-ambn amdp¶ Af-hnsâ \nÝnX
¡p-I. Hcp hc AB hc¨v AXp-ambn α aSt§m `mKtam Bbn-«mWv _Ô-s¸« Hc-fhv amdp-¶-
tImW-f-hn Ncnªp \n¡p¶ asämcp sX-¦nÂ, Cu Af-hp-IÄ X½n-epÅ Awi-_Ôw amdp-
hc AB′ hcbv¡p-I. Cu hc-bn Hcp ¶nÃ; AXm-b-Xv, amäw A\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.
_nµp C AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp¯n AXnÂ\n¶p
AB bv¡v ew_w hc-bv¡p-I. ew_hpw AB CXv _oP-KW
- n-X¯- n ]d-ªp-t\m¡mw kz-X{- ´-ambn
bpw Iq«n-ap-«p¶ _nµp D AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-
I. C\n ew_w ad¨v hbv¡mw. CA, CD
amdp¶ Af-hns\ x F¶pw, AXp-ambn _Ôs¸« Hc-
F¶o hc-IÄ hc¨v \ofw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp- f-hns\ y F¶p-sa-Sp-¡mw. GXp kµÀ`-¯nepw x
¯pI. C bpsS Øm\w amän- t\m¡q. CA, F¶ Af-hns\ k F¶ \nÝn-X-kw-Jy  x amdp--t¼mgpw
CD F¶o\of- § Ä B\p- ] m- X n- I - a m- amdm¯ kwJ-y sIm­p KpWn-¨-XmWv y F¦nÂ,
bmtWm amdp- ¶ Xv ? 30 , 45 , 60
o o o
Cu Af-hp-IÄ X½n-epÅ _Ôw.
F¶n§s\bpÅ tImWp-I-fn B\p-]m-
XnIØncw IW-¡m-¡p-I. y = kx
Fs¶-gp-Xmw. Cu ka-hm-I-yw-Xs¶
y
x
=k


 

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]e-Xcw A\p-]mXw
Hcp _lp`pP-¯nse hi-§-fpsS F®-hpw, AXnse AI-t¡m-Wp-I-
fpsS XpIbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw F«mw-¢m-kn I­tÃm. Cu _Ôw
B\p-]m-Xn-I-amtWm?
{XntIm-W-¯nse AI-t¡m-Wp-I-fpsS XpI o; jUv`p-P-¯nse AI-
t¡m-Wp-If- psS XpI
ohi-§f- psS F®w c­p-aS- §
- m-bt- ¸mÄ, tImWp-
I-fpsS XpI c­p- a-S§nt\¡mÄ IqSp-X-em-bn. At¸mÄ Cu _Ôw
B\p-]m-Xn-IaÃ.


 

   
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F¶mIpw; At¸mÄ F¶ Af-hv,

F¶ Af-hn\v A\p-]mX{]iv\w
Nn{X- ¯ n Hcp AÀ[- h r- ¯ - ¯ nÂ
B\p-]m-Xn-Ia- m-Wv. km[m-cW
- `- m-jb- n ]d-ªmÂ, _lp- Iptd RmWpIÄ hc-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
`p-P-§-fn-seÃmw, AI-t¡m-Wp-I-fpsS XpI, hi-§-fpsS
F®-¯nÂ\n¶v c­p Ipd-¨-Xn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.
C§s\ Hc-f-hn-t\mSv asäm-c-fhv B\p-]m-Xn-I-a-sÃ-¦nepw,
BZ-ys¯ Af-hns\ AÂ]-sam¶p amän-b-Xn-t\mSv B\p-
]m-Xn-I-am-Ip¶ ]e kµÀ`-§-fp-ap­v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn,
hr¯-¯nsâ ]c-¸-f-hv, Bc-¯nsâ hÀK-¯nsâ \nÝnX apI-fn \n¶pÅ AIew IqSp-t´mdpw
π sIm­pÅ KpWn-X-am-b-Xn-\m ]c-¸-f-hv, Bc-¯n\v RmWnsâ \ofhpw IqSp-¶p-­-tÃm.
B\p-]m-Xn-I-aÃ; F¶mÂ, Bc-¯nsâ hÀK-¯n-t\mSv Cu amäw B\p-]m-Xn-I-amtWm?
B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse Db-c-¯nÂ\n¶v `qan-bn- Hcp DZm-l-cWw t\m¡mw.
te¡p hogp¶ hkvXp k©-cn-¡p¶ Zqcw, ka-b-¯n\v 1 [Link].

B\p-]m-Xn-I-sÃ-¦n-epw, ka-b-¯nsâ hÀK-¯n\v B\p-

]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.
asämcp IW¡p t\m¡mw: GXp ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯n-epw
FÃm aqe-I-fn-eqsSbpw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ Hcp hr¯w hc- 5 [Link].

bv¡m-atÃm. ASp-¯S- p¯ aqe-IÄ Cu hr¯-¯nsâ tI{µ- apI-fnse Nn{X-¯nse RmWnsâ

¯n-ep-­m-¡p¶ tImWnsâ IW-s¡-´mWv? \ofw  skânao-ä-dm-sW¶v

¡m-a-tÃm. (sNbvXp t\m¡q!)
I­p-]n-Sn-

C\n Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q.

2 [Link].

5 [Link].

Ct¸mÄ RmWnsâ \ofw  skân-ao-

äÀ Bbn.
apI-fnÂ\n-¶pÅ AIew Cc-«n-¨-t¸mÄ
RmWnsâ \ofw Cc«n BIpI-bÃtÃm
sNbvX-Xv. At¸mÄ Cu amäw B\p-
]m-Xn-I-a-Ã.



KWnXw 
Db-chpw hoXnbpw x hi-§-fpÅ ka-_-lp-`p-P-¯n Cu tI{µ-tIm¬

Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q  o
Fs¶Sp-¯mÂ, Ch X½n-epÅ _Ôw C§-s\-

sb-gp-Xmw.

360 1
 x  ×
x

AXm-b-Xv, ChnsS  sâ hypÂ{I-a-¯n\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-

{XntIm-W-¯nse Xmgs¯ hi-¯n\p

am-bmWv  amdp-¶Xv. C§s\ Hc-f-hnsâ hypÂ{I-a-
kam-´-c-ambn Iptd hc-IÄ hc-¨n-cn-¡p- ¯n\v B\p-]m-Xn-Ia
- mbn asäm-cf
- hv amdp¶ kµÀ`-§Ä
¶p. apI-fn-es¯ ioÀj-¯nÂ\n-¶pÅ
`uXn-I-im-kv{X-¯nepap­v. C¯cw amä-§sf hn]-co-
AIew IqSp-t´mdpw Cu kam-´-c-h-c-
I-fpsS \ofw IqSp-¶p-­-tÃm. CXv B\p- Xm-\p-]mXw &"!" F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. AXm-
]m-Xn-I-amtWm? bXv  F¶ Afhv amdp¶X\pkcn¨v  F¶ Afhv
A k
amdp-¶-Xnsâ ka-hmIyw  F¶ cq]-¯n-em-sW-
x
¦nÂ,  \p hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n  amdp¶p F¶p
x
]d-bp¶p Chn-sSbpw  amdp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v amdm¯
h
y Q kwJy-bmWv 
P
u R v
C¯cw amä- h p- a mbn thÀXn- c n¨p ]d- b p- ¶ - X n- \ pÅ

B p D q C kuI-c-y-¯n-\p-th-­n,  F¶ cq]-¯n-epÅ amä-

a s¯ t\c-\p-]mXw #"  F¶pw ]d-bm-dp-

∆APR ∆ABD  Ch kZr-i-am-b-Xn-\m ­v.

u
=
x hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n-ep-ff amä-¯nsâ asämcp DZm-l-
p h
∆AQR∆ACD Ch kZr-i-am-b-Xn-\m cWw t\m¡mw. Hcp _nµp-hnÂ\n¶v  aoäÀ AI-

v x
se-bpÅ asämcp _nµp-hn-te¡v t\Àh-c-bn-eqsS Htc
q
=
h thK-¯n k©-cn-¡p¶ Hcp hkvXp k¦Â]n-¡p-I.
Ch-bn \n¶v k©-cn-¡p¶ thKw  aoäÀ/sk¡â v BsW-¦nÂ,
u
x
= p
h
,
v
x
=
q
h c­m-a-s¯ _nµp-hnse¯m³  sk¡â v thWw;
At¸mÄ
thKw Iq«n  aoäÀ/sk¡â v B¡n-bmÂ,  sk¡â v
y u+v p+q a
x
= x
= h
= h aXn. s]mXp-sh, thKw  aoäÀ/sk¡â v F¶pw, e£y-
hnhn[ kam-´-c-h-c-IÄ¡v xy Ch amdpw; Øm-\-s¯-¯m³ FSp-¡p¶ kabw  sk¡â v
ah Ch amdn-Ã-tÃm. AXm-b-Xv, xy Ch
F¶pw Fgp-Xn-bmÂ, Ch X½n-epÅ _Ôw C§-s\-
X½n-epÅ Awi-_Ôw amdp-¶nÃ.
bm-Ipw.

100

AXm-b-Xv,  \p hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n-emWv  amdp-¶-Xv.
x

`uXn-I-im-kv{X-¯nse ]e Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-]m-X-¯nsâ `mj-bn-emWv


 

9 &./E9X&="C'5D:O
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= G
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 i ka-`pP{XntIm-W-§-fpsS ]c-¸-f-hv, hi-¯nsâ hÀK-¯n\v

B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-sW¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-I. B\p-]m-Xn-I-Øncw
F´mWv?
ii ka-N-Xp-c-§-fpsS ]c-¸-fhv, hi-¯nsâ hÀK-¯n\v B\p-
]m-Xn-I-amtWm? BsW-¦nÂ, B\p-]m-Xn-I-Øncw F´mWv?
" ]c-¸-fhv Hcp NXp-c-{iaoä-dmb NXp-c-§-fnÂ, Hcp hi-¯nsâ \ofw
amdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v atä hi-¯nsâ \ofhpw amd-Ww. Cu _Ôw
_oP-K-Wn-X-k-a-hm-I-y-ambn Fgp-Xp-I. A\p-]m-X-¯nsâ `mj-bnÂ
Cu _Ôw F§s\ ]dbmw?
\yq«¬
& Htc ]c-¸-f-hpÅ {XntIm-W-§-fnÂ, {]IrXn\n-b-a-§Ä hymJym-\n-t¡-­Xv

Gähpw henb hi-¯nsâ \of-hpw, KWn-X-¯n-eq-sS-bm-sW¶ Nn´ BZyw

FXnÀaq-e-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ ew_-¯nsâ
Ah- X - c n- ¸ n- ¨ - X v , ]Xn- \ m- d mw- \ q- ä m- ­ nÂ

\ofhpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw A\p-]m-

Ken-setbm BWv. Cu Nn´-bpsS

Gähpw anI¨ {]Im-i-

X-ambn F§s\ ]dbmw? Gähpw \-am-Wv ]Xn-t\-gmw

henb hi-¯n\p ]I-cw, Gähpw

\q-äm-­n \yq«¬

{]kn- ² o- I - c n¨ {]Ir-

sNdnb hi-sa-Sp-¯mtem? Xn-X-Xz-§-fpsS KWn-X-

 ka_- l p- ` p- P - § - f nÂ, hi- § - f psS Naturalis Principia

\n-b-a-§Ä (Philosophia

F®hpw, Hcp ]pdw- t Im- W nsâ Mathematica) F¶ {KÙw. Ne-\-¯nsâ

Afhpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ ka- KWn-X-\n-b-a-§-fpw, hnizm-IÀjW \nb-

hm-I-y-sa-´mWv? Cu _Ôw A\p-]m- ahpw CXn-emWv \yq«³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv.

X-ambn ]d-bm³ Ign-bptam?

CXn- \ mbn ]pXnb Nne KWn- X - c o- X n-

IÄXs¶ At±lw I­p-]n-Sn-¨p. Cu

coXn-IÄ ]n¶oSv Ie\w (calculus)

Fs¶mcp KWn-X-im-J-bmbn hfÀ¶p.


KWnXw 
 4  &, 'A   6    & '      6) 

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190
icm-icn
Bdmw¢mkn icm-i-cn-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¨Xv HmÀa-bpt­m? Hcp
icm-i-cn-¡-W¡p t\m¡mw:
Hcp sXmgnÂim-e-bn tPmen sN¿p¶ A©p Iq«p-Im-cpsS Znh-k-h-cp-
am\w CsXm-s¡-bmWv:
350 cq], cq], cq], cq], cq],
400 350 450 450

Ch-cn Hcm-fpsS icm-icn Znh-k-h-cp-am\w F{X cq]-bmWv?

A©p-t]-cp-sSbpw Hcp Znh-ks¯ BsI hcp-am-\s¯ A©p-sIm­p
lcn-¡-Ww. AXn F¶o kwJy-IÄ c­p Xh-W-bp-s­¶p
I­mÂ, Iq«p-¶Xv AÂ]w Ffp-¸-am¡mw:
350, 450

(2 × 350) + ( 2 × 450 ) + 400 = 2000

icm-icn cq].
400

Hmtcm-cp-¯-cp-sSbpw hcp-am\w shtÆsd ]d-bm-sX, icm-icn Znh-k-h-cp-

am\w cq] F¶p am{Xw ]d-ªmÂ, Cu A©p-t]-cpsS km¼-¯n-I-
Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Htc-I-tZi [mc-W-bp-­m-Ip-a-tÃm.
400

C\n Cu IW¡p t\m¡q:

Hcp sXmgnÂim-e-bn ]e-Xcw tPmen sN¿p-¶-h-cpsS F®hpw
Znh-k-¡q-enbpw ]«n-I-bn ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
KWnXw IX
Znh-k-¡qen (cq]) tPmen-¡m-cpsS F®w

300 2

350 4

400 6

450 4

500 4


 +,(  01 (
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20

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Znh-k-¡qen tPmen-¡m-cpsS BsI Iqen
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300 2 600

350 4 1400

400 6 2400

450 4 1800

500 4 2000

' 20 8200


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20 = 410

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9

410

E+3.   -*C 67' /*2

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100 200 8

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192
   

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amÀ¡v Ip«n-IÄ
2 1
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5 4
6 6
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¢mknse icm-icn amÀ¡v IW-¡m-¡pI

193
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11 3

12 3

13 5

14 6

16 6

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300 - 350 4

350 - 400 16

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450 - 500 5

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thX\w shtÆsd Adn-bn-sÃ-¦n-epw, Ah-sbÃmw 250 cq]-bv¡pw, 300
cq]bv¡pw CS-bn-em-sW-¶-dn-bmw. At¸mÄ Cu F«p-t]-cpsS icm-icn
thX-\hpw 250 cq]-bv¡pw, 300 cq]bv¡pw CS-bn-em-Wv. am{X-hp-aÃ
- , km[m-
c-W-K-Xn-bn Cu icm-icn 250 sâbpw 300 sâbpw GXm­v \Sp-¡m-bn-
cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

AXn-\m Hmtcm hn`m-K-¯n-ep-ap-Å-h-cpsS icm-icn thX-\w, B hn`m-

K-¯nsâ IrXyw \Sp-¡p-h-cp¶ kwJy F¶ k¦Â]-a-\p-k-cn-¨mWv
C¯cw ]«nI-I-fn \n¶v icm-icn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.

CX-\p-k-cn-¨v, Cu IW-¡nse ]«nI C§s\ hep-Xm¡mw:

Znh-k-th-X\w tPmen-¡m-cpsS hn`mK BsI

(cq] ) F®w a[yw thX\w

250 - 300 8 275 2200

300 - 350 4 325 1300

350 - 400 16 375 6000

400 - 450 7 425 2975

450 - 500 5 475 2375

- BsI 40 14850

C\n icm-icn Znh-k-th-X\w IW-¡m-¡m-atÃm:

tIc-f-¯nse sam¯w kvIqÄ hnZymÀ°n-I-fpsS Db-c-hpw `mc-hpw, tIc-

f-¯nse sam¯w P\-§-fpsS amk-h-cp-am\w F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ henb
kwJym-ti-J-c-§-fn \n¶v, Ah-bpsS GI-tZ-i-kz-`m-hs¯ kqNn-¸n-
¡p¶ Npcp¡w Nne kwJy-IÄ IW-¡m-¡p¶ ]e coXn-I-fp-­v. BsI


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(2) Hcp ¢mknse Ip«n-Isf Db-c-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Xcw-Xn-

cn¨ ]«nI-bmWv NphsS ImWp-¶-Xv.

Dbcw (skao) Ip«n-I-fpsS F®w

148 - 152 8

152 - 156 10

156 - 160 15

160 - 164 10

164 - 168 7

Cu ¢mknse Ip«n-I-fpsS am[y Dbcw F{X-bmWv?


KWnXw IX
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30 - 35 14

35 - 40 16

40 - 45 22

45 - 50 5

50 - 55 4

55 - 60 3

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 ssk_¿ kpc-£-sb-°p-dn®v Adn-bq...
C‚¿s\- ‰ n- s ‚bpw tkmjy¬ s\‰v h ¿°nwKv ssk‰pI- f p- s Sbpw D]- t bm-
KsØ°pdn®v \ap°v Adn-b-m-w. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw Adn-hp-
t\-Sp-∂-Xnepsa√mw Ch-bpsS A\¥km[yX \mw t\cn-´-dn-™n-´p-f-f-Xm-W-t√m.
F∂m¬ Ipd®p Ime-ambn hnZym¿Yn-I-fpw Iuam-c-°mcpamb Nne-sc-¶nepw
tkmjy¬ aoUn-bbpsS Nqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp-∂p. CØc-
Øn-¬ Cc-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw kzbw c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-X-cm-Ip-∂-
Xn\pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn Hm¨sse≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Nne kpc-£m-am¿§ßƒ \mw kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xmbn-´p-≠v.
 tkmjy¬ s\‰vh¿°nwKv ssk‰pI-ƒ A]-I-S-Im-cn-IfmIp∂-sX-t∏mƒ?
• Hcm- f psS kzIm- c y- h n- h - c - ß sf√mw t]mÃv sNøp- I tbm sjb¿ sNøp- I tbm
sNøptºmƒ; {]tXy-In®v t^m¨ \º¿, A{U-kv, ÿew, t^mt´m-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh.
• Hcm-fpsS s{]mss^¬ I≠v Abmsf hniz-kn-°ptºmƒ; an°-t∏mgpw \¬In-bn-´p-ff
s{]mss^¬ hymPhpw Ak-Xy-hp-am-bn-cn°pw.
• Nm‰ns‚ kv\m]vtjm-´p-Iƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ, hoUn-tbm-Iƒ F∂nh tkhv sNøp∂Xpw
`mhn-bn¬ AXv ªmIvsa-bn-enw-Kn\pw `oj-Wn°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ.
• Hcm-fpsS hy‡nXzw If-¶-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in®v sX‰mb hnh-c-߃, Ia‚p-Iƒ, t]mÃp-
Iƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ssk_¿`o-j-Wn- Db¿Øp-tºmƒ.
• Ip´n-Isf he-bn-em-°n Cc-Ifm°p-∂-Xn\v apXn¿∂-hcpw Igp-I≥I-Æp-f-f-h-cp-amb
\nc-h[n t]¿ kaq-l-Øn-ep≠v.

kpc-£n-X-amb tkmjy¬ s\‰vh¿°nwKn\p-ff \n¿tZ-i-߃
• \nß-fpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-߃ hy‡n-]-c-ambn kq£n-°pI.
• \nß-fpsS Private Settings, Customize sNøp-I. a‰p-f-f-h¿°v \nß-fpsS Basic Info
am{Xw ImWm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.
• \nß-fpsS kplr--Øp-°sf Adn-bpI F∂-Xn¬ am{Xw Npcp-°p-I. Hm¨sse≥ kplr-
Øp-°sf hniz-kn-°cpXv. kμ¿i\w am{X-ambn Npcp-°pI.
• \n߃°v CjvS-an-√mØ t]mÃp-Iƒ I≠m¬ AØcw t]mÃpIƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-
ff AXr]vXn \nß-fp-sS kplr-Øn-t\mSv Xpd∂p ]d-bpI.
• \nßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff kzIm-cy-hn-h-c-߃ t]mÃv sNøm-Xn-
cn-°pI.
• i‡n-bp-ff ]mkvth¿Up-Iƒ D]-tbmKn°pI. Ah \nß-fpsS kplr-Øp-°ƒ°v
sjb¿ sNøm-Xn-cn-°pI.
• \nß-fpsS Nn{X-߃, C˛-sa-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ apX-em-bh a‰p-f-f-h¿°v sjb¿ sNøm-
Xn-cn-°pI.
• \nßfpsS kzImcy ktμ-i-߃ kzIm-cy-ambn hbv°p-I. Hcn-°¬ t]mÃv sNbvXm¬
AXv {]kn-≤-amIpw.

ssk_¿kp-c-£-bv°p≈ Nne {][m\ t^m¨ \º-cp-Iƒ

ss{Iw tÃm∏¿ ˛ 1090
ssk_¿ sk¬ ˛ 9497975998
ssN¬Uv sl¬∏vsse≥ ˛ 1098/1517
I¨t{Smƒ dqw ˛ 100