CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalizations or conclusions,

methodologies, and other data that are related to the present study. Literature and studies related

to the present research work guided the researcher in the formulation of the conceptual and

theoretical framework which the researchers pursued to shed light on the topic under study.

2.1 Local

2.1.1 Challenges in Preserving and Conserving Heritage Attraction

Culture and heritage tourists often visit heritage attractions such as historical buildings

and other historical sites; Archaeological Sites; state, local or national parks; art galleries or

museums; sites of ethnic or environmental heritage; and similar attractions. These cultural

attractions are one of the main reasons why locals prefer to explore and travel domestically

because of the hidden attractions that are located and heritage attractions that are created here in

our country – the Philippines. But certainly, this heritage attraction is facing challenges,

especially the locals who are responsible for taking care of these landmarks.

In research from Newsdesk, the National Government’s Proclamation No. 439 has

specified the month of May as National Heritage Month. This decree pursues to elevate the

attention of the legacies of Filipino cultural history, which encompass the preservation or

cessation of the deterioration of historic buildings and structures. (2019) But proclaiming the said

event every month in May there are some challenges that affect the implementation of

Proclamation No. 439 according to Galvez (2019), the head of the external Heritage
Conservation Society (HCS), the Philippines has current Heritage Law however the challenge is

the implementation. The lack of vital support from the Local Government Units (LGU) level,

nlly from a few lawmakers of the country who make every plan effective to do an action. 

When constructing a home in the tropics, the factors unique to the region must be

considered. The same is true for heritage homes in Batanes, Philippines. Natives built their

homes to address basic issues such as earthquakes, hot, humid summers, powerful typhoons, and

nonstop monsoon rains. Except for Batanes, there are no other low houses in the country with

strong stone walls and thick grass roofs (Ignacio, J.F, n.d.).

One of the most important factors in Batanes conservation efforts is funding. Local

governments are still concerned about striking a balance between the province's economic

growth and the preservation of its historic structures. The researchers hope for the government's

continued support in order to successfully preserve the province's culture and heritage. 

There have been changes in the state of conservation of Batanes' heritage sites over the

years. Traditional architecture and the people's rich customs and traditions have been severely

harmed in the ten years since the July earthquake, which significantly broke parts of its

constructed history and caused significant structural damage. The researchers proposed that

preventive maintenance be used as the primary guiding principle for conservation work in

Batanes, implying more retention and less intervention. A historic building's aesthetic, cultural,

and structural qualities must be altered with minimal work (Ignacio, J.F, n.d.).

2.1.2 Heritage Preservation and Conservation

[Link] Preservation

The overarching goal of this thesis paper was to discover the role that the national

government plays in the preservation of Crisologo Street in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. To do so, the
researchers needed to complete some preliminary tasks, such as reviewing related literature on

the topic, gaining a thorough understanding of the guiding policy, RA 10066, interviewing

research participants, including key informants from NHCP, NM, NCCA, the Vigan City local

government, and a number of locals, participating in an actual site visit and fieldwork, and

attending a seminar on culture-based governance.

Aside from the site visit to Vigan to gather firsthand observations of the built heritage

site, the researchers planned face-to-face interviews with a select group of people from both the

national and local levels. The researchers asked their national interviewees about their basic

understanding of heritage preservation and the significance of Vigan as a heritage site (including

the historical, aesthetic, architectural and social significance of the town),the efforts of their

respective national government sectors in the preservation and maintenance of the heritage site,

as well as their collaborations with local government units and/or UNESCO in the preservation,

maintenance, and security of Vigan and other Philippine heritage sites Researchers also asked

interviewees why it is important to preserve Vigan (and thus other heritage sites) and whether

they believe heritage site preservation should be prioritized by the national government.

Similar questions about the significance of Vigan to its people, the efforts of the local

government (in cooperation with the locals) in the preservation and maintenance of the town, and

how the designation of Vigan as a UNESCO World Heritage Site helps its people were asked to

interviewees on the local level. The data we have acquired managed to solve the issues we have

specified and enumerated in the first chapter of the researcher's article through the in-depth

examination of the proponents' chosen policy, on-site visits and observations, and comprehensive

interviews with key informants.

hand. In the long run, if we can figure out how to exploit this connection more effectively, it may

be a fantastic resource for helping to develop a more stable source of tourism revenue, which

will in turn encourage the expansion of the social economy. Tourists may contribute to quick

economic expansion, but it is clear that without effective protection, the original legacy will alter

and disappear. 

[Link] Conservation

There have been changes in the state of conservation of Batanes' heritage sites over the

years. Traditional architecture and the people's rich customs and traditions have been severely

harmed in the ten years since the July earthquake, which significantly broke parts of its

constructed history and caused significant structural damage. The researchers proposed that

preventive maintenance be used as the primary guiding principle for conservation work in

Batanes, implying more retention and less intervention. A historic building's aesthetic, cultural,

and structural qualities must be altered with minimal work (Ignacio, J.F, n.d.).

One of the most important factors in Batanes conservation efforts is funding. Local

governments are still concerned about striking a balance between the province's economic

growth and the preservation of its historic structures. The researchers hope for the government's

continued support in order to successfully preserve the province's culture and heritage. 

The participants in the research's data collection, particularly in the interviews they

performed, indicated that the national government has a very limited role in the actual execution

of Vigan's built heritage preservation and conservation. The National Museum, the National

Commission for Culture and the Arts, and the National Historical Commission of the Philippines

are part of the national government, which is in charge of overseeing preservation and assisting
local governments by providing financial support for initiatives and technical expertise. The

local government handles the majority of the act itself, including the upkeep. Given that Vigan

has its own preservation and conservation ordinance, Municipal Ordinance 04-2000, also

referred to as the "Ordinance Enacting the Preservation and Conservation Guidelines for Vigan

Ancestral Houses," which was made in accordance with the Municipal Ordinance No. 14 series

of 1997 created after Vigan was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is clear that

the local government takes preventative measures and has taken the necessary steps to protect the

town. The researchers were able to determine that the national government's role in the

preservation and conservation of the World Heritage Site of Crisologo Street in Vigan, Ilocos

Sur, in accordance with RA 10066, citing Section 4, Section 6, Section 12, Section 13, Section

18, Section 26, Section 32 (letter J), Section 48 and other minor conclusions that they were able

to formulate in line with the issues highlighted in the first chapter of this study.

2.1.3 Economic

In light of this, heritage conservation entails maintaining a representation of the distant

past for its historical significance as well as for its potential to improve income-earning

opportunities, city livability, and competitiveness (Ebbe, 2009); thereby, it is important to

maintain social capital and produce economic output (Chohan and Wai Ki, 2005). Bryan Balco

(2011) adds the following conclusions:

“Cultural heritage or the historic built environment has a big part to play "in

promoting economic growth and as such, it can help "boost the local and national

economy and create jobs by attracting tourists and investments, and providing

leisure, recreation, and educational facilities"” (p. 6).

legacy, which empowered the local population to serve as its local guardians and generated both

direct and indirect economic advantages. (Cruz, G., 2017)

2.1.4 Poor Governance

The same data from Newsdesk, the National Government’s Proclamation No. 439

(Galvez, 2019) which stated that the National Cultural Heritage Act, or Republic Act No. 10066,

precisely signed a decade ago, advocates for the maintenance of historical attractions at a

minimum of 50 years old. This regulation additionally caused the introduction of the Philippine

Registry of Cultural Property, which consolidates a legitimate listing of all cultural residences

which are deemed enormous to the Philippines’ cultural background either tangible or intangible.

However, Another claim from the same data from Newsdesk, the National Government’s

Proclamation No. 439 (Galvez, 2019) which stated that the National Cultural Heritage Act, or

Republic Act No. 10066, precisely signed a decade ago, advocates for the maintenance of

historical attractions at a minimum of 50 years old. This regulation additionally caused the

introduction of the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property, which consolidates a legitimate

listing of all cultural residences which are deemed enormous to the Philippines’ cultural

background either tangible or intangible.

Aside from that, the world heritage (admin, FLAME) claimed that the huge and rich

cultural heritage internationally must be managed and protected, which is difficult in part

because of inadequate funding. Additionally, because of apathy on the part of the general

populace, the government, and other stakeholders, sites with historical and cultural significance

are completely ignored. In the contemporary environment of ever-increasing pollution and

conservation techniques. What are our options as citizens? Can we as civilians band together and

adopt a location without the aid of skilled personnel and money? Utilize the resources at your

disposal to maintain and safeguard the regional historic sites, which will in turn attract the

attention of larger financing organizations for the preservation of our cultural heritage

2.1.5 Natural Disaster

2.1.6 Importance of the Heritage Attraction and Its effects on the local residents

Heritage Conservation Society (HCS) Chair Liliane Manahan stated,

“As generations come and go, it is important to reintroduce the idea of historic

preservation and continue to educate them about the value of our

nation’s-built heritage as it relates to our history.”

  In addition to that Manahan also mentioned that it's not just old buildings. Each structure

has considerable memory associated with it. When important structures are physically lost and

replaced by others, the landscape changes, memory is lost, and all this generation remembers is

the watered-down story represented by what is in its place. (Manahan, 2019)

Another claim from the same data shows information that the current situation influences

how future generations will view heritage and research it. Any form of heritage must be

preserved for future generations as a matter of course in the present. But neither the concept of

heritage nor its preservation is static. This essay has shown that there isn't and shouldn't be a

universally accepted definition of the optimum preservation strategy. Nevertheless, the goal
should be to remain open and promote ongoing discussions about and objections to the current

preservation techniques, whether top-down, bottom-up, or another as-yet-undefined technique.

 Cultural Heritage plays an important role in the tourism industry because Heritage is a

reflection of many lifestyles and customs, or, to put it another way, various human civilizations

and historical eras, as well as the society in which they exist. Communities can discover their

true and sequential cultural history by studying a heritage that has been well-preserved. It should

be preserved in the most effective way since heritage is not a renewable resource, but we are

unable to accomplish this on our own and must enlist the assistance of the government and the

people in the area. The absence of collaboration between the government agencies and the

impact of the private sector is usually felt strongly, which poses significant challenges to the

development of Izmir as a popular travel location. These attractions should be identified through

an inventory survey, and a united group made up of representatives from the public and

commercial sectors should identify and guide activities that may be utilized to promote these

attractions.

According to a study produced by the Citizen's Disaster Response Centre (CDRC), for

the year 2012, the Philippines had 2, 360 fatalities from natural disasters, making it the country

with the highest number worldwide (Citizen's Disaster Response Center 2012). Storm surges,

earthquake- or cyclone-induced landslides, and fire were all among the top five catastrophes

(cyclone induced). The top five dangers that together harm the most people include natural

disasters including earthquakes, fire, and tropical storms. Thus, while we cannot completely

prevent natural catastrophes, there are steps we can do to prepare and be informed. A more

disaster-conscious community that can handle a certain infrastructure when tragedy strikes and is

aware of how to do so is also beneficial for maintaining historical heritage. Having awareness of
these topics is not sufficient because government help is also required. According to the

government of Iloilo, the municipal administration has furthermore backed a variety of

information, education, and communication programs and causes. A balance between

community use and professional heritage protection is necessary for conservation within a living

culture (Poulios 2014, 23). When discussing the dimensions of "protection of constructed

history" and "development of the site," both of which need to be examined and balanced,

Arkarapotiwong (2015, 20) comes to a similar conclusion. But frequently the focus is on use

rather than protection in the end.

2.2 International

2.2.1 Challenges in Preserving and Conserving Heritage Attraction

The study's main finding is that inadequate management, monitoring, and evaluation, a

lack of funding and stakeholder involvement, urbanization, settlement programs, and agricultural

practices, inadequate government concern and professional commitment, a lack of community

concern for cultural heritage, vandalism and drug trafficking, low promotion of cultural heritage,

and natural disasters are the main factors affecting heritage conservation. Berhanu, K. (2022)

The research suggested that cultural diversity would be put in danger unless conservation efforts

are supported by conservation guidelines, management plans for heritage sites, research findings,

stakeholder integration, and community involvement. The study's most essential

recommendation is that historical conservation and sustainable development be combined and

that promoting conservation is a means of ensuring both economic and social sustainability.

According to Berhanu, K. (2022), heritage is what we keep now, what we leave to the next

generation, as well as what we've inherited from the past. Both our natural and cultural heritages
are priceless sources of inspiration and life. They serve as our compass, anchors, and sources of

identity.      

Cultural heritage is the legacy of tangible items, intangible traits, and social assets that

are passed down from one generation to the next. These items are preserved in the present, and

given to the benefit of future generations. Monuments are architectural works, monumental

sculptures and paintings, archaeological artifacts or structures, inscriptions, cave dwellings, and

combinations of features. Berhanu, K. (2022) Groups of buildings are collections of unrelated or

interconnected structures that, due to their architecture, homogeneity, or context, are considered

cultural heritages. Landscape; and places, especially archaeological sites, that have exceptional

importance from a historical, artistic, ethnographic, or anthropological perspective. Works by

humans or works that blend the

In accordance with the study that Fitri, I., et al (2020), suggested that was conducted out

in Indonesia, which states the problems and difficulties in conserving and protecting the urban

heritage in Medan, such as overlapping responsibilities, a lack of clarity regarding jurisdiction,

and a lack of inter-organizational coordination between government agencies that are significant

barriers to achieving the goals of heritage conservation. Registration and designation are a

serious issue in Medan.

Cultural heritage is the legacy of tangible items, intangible traits, and social assets that

are passed down from one generation to the next. These items are preserved in the present and

given to the benefit of future generations. Monuments are architectural works, monumental

sculptures and paintings, archaeological artifacts or structures, inscriptions, cave dwellings, and

combinations of features. Berhanu, K. (2022) Groups of buildings are collections of unrelated or

interconnected structures that, due to their architecture, homogeneity, or context, are considered
cultural heritages. Landscape and places, especially archaeological sites, that have exceptional

importance from a historical, artistic, ethnographic, or anthropological perspective. Works by

humans or works that blend the works of nature and humans. Therefore, cultural legacy

encompasses more than just the structures and items that have survived the test of time. The live

manifestations and traditions that numerous cultures and groups inherit from their ancestors and

transmit to their offspring are also considered to be part of humanity's cultural legacy. Cultural

heritage gives communities, organizations, and people a sense of continuity and identity, which

assists them in comprehending their surroundings and giving significance to their way of life.

Berhanu, K. (2022) Property belonging to cultural heritage is divided into tangible and intangible

according to Proclamation No. 209/2000 (Article 3)

At all architectural design levels, the revitalization of structures with historical and

cultural significance has always been difficult. The challenge of preserving a structure that

reflects cultural heritage in its original state while also inspiring it to live a modern building life

that is tailored to new use is growing as a result of the rapid development of modern architectural

techniques. But the relevance of revitalization as a tool for preservation, but also its activation in

the framework of sustainable development, is highlighted by the many requirements of

contemporary society and the rising awareness of the immense worth of architectural heritage.

The development of fresh, cutting-edge methods for the active preservation and conservation of

architectural heritage. This revitalization strategy proposes a modern means of preserving

architectural legacy while also being acknowledged as the most direct and honest act of

exaltation of the significant cultural heritage building. It does this by utilizing cutting-edge

materials and imaginative processes (Penica et al., 2015)

building preservation, insufficient exhibition and usage, and poor accessibility of the traffic in

wide areas, exist due to the architectural heritage mixed with the status of cultural relic

preservation. Then, it presents leveled and prioritized concepts for focused conservation and

development and incorporates them into the coordinated, overall, and cross-regional planning

framework for conservation and sustainable development. According to the study of Yicun P.,

Wei D., Yaqiong L. (2021), a selective investigation of the historical heritage buildings in the

Dabie Mountains revealed that the bricks in their walls had been removed or shredded (due to

human error during demolition), the masonry mortar in some of the walls had cracked or turned

to powder, and the timber frames and beams had cracks and had been subject to erosion and

deformation due to weathering (Pang et al., 2021). The preservation quality of cultural artifacts

in the Dabie Mountains may be categorized into four groups based on the present situation: good,

general, bad, and none. As a result, suitable ant seismic and reinforcing measures ought to be

implemented according to how badly the structures have been damaged. 

Sustainable historical tourist locations face a number of challenges. Lack of financial

resources, subpar governance, improper project management procedures, inefficient regulation

enforcement, corruption, and a lack of support for heritage conservation are just a few of the

main challenges in preserving and conserving heritage attractions. Jamieson, W. (n.d.). 

Another claimed challenges in preserving and conserving which is unquestionably the

outcome of the previously indicated high complexity of the historic conservation field, the

significance of the practitioner's skills and expertise, and the absence of a body of agreed-upon

scientific information to support practice activities (Otero, J., 2021) The identification of decay

patterns and the decision regarding the type of protective treatment that should be used based on
the extremely complicated environment (type of substrate, material's qualities, implicated decay

processes, and suitable products) are two of the most challenging jobs that practitioners confront

in their operations. These tasks demand a thorough investigation. However, in real-world

situations, decisions concerning interventions are frequently made at the last minute and

occasionally without adequate research (p.62). A new approach to organizing, condensing, and

disseminating knowledge that could support professionals (conservation encyclopedia) in their

field-based decision-making is urgently needed in this situation.

2.2.2 Heritage Preservation and Conservation

[Link] Preservation

Preservation of cultural heritages is a crucial area since it is recognized as one of the most

significant factors supporting and defining a society's culture. The majority of traditions that are

upheld and spread within a society come from cultural heritages, which are the means of

preserving, presenting, and delivering culture. They are also The most influential treasures are

also the ones known to be essential to passing on the culture to the next generation. A broad view

of cultural heritages would show that many of them have experienced a growing number of

problems and threats brought on by unforeseen natural events, environmental factors, social

conditions, and certain human actions. Cultural heritage preservation is a challenging endeavor

that requires a variety of instructional and practical techniques. Numerous studies have

illuminated the importance of education in this way, introducing children and adolescents as the

most crucial demographic to teach (Fleer & Robbins, 2007; Bamford, 2006) by examining the

various age groups. This group in society is regarded as the forerunner of emerging trends and

will contribute significantly to the preservation of cultural heritage. Children must interact with
their surroundings in order to learn about a society's unique characteristics since this is how

future members of the culture will get familiar with it.

According to Hoan (2021), Around 3 million people visited the monuments in Hue's old

city, including around 1.8 million foreigners, bringing in more than 320 billion dong in ticket

sales; 1.96 million people visited Hoi An Ancient Town in Quang Nam Province. ticket sales

brought in 219 billion VND from guests, etc. It is clear that tourist growth and cultural heritage

preservation and promotion go hand in hand. In the long run, if we can figure out how to exploit

this connection more effectively, it may be a fantastic resource for helping to develop a more

stable source of tourism revenue, which will in turn encourage the expansion of the social

economy. Tourists may contribute to quick economic expansion, but it is clear that without

effective protection, the original legacy will alter and disappear.

[Link] Conservation

Concern about cultural heritage is also raised by mass tourism but there are issues that are

viewed as being confronted in destinations including the issues with immigration, unruly

urbanization, and the decline of societal values. Although it has its own issues, cultural heritage

offers remedies to the drawbacks of mass tourism. Government programs, local administrators'

action, and contingency plans, private business owners, civil community organizations, and

governmental policies are mentioned as being the key elements that should exist in a destination

in order to overcome these types of problems (Ragab & Pirnar, 2019).  Izmir residents'

sensitivity to the issues is another crucial factor in changes and the backing behind them. There

will never be a better evaluation of opportunities until the local government has the necessary

regulations, innovative teams, and educational programs.  

cultural legacy, and it primarily focuses on doing all in our power to postpone the natural laws of

degradation on tangible artifacts in order to ensure the transfer of its important heritage messages

and values to future generations. Current heritage conservation practice activities, which are

primarily carried out by conservation practitioners (i.e., conservators-restorers and conservation

technicians) in worldwide museums, conservation laboratories, and monuments, widely involve

activities like the implementation of preventive actions (i.e., controlling the surrounding

environmental conditions of items to mitigate damage), remedial activities (i.e., applying a

conservation treatment to strengthen it). 

In reality, it should be underlined that the idea of integrating cultural heritage with tourist

development does not imply that all cultural heritages may be used for tourism and must be

conserved. In addition to being a huge and valuable asset, the treasure trove of historical and

cultural artifacts, landscapes, and intangible cultural heritages bequeathed by our predecessors

also serves as a resource for sustainable development (Hoa ng, 2020). Because they reflect the

character and knowledge of an entire people group, these heritages' cultural significance has

become even more significant as a result of globalization.

2.2.3 Economic

Foreign urban heritage has evolved from early attacks on urban renewal and study on the

noumenon worth of historical structures to research on the intangible aspect of urban life, which

increased many analyses and research findings of the previous reuse practice. Urban planning

and heritage cannot be separated from one another, just as human civilization, culture,

economics, and environmental concerns cannot be separated from one another. Another claim

from the analysis of poverty attributes the social economy to have grown quickly in the Dabie
Mountains in recent years. Since 2006, this region's GDP has grown at an average yearly pace of

more than 10%. Between 2006 and 2014, the income of inhabitants in rural and urban areas grew

by 1.5 times. The pace of new industry, urbanization, and agricultural modernization has

quickened, and the country's economic might has greatly expanded. The overall progress is still

being held back by the shaky basis, though. In recent years, the per-capita GDP has fallen to just

50% of the national average.

Otero, J. (2021) claims that , cultural heritage conservation can also act as a global

economic driver, but particularly in economically and socially disadvantaged communities in

developing countries because it creates local jobs, opportunities for income-generation

and jobs (especially for youth and women), better learning opportunities for all, reduces

inequality between social status or communities, improves professional competitiveness in

skilled jobs, and promotes pro-cultural heritage tourism. Additionally, it promotes a sense of

belonging and well-being among the populace, which supports sustainable growth. 

Thus, Hoan (2021) stated that, it is clear that tourist growth and cultural heritage

preservation and promotion go hand in hand. In the long run, if we can figure out how to exploit

this connection more effectively, it may be a fantastic resource for helping to develop a more

stable source of tourism revenue, which will in turn encourage the expansion of the social

economy. Tourists may contribute to quick economic expansion, but it is clear that without

effective protection, the original legacy will alter and disappear.

Keeping our culture alive does not imply giving up economic and social

progress development. Historic preservation is not only appropriate for economic development;

it could be a useful instrument for economic growth. In addition to preserving cultural qualities,

heritage building repair and adaptive reuse can also pay off financially. Reduced site preparation
costs, existing utility connections, and the reuse of some of the existing structures all contribute

to cheaper construction costs for rehabilitation projects. According to Plaza urban history

preservation promotes the growth of nearby enterprises and opens employment possibilities for

locals. 

2.2.4 Poor Governance

It is stated that the government is the fundamental stakeholder from whom all support

came from, especially the funds needed for the restoration of establishments of a certain country

or destination.  The way that UNESCO categorizes and prioritizes cultural heritage has been

widely adopted by other nation states, who—in addition to hurrying to have symbols of their

history included to UNESCO's list—also develop their own internal, national heritage lists based

on UNESCO's model. The heritage that is included on these lists is given more government

support, including subsidies and media coverage (Maags, 2018). In order to prioritize the

allocation of resources allocated to their preservation, the World Heritage and ICH conventions

also produce lists of cultural property that require urgent protection. These lists draw attention to

historic buildings and activities that are now being neglected but could soon be lost to time.

(Zhang, L, 2022)

In accordance to the heritage treasures in the Dabie Mountains, which are a part of the

provinces of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui, are widely dispersed, encompassing nearly all of the

districts and counties in this area. The free movement of production factors is hampered by the

administrative division, and the level of industrial collaboration and development is still low. It

serves as an administrative impediment to the growth of the cultural industry in this area.

Additionally, the divide results in strict restrictions on regional economic growth and the
administrative region economy phenomena, which is at odds with regional economic integration

(Pang et al., 2021).

Planning is required for the concept of national tourist development for the long term by

the wise, efficient, and humane use of the natural and cultural resources bequeathed by our

forefathers, the success of which should not just be evaluated by profit, but also by the potential

advantages we may get in the future (Hoang, 2020). Legacy is a priceless resource for the tourist

industry, and it is important to maintain the original heritage in order to address the connection

between heritage conservation and sustainable tourism development. They frequently don't know

the real story, which is a normal occurrence. Value of artifacts, not strictly adhering to the Law

on Cultural Heritage regarding the preservation and restoration of heritages the Government's

Decree also regulates the processes for formulating and approving planning and projects for the

preservation and restoration of historical, cultural, and scenic landmarks.

2.2.5 Natural Disaster

Natural catastrophes have always constituted a serious hazard to humanity and also to our

historical heritage. Environmental challenges frequently eclipse cultural legacy because they are

closely related to human health and nature preservation, which garners more political attention.

Due to natural calamities, certain historical sites continue to draw tourists. People who desire to

learn something new or otherwise improve their lives are the visitors who make up this kind of

tourism. That's why it keeps on improving and being developed. The most crucial elements

utilized in this design are the principles of subtle intervention, evaluation, and preservation of the

existing environment and context, as well as the notion of clearly separating the old from the

new to prevent historical forgeries. (Penica et al., 2015) This rehabilitation strategy offers a
modern way to protect architectural history, yet it is also recognized and regarded as the most

overt and honest gesture of adoration of a major cultural heritage structure.

As Kurin, R., (2022) demonstrated that it was forbearing neglect, calamity accidents,

massive natural disasters, and increasingly climate change challenged our ability to preserve

cultural heritage. Think of the earthquakes in Haiti and Italy and the destruction of historic

buildings and galleries. Remember the fire that scourged Notre Dame Cathedral and destroyed

the collections of Brazil's National Museum. Imagine the loss of vibrant cultural traditions

among Inuit communities experiencing massive warming in the Arctic. Societal persecution,

terrorism and armed conflict also endanger the preservation of cultural heritage.

2.2.6 Mass Tourism

The tourist sector includes mass tourism prominently. In both tourist literature and

general society, the phrase "mass tourism" has been used often for many years. However, a

precise definition and substance have never been agreed upon, even now. (H. Staunton, 2022).

As claimed by Dr. Staunton, H. (2022), Mass tourism is described as "peak travel

densities in any one location, resulting in saturation of the location." Due to the diverse carrying

capacity of each site, mass tourism cannot be defined in terms of particular numbers or values.

Instead, mass tourism happens when there are too many visitors for a place to comfortably host.

According to the local governments, which define each city's distinctive legacy in terms

of the architecture found in palaces, forts, temples, individual homes, or neighborhoods to

promote the location. Due to their accreditation by UNESCO, these cities have the opportunity to

earn notoriety, draw tourists, and possibly even receive financial support from UNESCO for the

preservation of the sites. However, India is home to a vast collection of historic sites that also
need to be cared for and preserved. Depending on their importance, only a few places receive

additional attention for conservation stated from Jamieson, W. (n.d.). 

In accordance to Ragab and Pirnar (2019) Since tourism is a massive global sector with a

rapid growth rate, according to the UNWTO's Vision, foreign arrivals will surpass 1.56 billion

by 2020 from 842 million in 2006. It indicates that the travel and tourism sector keep expanding

quickly over time. In order to meet the growing demand for cultural and historical tourism, the

industry is also expanding its variety of cultural heritage offerings, from seeing monuments to

learning about unusual lifestyles. Cultural heritage tourism is utilized to promote both regional

preservation and economic growth in today's world when tourism is employed to promote

regional development. The subset of tourism that is focused on a nation's or region's culture and

customs is known as cultural tourism. cultural travel often emphasizes communities with

distinctive activities that set them apart from other types or forms of culture, such as distinctive

forms of art and social practices (Ragab & Pirnar, 2019). Urban travel, especially to historical or

big cities, and visits to its cultural landmarks, including museums and cathedrals, are all included

in cultural tourism. Economic policies that assist the growth of the tourist industry tend to place a

high priority on cultural heritage preservation. It is universally acknowledged that cultural

heritage must be preserved. Heritage is significant and utilized to differentiate tourist offerings

(Cuccia & Cellini, 2007). Historical heritage is a treasure of a certain area or destination that

needs to be preserved since it is one of the key factors of a specific destination to have a better

tourist attraction. 

However, having good governance is also an important task to have a better economy.

The cultural dimension is impacted by the governing strategy and approach. For the purpose of
really maintaining and recognizing the value of culture, it is crucial that government understands

and evaluates the relationship between economic inputs and cultural legacy (Florea et al., 2020) 

2.2.7 Importance of the Heritage Attraction and Its effects on the local residents

As claimed by Zhang. L., (2022), Today, few would contest the idea that legacy is

significant and worthy of preservation, and that actively participating in its destruction is a crime

against both the culture to which it belongs and mankind at large. It is not radical to oppose the

deliberate destruction of cultural property. A person's attitude toward actively preserving legacy

for future generations is significantly more revealing. While someone may consider the

destruction of legacy to be a crime, they may not believe that it is our duty to preserve it.

Importantly, we have a responsibility to make such initiatives sustainable rather

than only concentrating on the physical preservation of heritage buildings, monuments, or

artefacts that Zhang. L., (2022) claims to show how important preserving and conserving

heritage attraction is. 

It is necessary to increase the value of heritage in usage. The historical, cultural, and

spiritual significance of the Dabie Mountains' modern and present cultural legacy cannot be

overstated. For carrying on and fostering the national spirit and encouraging the coordinated

economic and social development of the backward ancient areas, the scientific and reasonable

preservation and development of the cultural treasures in this region has more practical and

historical value. Countries like Hong'an, Xin, and Macheng, have concentrations of cultural

relics that are dispersed in big groups and serve as the study's main subject regions. It offers ideal

circumstances for driving important areas, centralizing resource development, and integrating

resource development with other tourism-related resources. Since it is connected to tourism the
regional administrations in the Dabie Mountains started to develop the cultural assets into tourist

resources as the national government increased funding to promote tourism, which helped

alleviate poverty in the area (Pang et al., 2021). After all, The strategy can support the close

coupling of the cultural tourism sector with efforts to reduce poverty and establish a culturally

significant area.

Culture, the natural world, history, architecture, archaeology, and geology are only a few

examples of the many distinct values that make up the broad idea of heritage (Ragab & Pirnar,

2019).

2.2.8 Synthesis

The paper emphasizes the different challenges that affect in maintaining heritage

attractions; different claims also deeply state the reasons why the mentioned factors influence in

preserving and conserving heritage attractions which are also experienced by the locals that are

designated at Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. Recognizing cultural heritage either as tangible and

intangible practices, knowledge, and experiences, emphasizing its relevance as a socio-economic

catalyst and as a potent weapon for environmental sustainability, urban regeneration, and

tourism. Moreover the found literature from various related topics are mostly mentioned about

the economic, government and mass tourism are the factors affecting in preserving and

conserving heritage attractions which also affects in keeping the maintenance of heritage

attractions. It emphasizes the crucial role that local and international governments play in

fostering and protecting cultural heritage as stewards of cultural variety and how they may use it

to enhance community stability and intercultural discourse, strengthen participatory governance,

ordinance, Municipal Ordinance 04-2000, also referred to as the "Ordinance Enacting the

Preservation and Conservation Guidelines for Vigan Ancestral Houses," which was made in

accordance with the Municipal Ordinance No. 14 series of 1997 created after Vigan was

designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is clear that the local government takes

preventative measures and has taken the necessary steps to protect the town. The researchers

were able to determine that the national government's role in the preservation of the World

Heritage Site of Crisologo Street in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, in accordance with RA 10066, citing

Section 4, Section 6, Section 12, Section 13, Section 18, Section 26, Section 32 (letter J), Section

48 and other minor conclusions that they were able to formulate in line with the issues

highlighted in the first chapter of this study.