CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis generalization or conclusion, methodologies

and others. Those were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are

relevant and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

A. Foreign Literature

In the Journal "Health Behaviours and Academic Variables", the authors assessed the impact

of several health behaviors and health-related variables on grade point averages of a

representative sample of 200 students living in on-campus residence halls at a large private

university. Included in the set of variables are exercise, eating, and sleeping habits; mood states;

perceived stress; time management; social support; spirituality; number of hours worked per

week; gender; and age. As a result of analysing all variables, sleep habits and wake-up times

were a significant contributor to grade point averages. The study found that later wake-up times

corresponded with lower average grades. In terms of academic performance, when people are

busy cramming and not sleeping, the important information they learnt and allowed they had

learned principally slips out of their brain, and they ’ll have trouble recalling them the following

day. Away from that scholars who don't sleep or wake up at harmonious times diurnal were more
likely to have lower grades. Differences between regular and irregular scholars include

significant differences in grade point pars. Scholars with irregular sleep patterns were given

lower scores near to zero, while the regular slumbers were given advanced scores near to 100

(Knight, 2017).

Learning is better when students are healthy, and academic achievement benefits their health

for a lifetime. While youth risk behaviors are consistently linked to poor grades, test scores, and

lower educational attainment, some of them are not linked to them, for instance, physical

inactivity, unhealthy dietary behaviors, tobacco use, alcohol use, and other drug use.

Although adhesion to applicable health actions can help in easing an overall healthy life in major

ity, the transition to council is frequently accompanied by an increase in unhealthy actions that

may impact scholars’ academic performance (Ruthig et al., 2011; Office of Disease Prevention

& Health Promotion, 2020).

Furthermore, according to Tan D.L (1991), a higher academic performance during a student's

university years is highly correlated with career success. Moreover, academic performance

affects future educational attainment and income, which affect health and quality of life.

A close link exists between the literature and the current study since it points directly to

health related behaviors affecting student performance. This journal seeks to identify health-

related behaviors that may affect students' academic performance.

B. Local Literature

According to San Diego State University (2017), 40% of adolescents sleep less than seven

hours each night in 2015, a large increase from 1991, while 17% are sleep deprived in 2009.. In

general, about 50% of adolescents who spend an hour or more online have trouble sleeping
compared to those who use it for just one hour. Marquez (2009) stated that pupils who are truly

successful in their asked career have good study habits. She stated that pupils should apply these

habits to all of their classes. She also suggested that the pupils should not try to study all the

subjects in just a period. She added that if the pupils try to do too important studying at one time,

theywill tire and their studying will not be effective. Multitudinous academe learners fail in their

studies due to their incapacity to manage with the quotidian obstacles and demands in academe

according to Villa (2009). Multitudinous factors are enumerated to be the cause of analogous

failures, but the most linked one and the worst is lack of study among learners.

Also from Silliman University Senior High School in the Philippines, the students answered

an online survey on sleep deprivation, which correlates with academic achievement. Despite

class hours, these respondents in school were swamped with several academic tasks even after

hours of class, leaving them with little time to sleep. While this study shows sleep deprivation

may adversely affect academic performance, it obtains 95% confidence that respondents get

between 6.85 and 7.40 hours of sleep.

It relates to the current study because it outlines the specific factors that affect student

performance. The study showed that these factors had a negative impact on the students'

Academic Performance and Academic Result.

A. Foreign Studies

Previous studies have been conducted on health-related behaviors and their effects on student

academic performance. Trockel MS et al. (2010) found the effects of several health behaviors

and health-related variables on the cumulative weighted mean of a random sample of 200

students living in campus dormitories, Member of a large private university. The set of variables

includes exercise, diet and sleep; mood states; perceived stress; time management; Welfare;

spiritual or religious habits; number of hours worked per week; gender; And age. Among all the

variables considered, sleep patterns, especially duration of wakefulness, accounted for the largest

variance in the running vehicle. Late waking hours were associated with lower average scores.

The variables associated with the highest GPA among freshmen were strength training and study

of mentally oriented literature. Paid or volunteer hours per week were associated with lower

average scores.

Ruthig et al. (2011) studied the long-term effects of cognitive and behavioral health on

student academic performance. At the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school

year, 203 students had health cognitive and behavioral exams. At the end of the year assess the

student's academic progress. Changes in health perception and behavior have been studied as

predictors of year-end performance in separate regression models for men and women. In the

areas of initial health symptoms, perceived stress, exercise and diet, significant gender

differences were found. An increase in alcohol consumption, after controlling for past

performance, was found to be a negative predictor of female students' academic and emotional
success, while increased alcohol use Smoking has been shown to be a negative predictor of

student academic performance. Male and female students appear to differ in how their health

changes over the course of a school year and how those changes affect their later academic

performance, Implications for formula building.

According to Sallis et al. (2013), The benefit of a 2-year health-related school physical

education program on standardized academic achievement scores was studied in 759 children

taking the Metropolitan Performance Tests before and after program. Professionals teaching

active sports, games and recreation programs to children; teachers have been trained to apply the

program; and control continues with their regular activities. In terms of basic language,

readability and battery, the Trained Teacher condition exceeded the Test condition. In terms of

readability, the Expert condition is superior to the Control condition, but linguistically it is not.

Although they spent twice as much time in physical education each week as the controls, the

health-related physical education program had no negative impact on academic performance in

school. Health-related physical education can have a positive impact on children's academic

performance.

Based on the study of Busch et al. (2014), Schools are increasingly promoting health and

healthy behaviors in their teenage students, but are healthy students doing better? This

longitudinal and empirical literature review examined the effects of the most common health-

related behaviors on adolescent academic performance. Thirty studies have been found in the

medical, psychiatric, educational, and social science literature dating back to (1992). Drinking,

smoking, early sex, bullying, and certain screen behaviors have been found to have a negative

impact on school performance, even though eating healthy and participating in Team sports have

a beneficial impact. In general, all the relationships between health-related behaviors and
learning outcomes are contextual, psychosocial, social constructs, and demographic constraints

often mediating them. . Sociological theories were used to explain the results

In another study, Mushtaq and Khan also said that a lot of actual research is being done to

study the factors that influence student learning outcomes, appropriate counselling and family

stress. The study is based on student profiles created using information and data collected from

students at a range of private institutions during the assessment process

B. Local Studies

In the study of Cahapay, M. (2020), when physically healthy, students participate more

actively and perform better in the classroom. It involved all sixty-three (63) minority students at

a public elementary school in Sarangani province, southern Philippines, during the school year

(2015-2016). Custom and modified questionnaires were used to collect the data required for its

study. The statistical tools used in the analysis were frequency counts, percentages, weighted

mean, and moment correlation coefficients of the Pearson product. The results showed that a

student engaged in healthy activities to a high degree. They also demonstrate high levels of class

participation. A moderately significant relationship between health practice and class

participation was also found in the study. Accordingly, this study provides evidence regarding

the impact of health practices on classroom participation. It is really recommended.

In conclusion, the study of Aranzala et al. (2020) on smoking is also highlighted. After

adjusting for covariates, the formulation and implementation of Republic Law 9211 was related

to reducing the disparity in current smoking rates, while the price per cigarette was not related to

the return of Filipino youth from 13 to 15 years old are smoking. Although this study provides

mixed evidence regarding current smoking laws and tobacco control among school-going
Filipino youth aged 13 to 15, these findings can be explained by political This book is not

entirely consistent with evidence from WHO's FCTC and MPOWER. Continued implementation

and enforcement of comprehensive and evidence-based tobacco control policies consistent with

WHO's FCTC10 and MPOWER11, including the ban on single cigarette sales, could further

reduce Tobacco use among youth in the Philippines.

It is clear from the aforementioned literature and related studies that the influence of

health-related behavior on student academic performance is very risky. One of the possible

reasons behind students' risky activity is the negative health-related behaviors they engage in. It

was pointed out that having bad health related behavior can lead to poor academic performance,

while he mentioned that having healthy health related behavior can lead to better academic

performance. This thinking has been supported by many domestic and foreign researchers.