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SIDRA ALI MA ECO DEL 2021-23
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11 views44 pages

En Notes

Uploaded by

SIDRA ALI MA ECO DEL 2021-23
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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PE ss nan 2 (ns 4 ZX wt So, RAS Y ony ae $ conlaining tu anita a rode dv the maximar indypence? suk, o WY LO . , Y spedatized eqpilibirum - Tt) Ay wit have 4] ] fl iki a Lypiibiium : bared on Nash fa ton ument tue will be 0 seqyance of- hest reopenses) . 9) 3S Teka * Deeimber 128, 2022 "edudanty Pile) § Bor twponse pundien individuat & foo prog € ri CF pra £ 2 (her ym) ie! wr Stable 4 and oye 4 2 st : rh ay or & Salis yin yey Leds p and ee > necgele yy 4.) - e+e and en, yee) converges ee V : WY ; A But tho does noi tmuan that a4 Sow Sproiadized equibbria ae Stabs ( spedaberd tqpiibiia will be stab) Specialized plogs whe evey Ron $ Prdaus! wo conntud to2 Speaauisis aie stab equilibtia - Y caps proye connie’ couespand Jo maximal independent Set oO old 2 Trortn? for any te TuRWoIR gan copii wa Stable Ute kc avery mM speauiste conard bo (at east) Hwo speciaust s | Pung, The rxisis Sta eqn in Me Poy: ple) dm & puled= may (¢*- Gi 18} ) Lemma '- 3] es er , Mun Yok (e) S pope’ Suppose thar onde ecg ety ot ynayee 92) yy max (0 ac! 0) 4) 7 ye) F ya 7 Ye) Hla 7 ye) > yon S He? Considar Yost an ecyaibsium {hat do not specialized and cunok by, a gyrocqst J a ™ we smet rune aij @ jpevlatd ation £ a [plies - yyes seieh MS oH? \we wish to Show 3 fo plere) wet 3 cane ©) Speiatst © Non-speciavsss @orus Ome cae aca Gi=0 45 a e Trin pron = wor't chang, bo uve wt Gamount eae up tun pilered =o (rere) 7 © yelper) Ore, @ vs wre’ h 20 oye (0 Pine pon spe") Wy € nin 97 ej et era = qilpier®) 2 te etm ® ley f sma 3 VW) ET 1% Sey pilere) = e- & = t Lelkler) 2 ut Zany ‘ ——— mn yl yer®) DHE 3 poplers) Tere By a arom ge any yrs yuarnber 2 4 (Ge) 77 e+e De 22Deamber 2027 Feecat ed equilibria in whi um wri (Uy non- Spedalist Jn conmudkd fe otlasy 2 Speciatists aie stabu- ¢ Ler fe be sud an captibsium - Lo Tbe di sek of Spedasiaats - f= ap as a putrutbation ein ina cqpanbrium » Gb" Me \e| Zo* Screi%or ? Became Of, min distulbant vahat would Be Aha bux Tepanse over Fim % «) 4 e@! -5 but Yor ponse inte 2 round - ext? > ey ge ae q+ = (nena er (Ang va not o snows) jensen oe pe we have apsurrud \e nes sp e dionistS woud (m je non gous We pemain il opt ef. ny second ound) - =O = 2. . ae ye e!" ye e ef =0 for LET, i209 epee a sine An hort yound se peop wate Not uli in any te" sow tre rat found » tray pw =) ke oflere) ze ‘ paeze V hy2 oy swan equilibrium ill be staph . 5 Faun ones pea i) . ‘ ae : Pea up conned to ont pedis! . ° ° Suoy opeciaisis is nok @ eaximun indapendst? suk Oh oydat2- Fy ary neh gtabls eapibibrivm- et —) maxima inqupenay tt ely e 3 ard 2. 7 + gy ar daa Gtab aqpiibrium + ? Two equisibsia Tae qi fpr ae stor gab concave net 9 CANE CAhare will be ya am) sobre), ten uj { Wle, g) = Splext)- me. ven £ $e ste w0e!,4) > wer) ¢ ap eyyaent 9 - : H Zt & wlley eG) -& yen ro ney arp tyre) ct i j)= eft @i20 5 quilting) 4 o- —_oe qe $ Regular aoe" ds age e (ea nods WW hove niga) pienjes rd. Wa 3 * Non “Requtar (nroph aa G ) pn exgcitrs gue ai gave be a Nash Gquitibsl o hon > wuiqnbour $” 4 hor 2 raignbous Ni en h al Sts nighbouls = eR A d is rasghbows = rk Suppose ia taking a” {Katt wwoys barter Yor yr rae “ugpit than a fo take som ye oly Lr w a gett : 0 . ¢ 0 o 6 Q ° a 0 4 4qpabibriver ° : . f = aan) Net an eqyitibrivnn 1 ENA Coscating 1 28) lajro Hard Behavior (Banja eapesimunt ) disire to Confirm Adu Somaing imp: em Somens Mh ese behavior \ 4) A, decision has to be made by every player 2) Peoptr make ducision Seqpinvially . 3) Each person observes the Chola mad by Hu Previous person . 4) Each person has Soma privat information 9) Fy person can’ diredty observe dyu pried. Information of offus bur Can ony mokt infirenus dbouk Aviv priya information yom what Tuy do. F) Sp: Vin — Smart, —~ ™ r N bat Se}. chan of reiting rae 50%Jo chanu oF indiyorihy bbe . Fah studint draws a maibl ie announus isl quiss Sud de } Al majorly rede Qn 2 mai bya. A maori ved) =4 Comyring bua) = My i aie Tregfing "| engoes) An, eo ay Pilea) mye ) = 2, = Fr (boa nana ipuu). . ) pina wus ) x Probe |g +) Pre yw») A} bie ina pw | blu’) = \ me — sn (5*%) 4 (Ex4) =2, 3? YW 9 ae ee major bu - Studant 2 we wan WY Poly magorty hua = $ , ox) > tlre) eae yn) Pr(BR). \ 7 |r as)" becaust he has geen. red color —— ’ Syl By Yr (maj \pe) = Yo xq so M wi annone mogeriny Tea = Ta >| ays xia Ee 7 majong ya: Sudinr 3. + Fist hwo Studs announu bw s a sed ball: Bera, bb | pee) = ptaBr Leh pun) X paCrneipbe) pCBBR) - k gtuaint BOO Wf ¥ V2 pa” = 3. ya 2 “rr ( LagardUss of what stant S sere, tu woud aways announce * moyorihy bus!) dy oe +) Meundrstands that YP 3?s quuss doesn't reveou any information + 0,1 will net bade Wa guess on Ws: Oye yo announa mv Go, studen 4 wid behave Lee Stuart 3 X injpmation conkint wy O FpF Solo Srudmr Yaa: ww. - — fy AS Jong, a> Hist Two passe Oye soma, HU future announed na art worthass - mation Cascade can Luad fo non- ophienal outcom — - Inje )ire2 ctudints draw bi ynotbts Wir fh ue nao rniyeiry ya)= Via G chance of gopusasion Widt LIf6r (aScade Ww ba hs ay frase prop. whe have inankve s) wre ( ‘Wntenhions to onan) | AS te warden of people ‘\ncrease ( HY ~) Ywn ty probabitaes al, cascads fo ocmur do dose tot who make duci sions Seqpuntial ConsiGet @ QVM} \ndividuals \)>b--- => jn incewing order >) Decision 16 a da berwan ouxepling) seqaing som gfe ophon word Nandomly proad = sol iw, , *) bare . in ond dh te possible stale festa \n wid pr staan in ie Te optian da & bad ua Ye option w 4 00d i Mie Ct (8) jdia (6) —_ pca)= pic b= 4-P govets *° ure gpd» pore = Vq7° Optien veyed 67 Ve <° Opken acupkd y phen gouphd& w pads Pare Expect? poyats om _ pos Pe aan 1) * (-p\e7 ° paves sign hr provides ow" wo gpod of apad (da siqnas auaping WwW oa ocaplt ng niin on’ argh gh (Hw)? ge yee bw signa a) 2 94 is a bad ite * ae wo good \dso ther high carl) =o 2) pica) = \-4, 2Mz ; signs axe more yea" oe a ewsphng wy a bad \dao ten \ow prte\e) 7 % SMe py(nie) 2 (what chowd @ petson do bared on fw private ae iu? i sgn ve gh But Ny pce») + ype (P) 20° Noe vg 2ort) + ve (BIA): cial) = pC |) » plo) ory p(vle) Plo) + Pca) 7-(B) rerio) pay + Cg) OH 2) @-4) 2 py + liny=% ma Py + (1-p)(t-ay) & dinominahr wy bss man % S oy PY yp py + 1-p) Cl-y) “Eypeaed pests A & ww now AWE. 1 Ty gh Showd now aweyt he ophon- How shoud an Individual dsods Wnared on muipte Signals In Seqpanee) Ct Sequena ok val H & wi - P(t\s) = Plu) ¥ W(S\u). 0(5). 0 (s\a) = yell 4)” sha sigs an guts qm qn Indupindints p(s)= PCSIa) Mol + yop) el) pyrtieglh scp O-al eat parli-g hs (ie p) gf > -a)q pa qi + (1p af On a> pat #1) D> (1-9) (a? a a7 b since a> Ve ary 7 plals) > wi “Gala $o , ophon shoud be arupled - __ ae a a- 4)? & dunominasor aZb pals) ene” gnowid Hy be yor? gunominador Hs a= af ( (-q)P= G rndiyger™ puwer ouagtien, | rego“ Z7 Trévinat No ony pines Signal Zo nb b enowa. 41S. audiston k has pivae signed aso 4 =rnd 3 Rmows bon L* L18 daasions - vik BOM ak 2 fplhows ywat signa Tran tur tho Taner signals *- (ho own + ‘t . vr al are Samu dw risk wo ate 7 i =) hows fun own signal: plows own signa : “ opposite” ue L & Dare Sam ; a Wo owns? > ‘ptows ha dausien oF oppos! te 4 kL: A ye. Wnyduvi dures sh Rnow ut An a Tum ‘pow yw sam gacision 12 - 7 Snipimarion cascada Nas begur What happens Jo & puson vurabered NE () # acespranes ommend peop belpre him we oe payinens among prope f, base Gn wit Yellow uy own signal : @ FF oeoplances >+# ragations by GN will fptlow wp hn own signa te cuuptanes 5 # nagarions by 2) iptows ] sa yg Nurwher Ob hight Ee ju 8 ‘ = Jow Sqnals +2 yes “I k Vonore wr 0 nsiqnat 5 Whur cage Ada , Of: would ake AN entire popwavion Of Ur Stops Sherk Oy 9 msl oly whol adoghis fu rehworR shutute y $ a=3 ber Vv : p | oa | A b 4 axb \ ek A 33 0,0 q, = (testa) | yfoolee = REM & eng mggens | have adopt 2) hun Sw =) pp nodes env odoging Re i in de rox A dusk! ok dns, rp) ana Sor of noes in de set hao aw past v9! of ah naigrvats jn In see use wy alert >» dasil4= 243 “Gnd oj, shensi qnbswrs bdong fe ts str n 7” NOK QT so q al nods so dusk of dinsihy L @ 3 hue oe 2 avers of amvity p ,Thn union of hhuse Hao dushs wa ONSO of, Aas? dunst P Ln gierat, a oawade wom to a Slop whin ur (U Cus Ty w Yo ony ing ther causes castedy e Stop ns nto a dunse Network Coordination’ Came 24Dec 2022 wo i possibis buhaviors) opinions) technolo an ~ DB Vivrg thse lwo & nods are Sintud ) Thy will have bermp by makeing that ehavior o. dureet L a= a jaya | 0 asp? XX 8 | 030 byb gre game game wih eo? of vb nuts day we V2 PNM sna 07 Zee" venay aged on a a son bowers AKB jayrd on car cage i 4 w gems jours noosing . 1 ok wen p qyovion ete v'5 rajgpbouts vano adopts hanover A 1 te woud be factor of v's ruigrbtar Td rarer y's rwagabours zd 4 aanoow adopts RK cep) adapt g- awe A peer b p “at 2Y Mey” “ap yy 174? dios he yore Than B Che breaking ). oe weryon WSS % a» a dilgut behavier a gmak st OF adoplis did fo chose A - Spas NAL NAD igpere muir ow signa k fpbow magoril gna ht 4 auapland > >+# regation® by 7/2 yyir ow" signds pr we peor ino ,o cascade will began Jo choose oY Sem signe We dd di viol + | en om . pis N peop \nto phows Of 3 consrouhve D) feopy in arr) om pho Will recieve \dinica SQ) wim ae, pribanilty } a + ay)? Jy Prob mar nont de Muse bios wn siqnas ae = ()-as— (- 3 )N ye - 0 qn) PN o-70- code aus pao amos sure Ml, nals gists of idunntot nen Tan ar , 2028 NA nw | Troposition + Considir a set of initia adopks of behavior A with a Ahreshold of 4)! fpr hodes in the remmainging Yutwork fo uD CO ad Adopt behavior A " (A) dhe cemainig. network contains a duster of density greater than ai ay no ste of init adopts will not cascodt a comple ta nenwdlk - eq (b) Whanwver a 6er Of \niticn adopters oloes not complate a. cascad vv With threshold 4 , the remaining Mhootk musF Contain a Quskr of dunsity greakr than 4 - Poo “(Considir an arbitrary retwork Suppose dhot the remaining tutwoiR Conains a chuskr of density qual than 4-y- Caim: No node inside tre Cluskr will ruver adopt A : Supbose true va a nod, Say ‘b be which adopts A - At hast 4 action of apie h have adapkd A. nd one ~F Trse raighbous of" must Ait outside tha clushr (ts, doped thi behavior’ exst nan B), Bur tu & ctushr hes atnsity > ty = 5h Bond aH Sy bob ra wd ne | TH yg F ° ie Gab+e = 2) 1094 4 - XIskNe oly Mathat — auaring pia fo Any set of bug Valuation there exests SO of matt Oraring Plies. Pountian “erage: Summati on opabuya Pueintiat of Obuer = may nga Pave she cay? Ge Trem a sete. Summak ast ions pbs sir’ Caurend prise that ty colle da charging. oenviat = Po 70 IW Tre ped round » Seblar'n pornbiar 7% 6 Busy ir paren 70 Ty put He bye sabes gf ws) <#S 1+ oso ir job ob Jonni xt 6 ponn down bamate ( naa TE bog een in N(s) ob Wu conshided ser Pountiad Eourga Vy NTS Ele Tol Peyey = Fyfod Vaduation «f a Su Mm mating — all os Fa ps Se buys Suurs: Toles payay is mnaximiztd whan IN Jota yaluation is masimired . ) This \S achieved by using mothe - daring qo Aw puree mokding. Rounds Pria 0 Oxy Hr @ i ditous ° sas 2 4 (2) So © \4 Resse @ 2 40,0 © found 3. L 1,0,0 —9 Te gies ws a pellet , ae 0 i 0,0: 0 - Thaye ave inkrmectianies ) Not aw bay tts and cdurs have acess fore same wkrmedtiaries 3) Not alt buys 3 suis trad: ok tw same Kiny. price . NetwoiR ole buytis seis ae hadurs: = The w 0 Singu- cod Yr sede in jnevisib units + > Bach gun 1 holds one unit of At good > Vesuaren of te good fo guby b2 Vi He is wilt to sd at any pia PLyVe =) Buys y'S_ valuation = y He jo will puhase Vk yj-P7/0 at most ons unit of fy gee: Addition” SZ) \\puahons are hnown to evely OB 2 Tneis ° puro R Antougn whicn +16 Nodes ¢ Buys Sous , Eags : Oppostu ry ¥ hae ds happens - Fras at paar + oles a bid piu to each Seur ie by at ME aul seu asks por ak pria em can buy - CS @ +i tel. © = Bin] Oe We utr te te MS = P 2 Tad 4 S wil Not have any inantive fo have more seltus thar butts ‘ a Ina When buyers & Sous are Dailterence — INdiltrent berwun buy net b k 7 WE allow hace hep ") vying cing not selva aay 0) . wal, b bia & ask plies 72/ fom each naighbouring buys ke selur- Buyr/ ; choia of muah beuting hack Io deat wim ] Sur * chdsion yp not to jode fake pert ih ony Hansachion - Payorg : Traur = = ask prias of aut ha nsacions — Shit prias of hi adypyy oles Yo sester — Peratly, Buy) = Vj - ay Wacur U is yell vat = Yj Oy re ita! o ug no trader Seluti= bei iy Hader i is selsced: 0 sk no dradot is sdadko . en 20 Oe Monopoly: o a) Hos a exptoiive a of TeapeR= 4 “a Pay olf, ee =0 Competition = Me equinibrium _—(|h ase bid a ° Om “ G) Soy Hada plage =o Suppose ben, ara bee 5 Th b4 YB not 0 ope x ap ime bid us Mestman ook. The OWN Hack wilh sigey % bia dk Stine Y anR y So .fwe aphmar wo ttadd wie 2b Ke. Lsewr consumes the enhre PO ” xe (o,4] range equilibrium sfrurt will be jwo equiibriaen © — @ Ser 2sdtingto T KW T sei q” Bo ® seur 2 saing OT dx nT? sabi yo te Lo,4) The wa compatili on fr aw SeLLIS buts, gm pri Ruction- Aes singe Seu win sing ikm to sad. Thre are 4 pokniiat busgrs- > 2 Wy ay? yh Fhe Track happens through inkume diaries - EF -@ » El-Or I @ % Sera wilh be suing to can ofgtr mort man that. ole! wo 2, bul Te Torat vous : px Bre XL “Thue a non-local eggs ( somuring happening, b ig oxtoting buyers ). vwen hades & sours Socias wopere! Net pay oy. = (byp-ve) +iz i) + (4 - by) re _—— subr buypr hadi = \j -VU Faw Yor ~ o eK 0G 4 : \ ¥ heyeh el “I sahh \ qelod]. gts? Br yor $9 %3 Soda Ware * wilh robe ge GB) \ 422 2S kis Loy ony B wil mokt a prope 70 1 Tre rads 2 Can cedtt one pita @ fam and WY pgee prog Ve. QD ony waver 4 eyo We Wess © Bom Ae \rads ope yw Had + Whin can we soy mod a ryadsy wild feat —POSIINe poy aye © Essenhar Edge t \\ Wook T ho an cdo et! bo sahr of a bUyr St asuing Ve? would chang Ate Vow OF thy Sodal ophmun - ay true dh an essential edgar er trade T un fradir will ede: posinve payors: -

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