SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Science- Science is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical

expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.
 Technology – is the application of science and creation of systems, process and objects
designed to help humans in their daily activities.
 Society – Society is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the
interactions that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things.
- It is also defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or
a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory typically subject
to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
 Science, Technology and Society – is an interdisciplinary course designed to examine
the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by our society, politics and
culture.
- History and philosophy of science and technology, sociology and anthropology are
greatly interconnected to the discussion of STS because these are the very factors
that molded the development of science and technology as we know it today.
- Science, Technology and Society is important to the public because it helps address
issues and problems that are of concern to the general population.
- Scientific and technological principles have been and continue to be applied to solve
problems that people experience in their day-to-day aspects of living. But scientific
findings must be applied at the right scales. The impact of technological
breakthroughs on people, society and the environment must be critically assessed to
preserve its value.
 These things sits at the interface between the three fields and can be also be solved (If
they can be solved at all) by the application of scientific knowledge, technical expertise, social
understanding and humane compassion.

The Role of Science and Technology

1. Alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact with profound effects on
economic development.
2. Key Drivers to development because technological and scientific revolutions underpin
economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
3. The technological revolutions of the 21 st century are emerging from entirely new sectors
based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology.
Products are transforming business practices across the economy as well as the lives of
all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from
the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge.
4. Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries.
5. Differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing
and developing their economies and those that are not.
6. Engine of Growth
7. Interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering.
B. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENT IN THE WORLD

[Link] Ancient Times to 600 BC

- Science during ancient times involved practical arts like healing practices and
metal tradition. Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000 years before
Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices.

- Most historians agree that the heart of Egyptians medicine was trial and error.

PAPYRUS PLANT PAPYRUS PAPER

o The Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as compared with other

ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization –
The Papyrus
o The Papyrus is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed
which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

POTTERY
o Although the Egyptians were renowned for their medicine and for papyrus.
Other cultures had impressive inventions of their own. Around the time that
 papyrus was first being used in Egypt, the Mesopotamians were making pottery
using the first known potter’s wheel. Not long after, horse- drawn chariots were
being used.

Sumerians – “Circle”

Babylonian- “Triangle”

CHINESE COMPASS

o As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the Chinese were using compasses to aid
themselves in their travels. The ancient world then was filled with inventions
that, although they sound commonplace today, revolutionized life during those
times. These inventions are history’s first inklings of science.

The Advent of Science (600 BC to 500 AD)

 The ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell. They were the
first true scientists. They collected facts and observations and then used those observations
to explain the natural world.
 This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge especially in Anatomy,
Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geography, Mathematics and Astronomy.

The Scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the
application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research in their scientific
investigations. This was passed on from ancient Greek philosophers to medieval Muslim
philosophers and scientists to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment to the secular
sciences of the modern day.
 Revisionists- philosopher pro in alterations
Traditionalist- lack of innovations

Islamic Golden Age

 The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic and scientific flourishing in
the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the eighth century to the fourteenth
century with several contemporary scholars dating the end of the era to the fifteenth or
sixteenth century.
 This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid
caliph Harun al- Rashid (786-809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in
Baghdad.

 Islamic Science was characterized by having practical purposes as well as the goal of
understanding. Astronomy was useful in determining the Qibla, which is the
direction in which to pray, botany is applied in agriculture and geography enabled
 scientists to make accurate maps. Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic
Golden Age with the works of Al-khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid al kasha that led
to advanced in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic Numerals.

 There was also great progress in medicine during this period Al-Biruni and Avicenna
produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundreds of drugs
made from medicinal plant and chemical compounds. Islamic doctors describe
diseases like smallpox and measles and challenged classical Greek medical
knowledge.

Science and Technology in Ancient China

 Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions that include the compass,
gunpowder, papermaking and printing.

KARL MARX

 He stated that gunpowder, compass and printing press were the Three Great
Inventions.

The Enlightenment Period

  The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason was characterized by radical
reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and science over
blind faith.
 This period produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws,
wars and revolutions.
 In this era dedicated to human progress, the advancement of the natural sciences is
regarded as the main exemplification of, and fuel for, such progress.

ISAAC NEWTON

 Isaac Newton’s epochal accomplishment in his Principia Mathematica consists in the

comprehension of a diversity of physical phenomena- in particular the motions of
heavenly bodies, together with the motions of sublunary bodies- in few relatively simple
universally applicable, mathematical laws was a great stimulus to the intellectual activity
of the eighteenth century and served as a model and inspiration for the researchers of a
number of Enlightenment thinkers.

Historical antecedents
Industrial revolution (1760-1840)

The rise of modern science and the Industrial Revolution were closely connected. It is
difficult to show any direct effect of scientific discoveries upon the rise of the textile or even the
metallurgical industry in Great Britain, but there certainly was a similarity in attitude to be
found in science and nascent industry.

 What science offered in the 18th Century was the hope that careful observation and
experimentation might improve industrial production significantly.
 The science of Metallurgy permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to industrial
specifications.
 The science chemistry permitted the creation of new substances like the aniline dyes, of
fundamental industrial importance.
 Electricity and magnetism were harnessed in the electric dynamo and motor.
 Until that period science probably profited more from industry than the other way
around. It was the steam engine that posed the problems that led by way of a search for
a theory of steam power to the creation of thermodynamics.
 Most importantly, as industry required ever more complicated and intricate machinery,
the machine tool industry developed to provide it and in the process, made possible the
construction of ever more delicate and refined instruments for science.

The Industrial Revolution had one further important effect on the development of modern
science.

 The prospect of applying science to the problems of industry served to stimulate public
support for science.
 Governments, in varying degrees and at different rates, began supporting science even
more directly by making financial grants to scientists by founding research institutes and
by bestowing honors and official posts on great scientists.

By the end of the 19th century the natural philosopher following his private interests had given
way to the professional scientists with a public role.
The Main Feature involved in the industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic and
cultural. The technological changes included the following:

1. The use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel.

2. The use of energy sources including both fuels and motive power such as coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum and the internal-combustion engine.

3. The invention of new machines such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with smaller expenditure of human energy.

4. A new organization of work known as the factory system which entailed increased
division of labor and specialization of function.

5. Important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam

locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph and radio.

6. The increasing the application of science to industry. These technological changes made
possible a tremendously increased use a natural resources and the mass production of
manufactured goods.

20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

It generally entirely novel insights in all areas of research -often thanks to the
introduction of novel research methods and it established an intimate connection between
science and technology.

 
 The scientific legacy of the 20th century gave proof of the revolutionary changes in
many areas of the sciences- in particular ,physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry ,neurosciences
and earth environmental sciences and how they contributed to these changes.

The epistemological and methodological questions as well as the interdisciplinary

aspects become over more important in scientific research. The common denominator of the
sciences is the notion of discovery and discovery is an organised mode of observing nature.

  Twentieth century cosmology greatly improved our knowledge of the place that man
and his planet occupy in the universe. The "wonder" that Plato and Aristotle put at the origin of
thought, today extends to science itself. Questions now arise on the origin and on the whole its
history and its laws.

The start of the 20th century was strongly marked by Einstein's formulation of the
theory of relativity 1905 including the unifying concepts of energy related to mass and the
speed of light E=mc2. He made many more contributions notably to statistical mechanics and
he provided a great inspiring influence for many other physicists.

In the second half of the 20th Century several branches of science continued to make
great progress and we here list Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, and Astronomy. For
example, there was the development of the semi-conductor 12 (transistor), followed by
developments in nanotechnology that led to great advances in information technology. In
nuclear physics the discovery provided a great leap forward.
 Physics has enabled us to understand the basic components of matter and we are well
on the way to an even more consistent and unitary understanding of the entire structure of
natural reality which we discover as being made up not only of matter and energy but also of
information and forms.

Biology too, with the discovery of DNA and the development of genetics, allows us to
penetrate the fundamental processes of life and to intervene in the gene pool of certain
organisms by imitating some of these natural mechanisms, Information Technology and the
digital processing if information have transformed our lifestyle and our way of communicating
in the space of very few decades. The 20 th century has seen medicine find a cure for many life-
threatening diseases and the beginning of organ transplant.

Science and Technology in the fourth Industrial Revolution

The Fourth Industrial Revolution us a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between
the physical, digital and biological worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI),
robotics, the internet of things things (loT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum
computing and other technologies. It’s the collective force behind many products and services
that are fast becoming indispensable the modern life.

 Think GPS systems that suggest the fastest route to a destination

 Voice-activated virtual assistants such as Apple's Siri
 Personalized Netflix recommendations
 Facebook's ability to recognized your face and tag you in friend's photo

The easiest way to understand the Fourth Industrial Revolution is to focus on

technologies driving it. Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes computers that can “think” like
humans- recognizing complex patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, and
making recommendations. AI is used in many ways from spotting patterns in huge piles of
unstructured data to powering the autocorrect on your phone.

New computational technologies are making computer smarter. They enable computers
to process vast amounts of data faster than ever before, while the advent of the “cloud” has
allowed businesses to safely store and access their information from anywhere with
internet access, at any time. Quantum computing technologies now in development will
eventually make computers millions of times more powerful. These computers will have the
potential to supercharge AI, create highly complex data models in seconds and speed up the
discovery of new materials.
 3D printing allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts with less tooling at
a lower cost, and faster than via traditional processes, plus, designs can be customized to
ensure a perfect fit.

The loT describes the idea of everyday items from medical wearable that monitor users’
physical condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into parcels- being connected to the
internet and identifiable by other devices. A big plus for businesses is that they can collect
customer data from constantly connected products, allowing them to better gauge how
customers use products and tailor marketing campaigns accordingly.

Historical Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

PRE-SPANISH ERA

   There is not much written about the Philippines during pre-colonial time but analysis
from Archeological artifacts revealed that the first inhabitants in the archipelago.
  They have come to understand that when clay is mixed with 2 water and then shaped
into something before sun drying; it hardens to an object that can also be useful to
them. And because clay is moldable, it can be shaped into various objects.

 As the early Filipinos flourished, they have learned how to extract, smelt and refine
metals like copper, gold, bronze, and iron from nature and consequently fashion them
into tools and implements.

 As the inhabitants shifted from wandering from one place to another and learned to
settle in areas near the water source, they also learned how to weave cotton, engaged
themselves in agriculture and are knowledgeable on building boats for coastal trade.

 The ingenuity of the Ifugaos in building the Banaue Rice Terraces.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

 As claimed by Caoili (1983), the beginnings of modern science and technology in the
country can be tracked back to the Spanish regime because they established schools,
hospitals, and started scientific research that had important consequences in the
development of the country.

 Dr. Jose [Link]. [Link] Rizal is the epitome of the Renaissance man in the Philippine
context. He is a scientist, a doctor an engineer (he designed and built a water system in
Dapitan), a journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a hero.

 In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created and whose
functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake
specimen examination for clinical and medico-legal cases.
  Its publication, probably the first scientific journal in the country was titled Cronica de
Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas showed the studies undertaken during that time.

 As the colonization of the Spaniards lengthened, they began to exploit the natural
resources of the country through agriculture, mining of metals and minerals and
establishing various kinds of industries to further promote economic growth.

 By the nineteenth century Manila has become a cosmopolitan center and modern
amenities were introduced to the City.

 The Philippines had evolved into a primary agricultural exporting economy and this is
not because of the researches undertaken on this field but was largely because of the
influx of foreign capital and technology which brought modernization of some sectors,
notably sugar and hemp production.

AMERICAN PERIOD

 The establishment of various public tertiary schools like the Philippine Normal School
and University of the Philippines provided the needs for professionally trained Filipinos
in building the government's organization and programs.

 The growth and application of science were still concentrated on the health sector in the
form of biochemical analyses in hospitals. The government supported basic and applied
research in the medical, agricultural and related sciences.

 The University of the Philippines Los Banos opened the College of Agriculture in 1909
while the University of the Philippines- Diliman opened the College of Arts. Engineering
the Veterinary Medicine in 1910. The College of Medicine was opened four years later.

 Capacity building programs that include sending qualified Filipinos abroad for advanced
training were conducted to eventually fill up the teaching position is in Philippines
Universities. Moreover, the American colonial government sent Filipino youths to be
educated as teachers, engineers, physicians and lawyers in American colleges to further
capacitate the Filipinos in various fields.

 However, there was difficulty in recruiting students for science and technology courses
like veterinary medicine, engineering, agriculture, applied sciences and Industrial -
vocational courses.
  The unpopularity of these courses stemmed from the Filipino's disdain toward manual
work that developed from the 400 years under Spanish colonization. The Filipinos then
prefer prestigious professions at that time like priesthood, law and medicine.

 The government provided more support for the development of science and created the
Bureau of a Government Laboratories in and was later changed to Bureau of Science. It
was composed of biological laboratory, chemical laboratory, serum laboratory for the
production of virus vaccine serums and prophylactics and a library.

 The Bureau of Science served as the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and
paved the way for pioneering scientific research, most especially on the study of various
tropical diseases that were prevalent during those times like leprosy, tuberculosis,
cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri.

 Another great contribution of the Bureau of Science to the development of science and
technology in the country was the publication of the Philippine Journal of Science. The
Scientific journal published researches done in local laboratories and reported global
scientific developments that had relevance to the Philippine society. The Bureau of
Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II. Lastly,
on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.

 COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

The Filipinos were busy in working towards economic reliance but acknowledge the
importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic development of the
country by declaring that. "The State shall promote scientific research and inventions." The
short live Commonwealth Government was succeeded by the Japanese occupation when the
Pacific war broke out in 1941.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE

In 1946, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science and was placed
under the Office of the President of the Philippines. However, the agency faced lack of financial
support from the government and experienced planning and coordination problems.

 In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic
information which was necessities to the country’s industries, lack of support of
Experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of
scientist employed by the government.

 In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed
the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board
(NSDB)

 The Philippine government focused on science and technology institutional capacity-

building which were undertaken by establishing infrastructure-support facilities such as
new research agencies and development trainings

 However good these projects were, it produced insignificant effects because of lack
coordination and planning, specifically technology planning, between concerned
agencies which hindered them from performing their assigned functions effectively.

 Likewise, during this time, rebuilding the country involved establishing more estate
funded manual and trading schools which would eventually become the current state
universities and colleges.

 The trade schools produced craftsmen, tradesmen, and technicians that helped in
shaping a more technological Philippines while still being an agricultural based nation.

 Eventually, when these trade schools were elevated to college and university status,
they produced much of the country’s professionals, although there was a great disparity
on the low proportion of those in agriculture, medical and natural sciences with those
 from teacher training and commerce/ business administration courses which had higher
number of graduates.

 The increase in the number of graduates led to the rise of professional organizations of
scientist and engineers. These organizations were formed to promote professional
interests and create and monitor the standards of practice.

 As summarized by Caoili. “There has been little innovation in the education and training
of scientist and engineers since engineers since independence in 1946. This is part due
to the conservative nature of self-regulation by the professional associations because of
the specialized training vertical organizations by disciplines and lack of liaison between
professions, professional associations have been an able to perceive the dynamic
relationship between science, technology and society and the relevance of their training
to Philippine conditions.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1960’S TO 1990’S

During these years the government gave greater importance to science and technology
the government declared in section 9 (1) of the 1973 Philippine constitution that the
“advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development.”

 On April 6 1968 Pres. Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed the 35 hectare land in Bicutan,
Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science Community.

 In 1969, the government provided funds to private universities to encourage them to

conduct research and create courses in science and technology.

 The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and college
science teacher's, training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate
science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography.

 In the 1970’s, focus on science and technology was given to applied research and the
main objective was to generate products and processes that were supposed to have a
greater beneficial impact to the society. Relative to this, several research institutes were
 established under the National Science Development Board (NSDB) which includes the
Philippine Coconut Research Institute and Philippine Textile Research Institute.

 The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission another agency under NSDB explored the
uses of atomic energy for economic development. To prepare the pool of scientists who
will work on Philippine Atomic Commission Pres. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in
undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientist abroad to study nuclear science
and technology and providing basic training to 482 scientist, doctors, engineers and
technicians.

 In 1972, by virtue of Presidential Decree No.4, the National Grains

Authority was created and it was tasked to improve the rice and
corn industry and thereby help in the economic development of the
country.


 This was followed by the creation of Philippine Council for Agricultural

Research to support the progressive development of agriculture,
forestry and fisheries in the country.

 The Marcos Administration also established the Philippine

Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service
Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National
Defense to provide environmental protection and to utilize
scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people through
Presidential Decree No. 78,s. 1972

 Philippine National Oil Company was created by virtue of

Presidential Decree No. 334,s. 1973 to promote industrial and
economic development through effective and efficient use of energy
sources.

 To strengthen the scientific culture in the country, the

National Academy of science and Technology was
 established under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s.1976. The National Academy of
Science and Technology was composed of scientist with “innovative achievement in
the basic and applied sciences” who will serve as the reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise for the country.

 In the 1980’s, science and technology was still focused on applied research.

 In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology
Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and development Councils;

1. Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and

Development (PCARRD).
2. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development
(PCIERD).
3. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) .
4. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP).

 In March 1983, Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for
the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences. As a
consequence, six new institutes were created:
1. The National Institutes of Physics
2. Geological Sciences
3. Natural Sciences Research
4. Chemistry
5. Biology
6. Mathematical Sciences

 Establishment of a Scientific Career System in the Civil Service by Presidential Decree

No.901 on 19 July 1983. This is designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in
government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers.

 In 1986,
was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science
and technology a representation in the cabinet.
 In this period, science and 24 Technology was one of the top three priorities of the
government towards economic recovery.

 With the agency’s elevation to full cabinet stature by virtue of

Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987, the functions
and responsibilities of DOST expanded correspondingly to
include the following:
 (1) Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local
scientific and technological effort.
 (2) Develop local capability to achieve technological self-
reliance;
 (3) Encourage greater private sector participation in research
and development moreover, funding for the science and
technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992.

 The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated which aimed at the
modernization of the production sector, upgrading research activities and development
of infrastructure of Science and technological purposes.

 A Research and Development Plan was also formulated to examine and determine
which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority.

 The criteria for identifying the program to pursued were,

1. Development of local materials
2. Probability of Success
3. Potential of product in the export market
4. Its strategic nature

The grants for the research and development programs were included in the Omnibus
Investment Law.

 In 1998, there were an estimated 3,000 competent scientists

and engineers in the Philippines. Adding to the increase of
scientists would be the result of the two newly built
 Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further
development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum.
 The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up
professions related to S&T.
 Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established. The award was published in order to
give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T.

 DOST established the “Science and Technology Agenda for National Development
(STAND)”, a program that was significant to the field of S&T. It identified seven export
products, 11 domestic needs, three other supporting industries and the coconut
industry as priority investment areas.

 The Seven Identified Products were computer software; fashion accessories; gifts, toys
and housewares; marine products; metal fabrications; furniture; and dried fruits. The
Domestic needs identified were food, housing, health, clothing, transportation,
communication, disaster mitigation, defense, environment, man power development,
and energy. Three additional support industries were included in the list of priority
sectors namely packaging, chemicals, and metals because of their linkages with the
above sectors.

 Numerous laws and projects were implemented

which concerns both the environment and science to push
technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level. This is
to help increase the productivity from Science, Technology and
Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people. Moreover, the term
“Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia.

 The STI was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such
as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS) which focuses in
science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum. This
helps schools produced get more involved in this sector. Private
sectors were also encouraged to participate in
 developing the schools through organizing events and sponsorships. Future Filipino
scientists and innovators can be produced through this system.

HOPES IN PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In April 2016, the country launched into space its first

micro satellite called Diwata-1.
1. Provides real time, high resolution and multi-color infrared
images for various applications, including meteorological
imaging, crop and ocean productivity measurement and high
resolution imaging of natural and man-made features.

2. It enables a more precise estimate of the country’s agricultural

production.

3. Provides images of watersheds and floodplains for a

better understanding of water available for irrigation, power
and domestic consumption.

4. The satellite also provides accurate information on any

disturbance and degradation of forest and upland
areas.

 The country also has the Nationwide Operational Assessment of

Hazards (NOAH) which uses the Lidar (Light detection and ranging)
technology. Project NOAH was initiated in June 2012 to help
manage risks associated with natural hazards and disasters. The
project developed Hydromet sensors and high resolution geo-
 hazard maps, which were generated by light detection and ranging technology for flood
modeling.

 Intelligent Operation Center Platform

Established through collaboration between the local government

of Davao City and IBM Philippines Inc. the center resulted in the
creation of a dashboard that allows authorized government
agencies such as police, fire and anti-terrorism task force, to use
analytics software for monitoring events and operations in real
time.

CURRENT INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE COUNTRY

 Advanced Device and Materials Testing Laboratories. The center houses advanced
equipment for failure analysis and materials characterization to address advanced
analytical needs for quality control, materials identification and R&D.
 There are also high-performance computing facilities that perform tests and run
computationally intensive applications for numerical weather prediction, climate
modeling, as well as analytics and data modeling and archiving.

 The Philippines could also boast of its Genome Center, a core facility that
combines basic and applied research for the development of health
diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA forensics and preventive products, and
improved crop varieties.

 The country also has drug-discovery facilities which address the

requirements for producing high-quality and globally acceptable
drug candidates.
 Philippines also have nanotechnology centers, which provide
technical services and enabling environment for interdisciplinary and
collaborative R&D in various nanotechnology applications.
  333- nasakop ng mga Espanol
 Biochemical Analysis- hinihiwalay ang molecule
- Para malaman ang GAP
- EXAMPLE: Drug test sa mga athlete

Paradigm

- A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a
subject, conventions about what direction research should take and how it should be
performed.
  The philosopher Thomas Kuhn suggested that a paradigm includes "the practices that
define a scientific discipline at a certain point in time". Paradigms contain all the distinct,
established patterns, theories, common methods and standards that allow us to
recognize an experimental result as belonging to a field or not.

 Paradigms are historically and culturally bound. For example, a modern Chinese medical
researcher with a background in eastern medicine, will operate within a different
paradigm than a western doctor from the 1800s

What is a Paradigm Shift?

The shift from one paradigm to another occurs when enough anomalies to the current
paradigm build up, causing scientists to question the foundational principles upon which their
worldwide rests.

 During "normal science" when the current paradigm is in place this anomalies are
discounted as acceptable levels of error.

 However during "revolutionary science" or a paradigm shift this, anomalies became the
center of attention as scientists attempt to construct a new world view that
incorporates and explain them.

 This period of intense focus on explaining anomalies and developing a new paradigm is
considered "revolutionary science" and it is sparked by a "crisis" where the old paradigm
fails explain key anomalies or outliers.
Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

Introduction

This section provides students with background on the different intellectuals who made a great
contribution to science that propelled scientific and technological revolutions. Emphasis is given
on how these intellectual revolutions shape and transform society.

Outcomes:

1 . Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.

What is intellectual revolution?

An intellectual revolution is a period where is paradigm shifts occurred and where

scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged
and opposed.
Birth of Modern Science

Western Science, like so many other aspects of western civilization was born with the
ancient Greeks. They also passed on the idea of the value of math and experiment in science,
although they usually thought of in terms of one to the exclusion of the other.

The most influential figure in Western Science until the 1600s was
the philosopher, Aristotle who created a body of scientific theory that
towered like a colossus over Western Civilization for some 2000 years.
Given the limitations under which the Greeks were working compared
to now, Aristotle's theories made sense when taken in a logical order.

 However, there were several factors that worked both to

overthrow Aristotle theories and to preserve it.

 First of all, Aristotle theories relied very little on experiment, which left them vulnerable
to anyone who chose to perform such experiments. But attacking one part of Aristotle
system involved attacking the whole thing, which made it a daunting task for even the
greatest thinkers of the day.

 Secondly, the Church had grafted Aristotle theories onto each theology, thus making an
attack on Aristotle on attack on the tradition and the Church itself.

 Finally, there were the Renaissance scholars for uncovering other Greeks authors who
contradicted Aristotle's. This was unsettling, since these scholars as a reference for all
and knowledge as being nearly infallible.

 However, finding contradicting authorities forced the Renaissance Scholars to try to

figure out which ones were right. When their findings showed that neither theory was
right, they had to think for themselves and find a new theory that worked. This
encouraged skepticism, freethinking, and experimentation , all of which are essential
parts of modern science .

Pattern of Development
 The combination of these factors generated a cycle that undermined Aristotle, but also
slowed down the creation of a new set of theories. New observations would be made
that seemed to contradict Aristotle's theories.

 "Copernicus" was the first person who started the slow process of dismantling
Aristotle's cosmology. His findings would reinforce the process of finding new
explanations, which would lead to the work of Kepler and Galileo.

A. Copernican Revolution
 Nicolas Copernicus (1473- 1543) was a Polish scholar working at the University of
Padua in northern Italy. The problem he wrestled with was the paths of
planetary orbits.
 Through the centuries close observation had shown that the heavens do not
always appear to move in perfect, uninterrupted circles.
 Copernicus’ solution was basically geometric. By placing the sun at the center of
the universe and having the earth orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of
epicycles from 80 to 34.
 His book, Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Worlds, published in 1543,
laid the foundation for a revolution in hoe Europeans would view the world and
its place in the universe.
 However, Copernicus’ intention was not to create a radically new theory, but to
get back to even older ideas by such Greeks as Plato and Pythagoras who
believed in heliocentric (Sun centered) universe. Once again, ancient authorities
were set against one another, leaving it for others to develop their own theories.

GEOCENTRIC VS HELIOCENTRIC MODELS

Johannes Kepler
 At this time, Tycho Brahe, using only the naked eye, tracked the entire orbits of various
stars and planets. Brahe kept extensive records of his observations, but did not really
know what to do with them. That task was left to his successor, Johannes Kepler.

 Kepler was a brilliant mathematician who had a mystical vision of the mathematical
perfection of the universe that owed a great deal to the ancient Greek mathematician
Pythagoras. Despite these preoccupations, Kepler was open minded enough to realize
the Brahe’s data showed the planetary orbits were not circular. Finally, his calculations
showed those orbits were elliptical.

Figure 1: Illustration of Kepler’s three laws with two planetary orbits.

1. The orbits are ellipses, with focal points F1 and F2 for the
first planet and F1 and F3 for the second planet. The sun is
placed at focal point F1.
2. The two shaded sectors A1 and A2 have the same surface area
and the time for planet 1 to cover segment A1 is equal to the
time to cover segment A2.
3. The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio.

Galileo

 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), armed with a new invention, the

telescope, which would further shatter the old theory and
lead the way to a new one.
 Using his telescope, Galileo saw the sun’s perfection marred
by sunspots and the moon’s perfection marred by crater.
He also saw four moons orbiting Jupiter.
 In his book, The Starry Messenger (1611), he reported these
disturbing findings and spread the news across Europe.
Most people could not understand Kepler’s math, but anyone could look through a
telescope and see for himself the moon’s crater and Jupiter’s moons.
 The Church tried to preserve the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic view of the universe by
clamping down on Galileo and his book and made him promise not to preach his views.
 However, in 1632, Galileo published his next book, Dialogue on the Great World
Systems, which technically did not preach the Copernican theory (which Galileo believed
in), but was only a dialogue presenting both views “equally”. Galileo got his point across
by having the advocate of the Church and Aristotelian view named Simplicius
(Simpleton). He was quickly faced with the Inquisition and the threat of torture. Being
an old man of 70, he recanted his views. However, it was too late. Word was out, and
the heliocentric heresy was gaining new followers daily.

Isaac Newton

 Newton had to invent a whole new branch of math,

calculus, for figuring out rates of motion and change.
 The printing of Newton’s book, Principia Mathematica, in
1687 is often seen as the start of the Enlightenment. (1687-
1789).

B. The Darwinian Revolution

 Darwin is deservedly given credit for the theory of biological evolution: he
accumulated evidence demonstrating that organisms evolve and discovered the
process, natural selection by which they evolved.

C. Freudian Revolution

 Sigmund Freud was born in 1856, before the

advent of telephones, radios, automobiles,
 airplanes, and a host of other material and cultural changes that had taken place
by the time of his death in 1939.

CONSCIOUS LEVEL EGO

Executive mediating between id impulses and
superego inhibitions: testing reality: rational
Operates mainly at conscious level but also at
preconscious level.
PRECONSCIOUS LEVEL SUPEREGO
Ideals and morals: striving for perfection:
incorporated from parents: becoming a
person’s conscience. Operates mostly at
preconscious level.
UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL ID
Basic impulses (sex and aggression); seeking
immediate gratification; irrational and
impulsive. Operates at unconscious level.

 The conviction that physical diseases of the brain caused mental illness meant
that psychological causes- the kinds that Freud would insists on studying- were
ignored. It also meant that people drew a sharp dividing line between the
 “insane and the sane”. Insane people were those with physical diseases of the
brain. Sane people were those without diseased brains.
 Psychoanalysis has had an enormous impact on the practice of psychiatry,
particularly within the United States, but today it is regarded by most sources.
This judgment is based on the crucial test of psychoanalysis: whether or not it
really helps patients with behavioral or psychological problems. The consensus is
that us does not. Psychoanalysis in its many varieties appears to have little or no
efficacy in treating mental illness.
 In contrast, psychopharmacology and cognitive- behavioral therapies (therapies
that simply try to change what the patient thinks and does rather than analyzing
the causes of the behavior), while far from perfect, do appear to help.
Question:
If this is true and we have a great deal of evidence that it is why is Freud still so
important? Why do we generally speak of him as a great figure in Western
thought, instead of as a strange and misguided figure of turn of the century
Europe?
 The first is purely practical: psychoanalysis has enormous historical significance.
Mental Illness affects on large proportion of the population, either directly or
indirectly, so any curative scheme as widely accepted as was Freud’s is important
to our history in general.
 The second, more important, reason is that Freud gave people a new way of
thinking about why they acted the way they did. He created a whole new way of
interpreting behaviors: one could now claim that a person had motives, desires
and beliefs- all buried in the unconscious- which they knew nothing about but
which nonetheless directly controlled and motivated their conscious thought and
behavior.

D. Scientific Revolution in Mesoamerica

 Meso-America is the region from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize and Parts of Honduras
and El Salvador.
 Exchange of knowledge between these ancient Civilizations was critical in the
development of their scientific knowledge. Because of this isolation, Mesoamerican
civilization developed on their own and became much more self-reliant.
Maya hieroglyphs

Maya Calendar

Tlachtli
  In architecture the Maya were the first to use pitched
ceilings in their buildings after the invention of the
corbelled vault.
 Aztec city builders also understood the need for public
sanitation; public latrines were found along all highways,
and to prevent pollution of Lake Texcoco canoes
transported the sewage from Tenochtitlan to the
mainland every morning.

E. Asian Scientific Revolution

 Aside from China, there were other Asian countries that

contributed to the development of science and technology in
the world, although it varied depending on country and time,
specially in the present times.
 Japan is probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of
scientific and technological achievement, particularly in terms of
its electronic and automobile products.

 The general conception is that many of the cutting-edge technological

developments, and to a lesser extent scientific advancements, emanate from
Asia. For instance, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China together produce a
staggering 90% of the world’s digital gadgets.
  South Korea cultural popularity around the world has caused a
number of startup’s to emerge working within the digital and
technology sectors, including website [Link].
 Taiwan is following a similar path to Japan meanwhile, moving away
from hardware production, instead turning to software and content
development.

F. Scientific Revolution in Middle East

 During the 3,000 years of urbanized life in Mesopotamia

and Egypt tremendous strides were made in various branches of
science and technology.
 In engineering and architecture Egyptians took an
early lead, owing largely to the stress they laid on the
construction of such elaborate monuments as vast
pyramids and temples of granite and sandstone.

 Of all the accomplishments of the ancient Middle East, the invention of the alphabet is
probably the greatest. While pre-alphabetic systems of writing in the Old World became
steadily more phonetic, they were still exceedingly cumbersome and the syllabic
systems that gradually replaced them remained complex and difficult.

 In the early Hyksos period (17th century BC) the Northwestern Semites living in Egypt
adapted hieroglyphic characters- in at least two slightly different forms of letters- to
their own purposes. Thus was developed the earliest known purely consonantal
alphabet, imitated in Northearn Syria, with the addition of two letters to designate
vowels used with the glottal catch.
 This alphabet spread rapidly and was in quite common use among the Northwestern
Semites (Canaanites, Hebrews, Aramaeans and especially the Phoenicians) soon after its
invention. By the 9th century BC the Phoenicians were using it in the western
Mediterranean and the Greeks and Phrygians adopted it in the 8th.

 The alphabet contributed vastly to the Greek cultural and literary revolution in the
immediately following period. From the Greeks it was transmitted to other Western
people. Since language must always remain the chief mode of communication for
people, its union with hearing and vision in a uniquely simple phonetic structure has
probably revolutionized civilization more than any other invention in history.

G. Scientific Revolution in Africa

 The history of the sciences in Africa is rich and

diverse. The applied sciences of agronomy,
metallurgy, engineering and textile production as well as
medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa.
 So advanced was the culture of farming within
West Africa, that “New World agricultural growth
was spawned by the use of captives from these
African Societies that had already made enormous
strides in the field of agronomy.

 Africa’s areas of scientific investigation include the fields

of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Laird Scranton,
making use of the extensive collections of Marcel Griaule,
has deepened our understanding of Malian cosmological
myths and their perceptions of the structure of matter
and the physical world.
 Dogon knowledge
astronomy. Dogon propositions about Sirius B have been
discussed by Charles Finch in The Star of Deep Beginnings.
H. Information Revolution
 Information revolution is a period of change that describes current economic,
social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution.
 The information revolution led us to the age of the internet, where optical
communication networks play a key role in delivering massive amounts of data.

Impact of Information Revolution

 The truly revolutionary impact of the Information Revolution is just beginning to

be felt. But it is not “information” that fuels this impact. It is not “artificial
intelligence.” It is not the effect of computers and data processing on decision
making, policy making or strategy.
 The explosive emergence of the Internet as a major, worldwide distribution
channel for goods, for services and surprisingly, for managerial and professional
jobs. This is profoundly changing economies, markets and industry structures;
products and services and their flow; consumer segmentation, consumer values,
and consumer behavior; jobs and labor markets.
 The assumption is that the Information Revolution will be like the Industrial
Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. And that is
indeed exactly how the Information Revolution has been during its first fifty
years.
Chapter 3: Science, Technology and Nation Building

The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

Scientist and technologists are the backbone of an industrialized nation that propels
socio-economic gain and national progress. They are the key players and lifeblood of research
and innovation and plays an important role i the industry and manufacturing sector.

  In the Philippines, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is task to oversee
and manage national technology development and acquisition, undertake technological and
scientific research and promote public consciousness of science and technology.

  In 2017, DOST launch the Science for the people thru Administrative Order No.003 s.
2017. This is in response to the government's call to address inequity in developments within
and among countries and is aligned with the national goals and plans.

 Stipulated in the Strategic plan are the seven outcomes that the agency strives to
achieve.

1. Innovation and Stimulus

2. Technology and adoption promoted and accelerated.

3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI human resources developed.

4. Productivity and efficiency of communities and the production sector, particularly

MSMEs improved.

5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate change ensured.

6. Inequality in STI capacities and opportunities reduced.

7. Effective STI governance achieved.

 
  THE STRATEGIES TO ATTAIN THE OUTCOMES ARE EMBODIED IN THE DOST ELEVEN
POINT AGENDA.

 AGENDA 1: Pursue R&D to address pressing national problems.

    Highlight the latest advancements in research and development geared towards the
shared goal of improved nutrition and health for all.

 AGENDA 2: Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and improve management of

resources.

Enhancing the capacity of marginalized 49 sub-sectors and people groups to use better and new
technologies can expand their access to participate in economic activities and progress.

 AGENDA 3: Engage in R&D to generate and apply new knowledge and technologies
across sectors.

    Engages R&D in emerging scientific and technological platforms which lay the inroads to
the development of new products, services and industries.

 AGENDA 4: Strengthen and utilize regional R&D capabilities.

   Focuses in strengthening institutional capacity to undertake research and development and

contribute to regional development.

 AGENDA 5: Maximize utilization of R&D results through technology transfer and

commercialization.

This agenda aims to promote R&D to maximize its utilization.

 
  AGENDA 6: Develop STI human resources and build a strong STI culture.

     Intends to create and promote the culture of Science Technology and Innovations.

 AGENDA 7: Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to advance R&D activities and expand
S&T services.

      It emphasize various of S&T facilities that provides technical services for achieving
research and development.

 AGENDA 8: Expand STI assistance to communities and the production sector, particularly
MSMEs.

     Concentrate on S&T assistance that was given to improve the productivity and efficiency of
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

 AGENDA 9: Provide STI-based solutions for disaster risks and climate change adaptation
and mitigation.

Highlights the role of the Development in building a disaster-resilient community through

the provision of accurate and timely information.

 AGENDA 10: Strengthen industry-academe government and international STI

collaboration.

     Focuses on the linkages and networks being pursued by the Development in terms of S&T
collaboration. In 2017, the Department took part in 24 bilateral engagement the participated in
a number of activities which involved 14 international organizations.

 AGENDA 11: Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.

 (Enhance effectiveness of STI governance provides) the policy framework that governs the
implementation of the programs, projects and activities of the Department in contribution to
national development and progress.