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Pascal-like Matrix Decomposition Thesis

The document discusses Pascal-like matrices and their properties. It describes how a Pascal-like recursive matrix can be decomposed using lower and upper triangular matrices. The lower and upper triangular matrices obtained from decomposing the recursive matrix satisfy recurrence relations, and their initial conditions depend on the initial condition of the recursive matrix. Decomposing the recursive matrix using lower and upper triangular matrices allows determining the determinant of the recursive matrix.

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10 views38 pages

Pascal-like Matrix Decomposition Thesis

The document discusses Pascal-like matrices and their properties. It describes how a Pascal-like recursive matrix can be decomposed using lower and upper triangular matrices. The lower and upper triangular matrices obtained from decomposing the recursive matrix satisfy recurrence relations, and their initial conditions depend on the initial condition of the recursive matrix. Decomposing the recursive matrix using lower and upper triangular matrices allows determining the determinant of the recursive matrix.

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Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

T.C.

Melek YARDIM

ISPARTA - 2012
Bu tezin akademik ve etik kurallara uygun

Melek YARDIM
Sayfa
......................................................................................................... i
.................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ iii
............................................................................................................ iv
..................................................................... v
................................................................................................................ 1
........................................................................................... 4
3. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR ........................................................................................ 11
.................................................................................. 14
................................................... 14
5. ................................................................................ 26
KAYNAKLAR ......................................................................................................... 27
........................................................................................................... 29

i
Melek YARDIM

bir matrisin

Anahtar Kelimeler: ndirgemeli


dizi, determinant,

2012, 29 sayfa

ii
ABSTRACT

[Link]. Thesis

ON THE PASCAL LIKE MATRICES

Melek YARDIM

Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences


Department of Mathematics

Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr.

Co-Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr.

In this thesis, a Pascal-like recursive matrix is decomposed by . Lower and upper


triangular matrices, which are obtained by the decomposition of , satisfy
recurrence relations. It is seen that, the initial conditions of lower and upper
triangular matrices change depending on the initial condition of recursive matrix.
Finally, it follows from the decomposition of , the determinant of recursive
matrix is obtained.

Keywords: Pascal matrix, recursive matrix, recurrence relation, recursive sequence,


determinant, matrix decomposition.

2012, 29 pages

iii
itibaren her zaman destek olan

Melek YARDIM
ISPARTA, 2012

iv
detA
n

pn
Toeplitz matris
n
r

v
1.

Pascal

Call ve Velleman (1993) ile Lee ve Cho (2008)


i 1
, i j
pij j 1 (1.1)
0, i j

(2002), Moghaddamfar
vd.(2008)

(1.2)

(2004)
Pascal matrisi; (1.2) matrisini de simetrik Pascal

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 1 0 0 , 1 3 6 10 15
1 3 3 1 0 1 4 10 20 35
1 4 6 4 1 1 5 15 35 70

verilebilir.

pij pi 1, j 1 pi 1, j
(1.3)
pi ,0 p0,i 1

(2002)
(1993) ise Pascal matrisinin
halini
i 1
xi j
j 1
, i j
P[ x ] (1.4)
0, i j
1
Stanica ve Peele (2008)
matrisini ile;

Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a; 2008b)

matris dirgeme

Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a; 2008b; 2009), elde etti

bulurken de

(2008a; 2008b)

neticesinde elde

5.

2
bulunulmaktad

3
Call ve Velleman (1993), Pascal matrisini,

i 1
j 1
, i j
pij
0, i j

Pascal matrisinin tersi


i 1
( 1)i j
j 1
, i j
Qij
0, i j

i 1
xi j
j 1
, i j
P[ x ]
0, i j

Peele ve Stanica (2000

matrisinin kuvvetinin

Len [lij(e) ]

matrisinin; karesini
3
n ij ve kuvvetini de

bi , j 1 bi 1, j 1 2bi 1, j bij , 2 i n, 1 j n 1

Fe 1aij(e) Feai(e1,) j Fe 1ai(e1,) j 1 Feai(,ej) 1

ve

matrislerinin kuvvetlerinin bir ikler

matrisinin kuvvetleri ile ilgili

incelemelerine ek olarak Fibonacci matris ya da -matrisi olarak ifade edilen


4
-matrisinin

-matrisinin
kuvvetinin bir

Bacher (2002), Pascal matrisini simetrik ve sonsuz b


Matrisin elem

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

i i 1

ve ( i )i 1

P ,

dereceden bir lineer indirgemeli

(2.4)

5
Moghaddamfar vd.(2008b),
ve ( i )i 1

matrisinin

Moghaddamfar vd. (2008a

boyutunda ve

a1 j j, 1 j n

aij a
j i 1, j 1 a
j i 1, j , 2 i m, 2 j n

1 ve m n
c
matrisi, , , , ,

6
Moghaddamfar vd.(2009

Lee ve Cho (2008), Pascal matrisini , Fibonacci matrisini , ve Pell

matrisini

i 1
j 1
, i j
pij
0, i j

Fi j 1 , i j 1 0
fij
0, i j 1 0

pi j 1 , i j 1 0
sij
0, i j 1 0

boyutundaki bu matrisler,
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 1 0 0 0
P6 ,F , S6
1 3 3 1 0 0 6 3 2 1 1 0 0 12 5 2 1 0 0
1 4 6 4 1 0 5 3 2 1 1 0 29 12 5 2 1 0
1 5 10 10 5 1 8 5 3 2 1 1 70 29 12 5 2 1

7
Bu matrislerin
Pascal matrisin ,

i 1
j 1
xi j yi j 2
, i j
[ x , y]ij ;
0, i j

Fibona ,

ve

tipindeki bu matrisler,
1 0 0 0 0
xy y2 0 0 0
[ x , y ]5 x2y2 2 xy 3 y4 0 0
x 3y 3 3x 2 y 4 3xy 5 y6 0
x4y4 4 x 3y 5 6x2y 6 4 xy 7 y8

1 0 0 0 0
xy y 2
0 0 0
f [ x , y ]5 2x 2y 2 xy 3
y4 0 0
3x 3 y 3 2x 2 y 4 xy 5 y6 0
5x 4 y 4 3x 3 y 5 2 x 2 y 6 xy 7 y8

1 0 0 0 0
2 xy y2 0 0 0
s[ x , y ]5 5x 2 y 2 2 xy 3 y4 0 0
12 x 3 y 3 5x 2 y 4 2xy 5 y6 0
29 x 4 y 4 12 x 3y 5 5x 2 y 6 2 xy 7 y8

8
Moghaddamfar ve Pooya (2009), Toeplitz matris,

matrisinin

dizilerini

ij i
j

ve

T , (n) L 1.P , (n).U 1

ve ma

boyutundaki bir matris,


1 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3
,
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

1 1 2 1 2 3

1 1 1 2

1 2 1 1

1 2 3 1 2 1

1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 3
0 0 0 1

9
ve 1 dir. Determinant

elde edilir.

10
3. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR

tipinde ve tipinde matrisler olsun.

ve ile

A1B1 A1B2 A1Bp


A2B1 A2B2 A2Bp
C AB

AmB1 AmB2 AmBp

ve
n
cij aik bkj
k 1

Herhangi bir , kare matrisinin

i denir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)


kare matrisinde, ise

ise

matrislerdir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)

Teorem 3.5. matris, olan alt


n

ij ik kj
k 1

ve ,

ve

11
1 3 2
A 2 12 3 matrisini
1 15 1

ve 11

, olarak elde edilir.

32 , , u23 1 ve

olur. O halde matrisler


1 0 0
L 2 1 0 ,
1 2 1

olarak elde edilir. (Bozkurt vd. 2010)

matrisine Toeplitz matris denir. (Davis, 1994)


tipindeki bir Toeplitz matrisi
a0 a1 a2 a n 1

a1 a0 a1
T a2 a1 a0 a2
a1
an 1 a2 a1 a0

Herhangi bir dizide terimin bir

terimi

12
Fibonacci dizisidir. Fibonacci dizisi,

n n 0

n n 0

n n 0

fonksiyonuna, (Koshy, 2001)

13
4.1. Pascal Benzer Bir Matrisin LU

( i )i 1 , dizisi,

(4.1)

.
, matrisi,

(4.2)

(4.3)

matrisinin alt

Teorem 4.1. , matrisinin;

(4.4)

i
i1
(4.5)
i 1
i2

ve U uij
1 i,j n

14
(4.6)

1j j

2j (4.7)
j 2 j 1 j

3j 2, j 2 2, j 1 2, j j

matrisi ile

ve ve
matrisi ile

(4.8)

(4.9)

(4.10)

(4.11)

(4.12)

(4.13)

(4.14)

ve

i2 ik k 2 i 1 12 i 2 22
k 1

i i 1
2

i i 1 i 1

15
n
(lu)i 3 likuk 3 li1u13 li 2u23 li 3u33
k 1

i
3
i 1
(x 1 y 2 (z p) 3 ) (li 1,2 zli 1,3 )(xu21 yu22 zu23 q 3 )
b b
i
(p2b qb) i 1
(xb yqb (z p)(p2b qb))
b b
( i 2
zli 1,3 )(yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p2b qb))
b
i (p2 q) i 1 (x yp (z p)(p2 q))
i 2 (yq z(x yp (z p)(p2 q)) q(p2 q))
zli 1,3 (yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p 2b qb))
(p2 q)( i p i 1 q i 2 ) i 1 (x yp z(p2 q))
i 2 (yq z(x yp (z p)(p2 q))
zli 1,3 (yqb z(xb ypb (z p)(p2b qb)) q(p 2 q))

(4.15)

ile

n
i 1
i 1,1 i 1,k k 1 i 1,1 11 1 i 1 (4.16)
k 1

n
(lu)i 1,2 li u
1,k k 2 li 1,1 12u li 1,2 22u
k 1
(4.17)
i 1
2
i 2
bq p i 1 q i 2 i ,
b b

16
n
(lu)i 1,3 li 1,k k 3 u li 1,1 13u li u
1,2 23 li u
1,3 33
k 1

i 1
3
i 2
(x 1 y 2 (z p) 3 )
b b
li 1,3 (xu21 yu22 zu23 q 3 ) (4.18)
i 1 (p2 q) i 2 (x yp (z p)(p2 q))
li 1,3 (yqb z(x yp (z p)(p2 q)) q(p2 q)).

(4.16) denklemi x ile , (4.17) denklemi ile ve (4.18) denklemi z

ve

n
(lu)1 j l1kukj l11u1 j
k 1

1
j j .
b

n
(lu)2 j l2kukj
k 1
l21u1 j l22u2 j
2
j
1
(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
b b
p j x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j

x j 2 y j 1 z j

xu1, j 2 yu1, j 1 zu1, j .

de

17
n
(lu)3 j l3kukj l31u1 j l32u2 j
k 1

(p2b qb) pb
j (x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
b b
(l22 l23 )(xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j q j )
(p2 q) j p(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j )
x( x j 4 y j 3 (z p) j 2 ) y(x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1 )
z(x j 2 y j 1 (z p) j ) q j

j (p 2
zp p 2
z 2
zp) j 1 (py yz py yz)
j 2 (xp xz xp y 2 xz) j 3 (xy xy ) j 4 (x 2 )
z2 j 2yz j 1 (y 2 2 xz) j 2 2 xy j 3 x2 j 4 .

(4.19)
, ve
n
(lu)2, j 2 l2kuk , j 2 l21u1 j l22u2, j 2
k 1
pb
j 2
1
(x j 4 y j 3 (z p) j 2 ) (4.20)
b b
p j 2 x j 4 y j 3 z j 2 p j 2

x j 4 y j 3 z j 2 ,
n
(lu)2, j 1 l2kuk , j 1 l21u1, j 1 l22u2, j 1
k 1

pb
j 1
1
(x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1 ) (4.21)
b b
p j 1 x j 3 y j 2 (z p) j 1

x j 3 y j 2 z j 1 ,

ve
(4.22)

(4.20) x ile, (4.21) ile ve (4.22) z

i, j 4 matris

18
n n
(lu)ij likukj (li 1,k 1 zli 1,k )ukj
k 1 k 1
n n
li 1,k 1ukj z li u
1,k kj
k 1 k 1
n
li 1,k 1 (xuk 1, j 2 yuk 1, j 1 ) z(lu)i 1, j
k 1
n n
x li 1,k 1uk 1, j 2 y li u
1,k 1 k 1, j 1 z(lu)i 1, j
k 1 k 1

n n
(lu)ij x li 1,t ut , j 2 y li u
1,t t , j 1 z(lu)i 1, j
t 1 t 1

x(lu)i 1, j 2 y(lu)i 1, j 1 z(lu)i 1, j .

oldu.
Bir matrisi

matrisinin ma
,

n 3
(4.23)
k 1

( i )i 1 2. dereceden indirgemeli dizisinde,

dizisi; d
matrisleri incelenecektir.

19
matrisinde

1 1 2 3 5 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 8
1 2 4 6 10 16 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 8
2 3 7 12 20 32 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 8
3 5 12 22 39 64 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 8
5 8 20 39 73 125 5 3 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
8 13 33 67 132 237 8 5 7 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

olur.

ij i , j 1 matrisinde

1 2 5 12 29 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12 29
2 5 8 19 46 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 12
5 12 15 32 73 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 6 18 48
12 29 32 59 120 12 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 6 24
29 70 73 120 211 29 12 8 4 1 0 0 0 0 6

ise,

olarak bulunur.
matrisinin indirgeme

matrisi elde edilecektir.


Bu yeni matrisin, Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a

(k )
i i 1 olan bir dizi olsun. matrisinin
k 2

ai1 Fi , i 1
ai 2 Fi 1 , i 2 (4.24)
(k )
a1 j j , j 1, k 2

matrisinin

incelenecektir.

20
Teorem 4.5.

matris olsun. O halde matrisinin;

(4.25)

(4.26)

ve

(4.27)
(k )
u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j (k ) (k ) (k )
(4.28)
x j 2 y j 1 (z 1) j , j 3
(k )
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j j , j 3

r.
Teorem 4.1. de verilen ve matrislerinin

ve
ve ve
.

(4.29)

o
ve y z 1 matrisi,

1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 4 4 3 2
2 3 8 12 15 13
B
3 5 15 26 43 52
5 8 26 51 99 147
8 13 44 93 202 348

21
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 2
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 12 11
3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 26
5 3 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 19
8 5 7 7 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 3

olarak bulunur. Buradan

Teorem 4.5. te verilen matrisinde


Moghaddamfar vd.(2008a

Teorem 4.8.

i)

olan matrisinin;

lij li 1, j 1 zli 1, j , i, j 3
li 1 i , i 1
li 2 i 1 , i 2

ve

22
uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4
u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j
x y z 1, j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 (z 1)u2 j , j 3

n 3

k 1

ii)

ai 2 Li , i 2
a1 j Fj , j 1

olan matrisinin;

lij li 1, j 1 zli 1, j , i, j 3
li 1 Fi , i 1
li 2 Fi 1 , i 2

ve

uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4


u1 j Fj , j 1
2, j 2
u2 j
xFj 2 yFj 1 (z 1)Fj , j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j Fj , j 3

n 3
k
n 2 k 1

23
iii)

olan matrisinin;

ij i 1, j 1 i 1, j

i1 i

i2 i 1

ve

uij xui 1, j 2 yui 1, j 1 , i, j 4


u1 j j , j 1
1, j 2
u2 j
xu1, j 2 yu1, j 1 (z 2)u1 j , j 3
u3 j xu2, j 2 yu2, j 1 zu2 j j , j 3

n 3

k 1

Teorem 4.1
ve matrisi,

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 3 3 3
1 3 6 8 9 9
1 4 10 17 23 26
1 5 15 31 50 66
1 6 21 51 96 147

24
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 4
L , U
1 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 7
1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5
1 5 10 10 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

olarak elde edilir. Burada elde edilen

elde edilir.

25
5.

incelenebilir.

dereceden indirgemeli diziler ele

d uvvetleri
de incelendi. Fakat,

meli dizi olan matrisin

26
KAYNAKLAR

Bacher, R., 2002. Determinants to the Matrices Related to the Pascal Triangle.
Journal de Theorie des Nombres de Bordeaux, 14, 19-41.

Bozkurt, D.,
492s, Konya.

100,372-376.
Davis, J.P., 1994. Circulant Matrices, American Mathematical Soceity, 250s, USA.

Edelman, A.,Strang, G.,2004. Pascal Matrices, The Mathematical Association of


America, 111, 189-197.

[Link]

Koshy, T., 2001. Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Wiley-Interscience,
652s, New York.

Lee, G.Y., Cho, S.H.,2008. The Generalized Pascal Matrix Via the Genarlized
Fibonacci Matrix and the Generalized Pell Matrix. Journal of the Korean
Mathematical Society, 45, 479-491.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2008. Certain Matrices Related to
the Fibonacci Sequence Having Recursive Entries. Electronic Journal of
Linear Algebra, 17, 543-576.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2008. The Determinants of Matrices
with Recursive Entries. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 428, 2468-2481.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Pooya, S.M.H., Salehy, S.N., Salehy, S.N., 2009. A Symbolic
Evaluation of Determinants of Matrices with Recursive Entries. Lobachevskii
Journal of Matehmatics, 30, 46-56.

Moghaddamfar, A.R., Pooya, S.M.H., 2009. Generalized Pascal Triangles and Toeplitz
Matrices. Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra, 18, 564-588.

Peele, R., Stanica, P., 2008. Matrix Powers of Column-Justified Pascal Triangles and
Fibonacci Sequence. Fibonacci Quarterly, 40, 146-152.

Stanica, P., [Link] Matrices. International Journal of Mathematics and


Mathematical Sciences, 39, 2507-2518.

27
Zakrajsek, H., Petkovsek, M., 2003. Pascal-Like Determinants are
[Link] in Applied Mathematics, 33, 431-450.

28
ÖZGEÇMİŞ

Adı Soyadı : Melek YARDIM


Doğum Yeri ve Yılı : Alanya, 1988
Medeni Hali : Bekar
Yabancı Dili : İngilizce
E-posta : melekyardim@[Link]

Eğitim Durumu
Lise : Alanya Özel Ufuk Fen Lisesi, 2005
Lisans : Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Matematik, 2010

Mesleki Deneyim
SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, 2011-…….. (halen)

29

Common questions

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Recursive sequences in matrix theory allow for the systematic construction of matrices where each element is derived from a defined rule, typically based on preceding elements. These sequences provide a structured method to generate predictable and analytically useful matrices such as Pascal-like and Fibonacci matrices, thereby facilitating theoretical investigations and practical applications in solving linear algebraic problems, dynamics simulations, and more .

Calculating the determinant of recursive matrices like Pascal-like matrices is crucial as it informs on matrix properties such as invertibility and eigenvalues. A determinant aids in understanding the stability of matrices and their characteristic equations, leading to insights into how solutions to matrix equations behave. In recursive matrices, determinant computation often explicitly illustrates the cumulative effects of recursive processes across the matrix .

Both Fibonacci sequences and Pascal-like matrices follow recursive patterns, allowing for the use of similar mathematical tools and concepts in their study and application. Pascal-like matrices can incorporate Fibonacci-like sequences within their structure as they too rely on initial conditions and recurrence for their formulation. This parallel extends to applications where these matrices offer models for growth and relationships that mirror those found in Fibonacci sequences .

Matrix powers play an essential role in the study of Pascal-like matrices as they reveal long-term behavior and structural properties when exponentiated. The patterns observed in powers of these matrices can mirror or illuminate properties such as growth rates and stability. Applications often exploit these aspects in dynamics modeling where recursive sequences are significant, such as in the study of compound interest, population growth models, and other scenarios where evolutionary series are of interest .

The decomposition of a Pascal-like recursive matrix is significant because it results in lower and upper triangular matrices that satisfy recurrence relations. This decomposition allows researchers to determine the determinant of the recursive matrix, which is a crucial characteristic in matrix theory as it facilitates the computation of eigenvalues and informs on the invertibility of the matrix .

Matrix decomposition into lower and upper triangular matrices, often an LU decomposition, simplifies complex matrix equations by allowing them to be solved in stages. First, the lower matrix can be used to solve for intermediate variables in a forward substitution process. Then, the upper matrix facilitates the determination of the final variables through backward substitution. This decomposition reduces the original problem into manageable parts, resulting in significant computational efficiencies and clearer understanding of the underlying algebraic structure .

Recurrence relations are fundamental to the structure of Pascal-like matrices as they define the iterative process through which elements of the matrix are generated. These relations underpin the recursive property of these matrices, enabling the identification of patterns and the derivation of matrices like the upper and lower triangular forms upon decomposition. They also facilitate computations involving determinants and inverses of these matrices, highlighting their central role in analytical procedures within matrix theory .

Toeplitz matrices are characterized by constant diagonals while Pascal-like matrices are recursive. The properties of Toeplitz matrices can be related to Pascal-like matrices through the process of matrix reduction where certain patterns from Pascal-like matrices can manifest in the Toeplitz form under specific recursive sequences .

The symbolic evaluation of determinants of matrices with recursive entries can be challenging due to the complexity introduced by the recursive nature, which involves nested dependencies. Every entry potentially affects many others recursively, leading to intricate dependencies that can complicate direct computation. Finding a closed-form expression often requires innovative mathematical approaches and may not always be feasible, thus necessitating numerical simplifications or approximations .

The initial conditions of the lower and upper triangular matrices obtained from the decomposition of Pascal-like recursive matrices vary based on the initial condition of the recursive matrix itself. This variability is critical as it impacts the specific recurrence relations met by these matrices, influencing their structural properties and the overall characteristics of the decompositions .

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