For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here

Steam
Steam is a vapour used as a working substance in the operation of steam
turbine.
Is steam a perfect gas?
Steam possess properties like those of gases: namely pressure, volume,
temperature, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy. But the pressure volume
and temperature of steam as a vapour are not connected by any simple
relationship such as is expressed by the characteristic equation for a perfect
gas.
Sensible heat – The heat absorbed by water in attaining its boiling point.
Latent heat – The heat absorbed to convert boiling water into steam.
Wet steam – Steam containing some quantity of moisture.
Dry steam – Steam that has no moisture content.
Superheated steam – Dry steam, when heated at constant pressure, attains
superheat
The properties of steam are dependent on its pressure
For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Steam Properties

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Steam Power Plant Process

Fuel Boiler Generator

Turbine

Exhaust Steam
Pump Low Pressure
and temp
Low Pressure
Water
Cold Hot region
pump

Temperature at cold region

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Steam Turbine
 Steam turbine convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high
temperature and pressure into mechanical power-in turn electrical power

 The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of
a high velocity jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which
gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a force.

 The motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in

momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which
is free to rotate.

 The conversion of energy in the blades takes place by impulse, reaction or

impulse reaction principle.

 Steam turbines are available in a few kW(as prime mover) to 1500 MW

Impulse turbine are used for capacity up to

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 What is a Steam Turbine : Working and Its Types

The scope of the steam turbine was in evolution in the first century itself where this device
resembles a toy. Then, the practical application of steam turbine was invented and this
stands as the base for the progression of other kinds of steam turbines. The modern kind
of steam turbine was introduced in the year 1884 by the person Charles Parsons where
the construction includes a dynamo. Later on, this device gained prominence in its
operational ability and people adopted to implement in their operations. This article
describes the concepts related to the steam turbine and its functionality.

What is Steam Turbine?

Definition: Steam turbine comes under the classification of a mechanical machine that
isolates thermal energy form the forced steam and converts this into mechanical energy.
As the turbine produce rotatory motion, it is most appropriate for the operation of
electrical generators. The name itself indicates the device is driven by steam and when
the vaporous stream flows across the turbine’s blades, then the steam cools and then
expands thus delivering almost the energy that it has and this is the continual process.

Steam Turbine

The blades thus transform the device potential energy to that of kinetic movement. In this
way, the steam turbine is operated to supply electricity. These devices make use of
enhanced pressure of steam to rotate electric generators at extremely more speeds
where the revolving speed of these are maximum than water turbines and wind turbines.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here 1/6
 For instance: A conventional steam turbine has a rotating speed of 1800-3600 revolutions
per minute nearly 200 times more spins than that of a wind turbine.

Steam Turbine Working Principle

The operating principle of this device is based on the dynamic movement of the steam.
The increased pressure steam which comes out from the nozzles hits the revolving
blades that are close-fitted to the disc which is placed on the shaft. As because of this
increased velocity in the steam, it develops energetic pressure on the device blades
where then the shaft and blades start to revolve in a similar direction. In general, the
steam turbine isolates the energy of the stem and then transforms it into the kinetic
energy which then flows through the nozzles.

Equipment In Steam Turbine

So, the transform of kinetic energy performs mechanical action to the rotor blades and
this rotor has a connection with the steam turbine generator and this performs as the
intermediary. Because the construction of a device is so streamlined, it generates minimal
noise when compared to other kinds of rotating devices.

In most of the turbines, the revolving blade speed is linear to that of the steam speed
flowing across the blade. When the vapor gets expanded in the single-phase itself from
that boiler force to the exhausted force, then the vapor velocity is extremely increased.
Whereas the major turbine which is used in nuclear plants where the steam expansion
rate is nearly 6 MPa to 0.0008 MPa having a rate of speed at 3000 revolutions per 50 Hz
of frequency and 1800 revolutions at 60 Hz frequency.

So, many nuclear plants function as a one shaft turbine HP generator which has a single
multi-stage turbine and three parallel LP turbines, an exciter along with the main
generator.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here 2/6
 Steam, Gas and Hydraulic Turbines
The working substance differs for different types of turbines.
 Steam turbines are axial flow machines (radial steam turbines are rarely
used) whereas gas turbines and hydraulic turbines of both axial and radial
flow type are used based on applications.
 The pressure of working medium used in steam turbines is very high,
whereas the temperature of working medium used is gas turbine is high
comparatively.
 The pressure and temperature of working medium in hydraulic turbines is
lower than steam turbines.
 Steam turbines of 1300 MW single units are available whereas largest gas
turbines unit is 530 MWand 815 MW

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Merits and Demerits of Steam Turbine
Merits:
• Ability to utilize high pressure and high temperature steam.
• High component efficiency.
• High rotational speed.
• High capacity/weight ratio.
• Smooth, nearly vibration-free operation.
• No internal lubrication.
• Oil free exhaust steam.
• Can be built in small or very large units (up to 1200 MW).
Demerits:
• For slow speed application reduction gears are required.
• The steam turbine cannot be made reversible.
• The efficiency of small simple steam turbines is poor

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Application
• Power generation
• Refinery, Petrochemical,
• Pharmaceuticals,
• Food processing,
• Petroleum/Gas processing,
• Pulp & Paper mills,
• Waste-to-energy

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Turbine Selection
In all fields of application the competitiveness of a turbine is
a combination of several factors:
 Efficiency
 Life
 Power density (power to weight ratio)
 Direct operation cost
 Manufacturing and maintenance costs

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Rankine Cycle

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Reheat on T-s
diagram
Note that T5 < T3. Many
systems reheat to the
same temperature
(T3=T5)
Reheat is usually not in 6
out offered for turbines less
than 50 MW.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Schematic of Rankine Reheat Cycle

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Steam Turbine Classification
Steam turbines can be classified in several different ways:
1. By details of stage design
• Impulse or reaction.
2. By steam supply and exhaust conditions
• Condensing, or Non-condensing (back pressure),
• Automatic or controlled extraction,
• Mixed pressure
• Reheat
3. By casing or shaft arrangement
• Single casing, Tandem compound or Cross compound
4. By number of exhaust stages in parallel:
• Two flow, Four flow or Six flow.
5. By direction of steam flow:
• Axial flow, Radial flow or Tangential flow
6. Single or multi-stage
For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
7. By steam supply
 Steam Turbine Stage

 A turbine stage consists of stationary stator row (guide vanes

or nozzle ring) and rotating rotor row.
 In the guide vanes high pressure, high temperature steam is
expanded resulting in high
 The guide vanes direct the flow to the rotor velocity
 The blades at an appropriate angle.
 In the rotor, the flow direction is changed and
kinetic energy of the working fluid is absorbed by
the rotor shaft producing mechanical energy

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Types of Steam Turbine
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Continue..
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

• Process of complete • Pressure drop with

expansion of steam takes expansion and generation of
place in stationary nozzle kinetic energy takes place
and the velocity energy is in the moving blades
converted into mechanical
work on the turbine work
turbine blades.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Types of Steam Turbine

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Impulse Reaction Turbine
 Modern turbines are neither purely impulse or reaction but a combination
of both.
 Pressure drop is effected partly in nozzles and partly in moving blades
which are so designed that expansion of steam takes place in them.
 High velocity jet from nozzles produce an impulse on the moving blade
and jet coming out from still higher velocity from moving blades produces
a reaction.
 Impulse turbine began employing reaction of upto 20% at the root of the
moving blades in order to counteract the poor efficiency incurred from zero
or even negative reaction.
 Reaction at the root of reaction turbines has come down to as little as 30%
to 40% resulting in the reduction of the number of stages required and the
sustaining of 50% reaction at mid point.
 It may be more accurate to describe the two design as
Disc and diaphragm turbine using low reaction blading
For more
Drum free pdfs
rotor turbine usingjoin
highour telegram
reaction group from here
blading
 Flow Through Steam Turbine Stage
Distance through turbine(reaction
Distance through turbine(impuls turbine)
turbine)

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Compounding of Steam Turbines
 This is done to reduce the rotational speed of the impulse turbine to
Compounding of Steam Turbines practical limits.
 Compounding is achieved by using more than one set of nozzles,
blades rotors in a series keyed to a common shaft; so that either the
steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in
stages.

Three main types of compounded impulse turbines are:

• a. Pressure compounded
• b. Velocity compounded
• c. Pressure and velocity compounded impulse turbines.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Pressure
compoundind
Involves splitting up of the
whole pressure drop
into a series of smaller
pressure drops across
several stages of impulse
turbine.
The nozzles are fitted into a
diaphragm locked in
separates one wheel
chamber from
the casing that another. All
rotors are mounted on the
same shaft.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Velocity drop is achieved through many moving
continue rows of blades instead of a single row of
Pressure velocity moving blades. It consists of a nozzle or a
compounding gives the set of nozzles and rows of moving blades
advantage of attached to the rotor or the wheel and rows
of fixed blades attached to the casing
producing a shortened rotor
compared to pure velocity
compounding.
In this design steam
velocity at exit to the
nozzles is kept
reasonable and thus the
blade speed (hence rotor
rpm)
reduced.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Comparison between Impulse &
Reaction Turbine
Impulse turbine Reaction turbine
 An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that  Reaction turbine makes use of the reaction
orient the steam flow into high speed jets. force produced as the steam accelerates
 Blade profile is symmetrical as no through the nozzles formed by the rotor
pressure drop takes place in the rotor  Blades have aerofoil profile (convergent p
blades drop occurs partly in the rotor
 Suitable for efficiently absorbing Blades passage) since pressure
the high velocity and high
 Efficient at the lower pressure stages
pressure
 Fine blade tip clearances are necessary due
 Steam pressure is constant across the
blades and therefore fine tip clearances are to the pressure leakages
not necessary  Inefficient at the high pressure stages
 Efficiency is not maintained in the lower due to the pressure leakages around
pressure stages (high velocity cannot be the blade tips
achieved in steam for the lower pressure
stages)  Fine tip clearances can cause damage to
the tips of the blades

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Losses in Steam Turbine
 Profile loss: Due to formation of boundary layer on blade surfaces. Profile loss is a
boundary layer phenomenon and therefore subject to factors that influence boundary layer
development. These factors are Reynolds number, surface roughness, exit Mach number and
trailing edge thickness.
 Secondary loss: Due to friction on the casing wall and on the blade root and tip. It
is a boundary layer effect and dependent upon the same considerations as those of profile
loss.
 Tip leakage loss: Due to steam passing through the small clearances required
between the moving tip and casing or between the moving blade tip and rotating shaft. The
extend of leakage depends on the whether the turbine is impulse or reaction. Due to pressure
drop in moving blades of reaction turbine they are more
prone to leakages.
 Disc windage loss: Due to surface friction created on the discs of an impulse
turbine as the disc rotates in steam atmosphere. The result is the forfeiture of shaft power for
an increase in kinetic energy and heat energy of steam

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 continue
 Lacing wire loss: Due to passage blockage created by the presence of lacing wires
in long blade of LP Stages.
 Wetness loss: Due to moisture entrained in the low pressure steam at the exit of LP turbine.
The loss is a combination of two effects; firstly, reduction in efficiency due to absorption of
energy by the water droplets and secondly, erosion of final moving blades leading edges.
 Annulus loss: Due to significant amount of diffusion between adjacent stages or
where wall cavities occur between the fixed and moving blades. The extent of loss
is greatly reduced at high annulus area ratios (inlet/outlet) if the expansion of the
steam is controlled by a flared casing wall.
 Leaving loss: Due to kinetic energy available at the steam leaving from the last
stage of LP turbine. In practice steam does slow down after leaving the last blade,
but through the conversion of its kinetic energy to flow friction losses.
 Partial admission loss: Due to partial filling of steam, flow between the blades is
considerably accelerated causing a loss in power.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 TURBINE
• FEATURES OF TURBINES
We shall consider steam as the working fluid
Single stage or Multistage
Axial or Radial turbines
Atmospheric discharge or discharge below atmosphere in condenser
Impulse/and Reaction turbine
• Impulse Turbines
Impulse turbines (single-rotor or multi-rotor) are simple stages of the
turbines. Here the impulse blades are attached to the shaft. Impulse blades
can be recognized by their shape. They are usually symmetrical and have
entrance and exit angles respectively, around 20 ° . Because they are
usually used in the entrance high-pressure stages of a steam turbine, when
the specific volume of steam is low and requires much smaller flow than at
lower pressures, the impulse blades are short and have constant cross
sections

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 IMPULSE TURBINE

Blade efficiency or Diagram efficiency or

Utilization factor is given by

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 TO BE CONTINUE

The maximum value of blade efficiency

For equiangular blades

If the friction over blade surface is neglected

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Compounding in Impulse Turbine
• If high velocity of steam is allowed to flow through one row of moving
blades, it produces a rotor speed of about 30000 rpm which is too high for
practical use.
• It is therefore essential to incorporate some improvements for practical use
and also to achieve high performance. This is possible by making use of
more than one set of nozzles, and rotors, in a series, keyed to the shaft so
that either the steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine
in stages. This is called compounding. Two types of compounding can be
accomplished: (a) velocity compounding and (b) pressure compounding

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Velocity And Pressure Compounding

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Stage Efficiency and Reheat factor
The Thermodynamic effect on the turbine efficiency can be understood by
considering a number of stages between two stages as shown in Figure

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Velocity Triangles
 The three velocity vectors namely, blade speed, absolute velocity
and relative velocity in relation to the rotor are used to form a
triangle called velocity triangle.
 Velocity triangles are used to illustrate the flow in the bladings of
turbo machinery.
 Changes in the flow direction and velocity are easy to understand
with the help of the velocity triangles.
 Note that the velocity triangles are drawn for the inlet and outlet of
the rotor at certain radii.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Steam Turbine Blade Terminology

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Velocity triangle

Inlet Velocity Triangles Outlet Velocity Triangles

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Combined velocity triangle

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine
If the blade is symmetrical then β1 = β2 and neglecting frictional effects of the
blades on the steam, W1 = W2.
In actual case, the relative velocity is reduced by friction and expressed by a blade
velocity coefficient k.
Thus k = W2/W1
From Euler’s equation, work done by the steam is given by;
Wt = U(Vw1 ± Vw2) (1)
Since Vw2 is in the negative r direction, the work done per unit mass flow is given by,
Wt = U(Vw1+Vw2) (2)

If Va1 ≠ Va2, there will an axial thrust in the flow direction. Assume that Va is constant then,
Wt = UVa (tanα1+ tanα2) (3)
W UV (t β + t β ) (4)

Wt = UVa tanβ1+ tanβ2) Equation (4) is often referred to as the diagram work per unit mass flow and
hence the diagram efficiency is defined as

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Degree of reaction
 Degree of reaction is a parameter that describes the relation
between the energy transfer due to the static pressure change
and the energy transfer due to dynamic pressure change.
 Degree of reaction is defined as the ratio of static pressure
drop in the rotor to the static pressure drop in the stage. It is
also defined as the ratio of static enthalpy drop in the rotor to
the static enthalpy drop in the stage

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Degree of reaction
Zero reaction stage
Let us first discuss the special
case of zero reaction. According
to the definition
of reaction, When Λ = 0, equation
(upper) reveals that h1 = h2 and
equation (lower) that
β1 = β2.
Fifty percent reaction stage
From equation (16) for Λ = 0.5 α1
= β2 and the velocity diagram is
symmetrical Because of
symmetrical. symmetry, it is also
clear that α2 = β1. For Λ=1/2,
the enthalpy drop in the nozzle
row equals the enthalpy drop in
the rotor.
h0 - h1 = h1 - h2

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
Blade Height in Axial Flow turbine
The continuity equation m = ρAV may be used to find the blade
height ‘h’. The annular area of flow = πDh. Thus the mass
flow rate through an axial flow turbine is

Blade height will increase in the direction of flow in a turbine

and decrease in the direction of flow in a compressor.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here
 Difference between Steam Turbine and Steam Engine
The difference between these two is listed below.

Steam Turbine Steam Engine

Minimal friction loss Maximum friction loss

Good balancing properties Poor balancing properties

Construction and maintenance is simple Construction and maintenance is

complicated

Can be good for high-speed devices Only operates for minimal speed devices

Uniform power generation Non-uniform power generation

Enhanced efficiency Less efficiency

Appropriate for huge industrial Appropriate for minimal industrial

applications applications

Advantages/Disadvantages
The advantages of a steam turbine are

The arrangement of the steam turbine needs minimal space

Streamlined operation and reliable system
Requires less operational cost and has only minimal spaces
Elevated efficiency in the steam paths

The disadvantages of a steam turbine are

As because of increased velocity, there will be enhanced frictional losses

Has minimal effectivity which means the proportion of blade to steam velocity is not
optimal

Applications of Steam Turbine

Mixed pressure turbines
Implemented in engineering domains
Power generation tools

FAQs

1). What is a steam turbine efficiency?

It is defined as the proportion of work done on the rotating blades to the entire supplied
energy both calculated for a kilogram of steam.

2). Which turbine is more efficient?

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here 5/6
 The most efficient turbines are impulse turbines.

3). How do you increase the steam turbine efficiency?

Efficiency can be augmented through steam turbine reheating, recovering feed heating of
the turbine, and through the binary vapor cycle.

4). What is the steam turbine generator?

It is the initial power transformation device in the power plant.

5). How can steam turn a turbine?

Through heating of water to the temperature that it gets converted to steam.

This is all about steam turbines. The good rotational balance and minimal hammer blow
allow these devices to be utilized in various industries. The question that arises here is to
know about the applications of steam turbines.

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here 6/6
Do not forget to join us in telegram
group " Free Engineering Books" @
engubook For more free pdfs like this.

THANK YOU

For more free pdfs join our telegram group from here