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Menu Composition and Structure Guide

The document discusses the classical structure of menus and how modern menus still follow this structure. It describes the traditional 13-course French menu and how menus today are typically shorter, with some courses merged. Shorter example menus of 4 and 5 courses are provided to illustrate how they still follow the classical sequence, beginning with lighter appetizers and ending with dessert. The main points are that classical menus built up from light to rich and modern menus still follow this progression despite fewer courses, with some courses now combined.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views5 pages

Menu Composition and Structure Guide

The document discusses the classical structure of menus and how modern menus still follow this structure. It describes the traditional 13-course French menu and how menus today are typically shorter, with some courses merged. Shorter example menus of 4 and 5 courses are provided to illustrate how they still follow the classical sequence, beginning with lighter appetizers and ending with dessert. The main points are that classical menus built up from light to rich and modern menus still follow this progression despite fewer courses, with some courses now combined.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SECTION 5 THE MENU

Offering the right varieties, combinations, and preparations of foods is a


basic requirement for a restaurant's commercial success, but what will work
for each restaurant differs from case to case. The reading selection below
gives you a basic insight of a menu composition.

The Classical Menu Structure

A successful menu depends upon composition-the right combination of


foods, prepared perfectly. So claimed Antonin Careme (1784-1833), the
French chef who is considered the founder of classical cuisine. A table d'hote
or a part menu is a predetermined succession of courses, offered at a set
price. Today the a la carte menu, from which guests choose from a variety
of courses and foods at different prices, is also popular.
The classical French menu contains thirteen courses. Today, a menu of this
size is hardly ever offered. But even today's shorter menus follow the
structure of the classical French menus as far as succession of courses is
concerned. They always start with something light to stimulate the appetite,
build up to the main course, and then become lighter toward the end of the
meal.

The Thirteen Courses of the Classic Menu for French Cuisine

Course English Example


1. Cold appetizer Melon with port
2. Soup Consomme brunoise
3. Hot appetizer Morels on toast
4. Fish Fillet of sole Joinville
5. Main course Saddle of Iamb
6. Intermediate course Sweetbreads with apparagus
7. Sorbet Champagne sorbet
8. Roast with salad Guinea hen stuffed with goose liver, salad
9. Cold roast Game terrine
10. Vegetable Braised lettuce with peas
11. Sweet Charlotte russe
12. Savory Cheese fritter
13. Dessert Jellied fruit
Short Menus

The following examples of five-course, four-course, and three-course menus


illustrate that even today's short menus follow the same sequence based on
the classical thirteen-course French menu. The individual courses, however,
have been merged in many cases. The original main course consisted of an
entire, uncarved poultry, meat, or game animal - a whole prime rib of beef,
for example. Today the entree has merged with the main course. The
vegetable, at one time a separate course, today is served as a side dish with
the main course. Cold appetizers are always served before the soup. Hot
appetizers are served after the soup.

4-course Menu
Course Examples
Cold appetizer Melon with port
Soup -
Warm
Fillet of sole Joinville Steamed rice
appetizer
Chicken breast with truffles Steamed rice Braised lettuce
Main course
with bacon
Dessert Hazelnut cream
4-course Menu
Course Examples
Cold appetizer -
Soup Consomme with marrow
Warm
Gnocchi, Parisian style
appetizer
Roast Pheasant Williams potatoes Red cabbage with
Main course
chestnuts
Dessert Peach Melba

The Menu Format


In many cases, especially in restaurants serving haute cuisine, the a part or
table d'hote menu is beautifully handwritten to emphasize the tradtional
character of the restaurant. In less fancy restaurants, a modern variant that
is similar but simpler is often used: the blackboard, on which are written
recommendations concerning the day's specialties.
In general, however, the table d'hote or a part menu, which changes daily or
cyclically, is prepared in-house (on a typewriter or computer) and duplicated
as necessary. A separate menu listing the daily specials might also be
prepared.
In many restaurants the table d'hotel or a part menu and the daily specials
contain only a fraction of what is offered. Often an a la carte menu, from
which the guests can select an array of dishes that are always available, is
also provided. If an a la carte menu is offered, the other menus are inserted
in or clipped to its folder. The daily menus may also be placed at every seat,
but in most establishments they are offered by the service staff along with
the regular a la carte menu.

Basic Principles for Organizing a Menu

Cold and warm dishes are listed separately.


Appetizers, soups, seafood, and main courses are listed in separate
groups.
Salads should be highlighted.
Every dish should be described clearly and simply, in an appetizing
way, without being too flowery.
House specialties and seasonal items should correspond to the season
and should change accordingly. Use a clip-on menu or special insert to
attract attention to them.
The dessert selection should be listed on a separate attractive card.

Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. _________ Antonin Careme was the first to design the short menu.
2. _________ Game is the cold course in the traditional menu.
3. _________ Soup is sometimes absent from the modern short menu.
4. _________ Vegetable used to be served separately in the thirteen-
course menu.
5. _________ Customers are served a cold appetizer after the soup.
6. _________ Customers can choose different dishes from a table d'hotel
menu.
7. _________ Light courses are often presented before rich ones in a
menu.
8. _________ Depending on different seasons, restaurant menus may
present a variety of dessert.
9. _________ Menu items are often numbered only when the restaurant
has a cash register.
10. _________ The communication problem with menu numbering is
that customers order foods and drinks while the waiter/waitress has to
note down the number.

Speaking

Discuss the questions with your friends.

What kinds of food should be included in a menu? In what order?


How many kinds of menu do you know? What are they?
How is a menu formatted?
What are the basic rules for organizing a menu?
Menu
Starters:

Leek and potato soup


Spaghetti with courgette and bacon

Grilled spicy prawns


Warm goat’s cheese with spinach salad

Main Courses

Pan fried salmon with spinach

Breast of chicken in a white wine sauce with mushrooms

Roast fillet of pork with apple sauce

Grilled steak in a pepper sauce

Desserts

Chocolate mousse
Strawberries with fresh cream

Fresh fruit salad with ice cream


Selection of cheeses with home-made bread
Reading comprehention:

 Which starter does’t contain vegetables?

 Which dish contains pasta?

 Which main course may be rare or well-done?

 Which main course is definitely cooked in the oven?

 Which main course will probably be quite spicy?

 Which main course contains alcohol?

 Which dessert (s) will be quite sweet?

 If you don’t want to put on weight, which would probably be

the best dish for the main course?

Common questions

Powered by AI

Appetizers and soups serve to stimulate the appetite and prepare the palate for the main courses. In both traditional and modern dining formats, they are placed at the beginning of the menu sequence. In the classical French menu, cold appetizers are served before soups, which are followed by hot appetizers. This progression helps build anticipation and gradually heightens the dining experience, a structure that is echoed in modern menus though often condensed into fewer courses .

A restaurant might opt for handwritten menus or blackboards to convey a sense of tradition, craftsmanship, and exclusivity, aligning with haute cuisine's emphasis on a unique dining experience. This choice can create an intimate and personalized atmosphere, highlighting the chef's daily creative offerings. It also allows for flexibility in updating specials or seasonal items daily, enhancing the dynamism of the dining experience and engaging diners through visual appeal and curiosity .

Effective management of menu numbering involves clear communication protocols between waitstaff and kitchen staff to minimize errors in orders. Utilizing technologies like handheld devices can streamline order processing, ensure accuracy, and reduce the chances of miscommunication often associated with manually noting numbers. Merging these tools with a well-organized numbering system can enhance service speed and accuracy, thereby improving the overall dining experience. Proper staff training in both communication and menu items also plays a crucial role .

Listing cold and warm dishes separately on a menu helps cater to diners' preferences and meal pacing, allowing for a logical and appetizing progression of flavors and temperatures throughout the meal. This organization ensures that diners can enjoy the distinct characteristics of each course without overwhelming the palate, providing a structured and pleasant dining experience that mirrors the classical menu approach—warming up gradually post the cold appetizers with soups and then proceeding to more substantial warm dishes .

House specialties and seasonal items are often highlighted using clip-on menus or special inserts to draw diners' attention. This approach emphasizes the restaurant's unique offerings and capitalizes on seasonal availability, potentially enhancing freshness and supporting local sourcing efforts. Highlighting these items can differentiate a restaurant from others by showcasing distinct and exclusive dishes, creating a memorable dining experience .

Essential elements of menu organization include clear and simple descriptions of dishes, proper categorization of appetizers, main courses, and desserts, and highlighting seasonal or specialty items. Additionally, using attractive formats and ensuring the menu corresponds with the season contributes to visual and experiential appeal. These factors engage customers effectively, enhancing their dining decisions and satisfaction, which are critical for retaining clientele and achieving commercial success .

Modern menus typically follow the classical French menu structure by adhering to the sequence of courses, which starts with light items and gradually leads to heavier dishes like the main course, before tapering back to lighter or sweet items such as desserts. However, in contemporary dining, several courses are often merged or omitted due to practicality and changing dining habits. For instance, vegetables, once a separate course, are now often served as sides with the main course. Additionally, the a la carte menu allows for more flexibility, letting diners choose their meals from a variety of options rather than a set course list .

Dessert selections are often presented on a separate card to emphasize their distinct role as the meal's closure, offering a sweet finale that can linger in the diner's memory. By doing so, a restaurant can showcase a curated list of treats, including seasonal desserts, engage customers with options they might not initially consider, and encourage additional revenue generation. This separation also allows for creativity in presentation and reinforces the importance of desserts in rounding out the culinary experience .

A table d'hôte menu offers a set selection of courses at a fixed price, often emphasizing traditional dining experiences with handcrafted or daily-prepared items. In contrast, an a la carte menu allows guests to choose individual dishes from various categories, typically priced separately. This menu is more flexible and caters to individual preferences, offering a broader and sometimes more consistent selection of dishes .

Merging the entree and main course can streamline the dining process, accommodating modern diners' preferences for efficiency and simplicity in meals. It may result in cost savings by reducing preparation complexity and potentially increasing table turnover rates, thus enhancing economic efficiency. However, it requires careful balance to maintain culinary interest and satisfaction. This strategy might also align with shifts towards more straightforward, health-conscious dining, offering less complicated but still satisfying options .

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