Week 1 :
What are opportunities and challenges of Vietnam during the US-China Trade
War ?
Opporturnities :
Chinese investment is a major contributor, providing 6.8% of all foreign direct
investment (FDI) in 2018, according to Vietnamese government data. Chinese
investment is concentrated in the construction, manufacturing and energy sectors and
has grown from US$700 million in 2011 to over US$2.4 billion in 2018. China is now
Vietnam’s fifth-largest investor after Japan, South Korea and Singapore.|
The trade war is expected to accelerate the growth in FDI from Chinese companies.
The economy grew by 7.08% in 2018, its fastest rate in 11 years, according to
government figures quoted in state-run media.
Manufacturing was the strongest driver of growth, expanding 12.98%, while taken
together industry and construction expanded by 8.85% and made a 48.6% contribution
to overall growth. Mining declined for the third year in a row, while agriculture grew
as a result of restructuring.
The World Bank’s December 2018 forecast said Vietnam would grow 6.8% in 2018,
beating overall emerging markets growth of 6.3% in the East Asia and Pacific region.
Challenges :
When the US imposes taxes, China can find a way to "borrow Vietnamese sugar" to
circumvent the law from which to export to the US market. For example, Chinese steel
may impersonate Vietnamese steel for export to the US, which is likely to cause
tensions between the US and Vietnam. However, the taxed items are mostly machinery
and industrial goods. Relative technology is not Vietnam's forte. Therefore, it is not
easy to "break the law". China will find a way to invest in Asian countries including
Vietnam and from there export goods to the US. Therefore, in the future Vietnam may
be subject to the US list of taxation. As China boosts exports to Vietnam, Vietnam
increasingly relies on China and increases the competition of its domestic market for
Chinese goods. Vietnam's export is also more difficult in the world when it has to
compete with Chinese products.
In terms of import and export, in the context of escalating trade war and continued
weakening growth of China, Vietnam's exports to China may decrease in 2019.
General Department of Customs data shows that in the first five months of 2019,
Vietnam's exports to China reached US $ 13.6 billion, down 1.5% from the same
period last year. Export turnover to China decreased, resulting in a slow growth in the
country's export turnover this year. Chinese goods, due to failure to enter the US
market, may shift to Asia. Imports from China to Vietnam in the first five months of
this year were nearly US $ 30 billion, up 20.3% over the same period. A major risk
that Vietnam faces is Chinese goods transshipment via Vietnam to export to the United
States to avoid punitive taxes. Many strong export items from Vietnam to the United
States are also those imported from China into Vietnam.
Week 2 :
1. Vietnam is an exporter or importer? Both
2. What is 5 main export products of Vietnam?
Vietnam main exports are: telephones, mobile phones and parts thereof (21 percent of
total shipments) and textiles (12 percent). Others include: computers and electrical
products (12 percent); shoes and footwear (7 percent) and machinery, instruments and
accessories (6 percent). Main export partners are: the United States (19 percent of the
total exports), China (16 percent) and Japan (8 percent). Others include: South Korea
(7 percent), Hong Kong (4 percent) and Netherlands (3 percent).
3. Explain why export and import of Vietnam increase though time?
Located in a strategic position for foreign companies with operations throughout
Southeast Asia, Vietnam is an ideal export hub to reach other ASEAN markets.
Compared with other developing markets in the region, Vietnam is emerging as the
clear leader in low-cost manufacturing and sourcing, with the country’s manufacturing
sector accounting for 25 percent of the country’s total GDP in 2021.
Currently, labor costs in Vietnam are approximately 50 percent of those in China at
US$2.99 per hour compared to US$6.50 per hour respectively, and around 40 percent
of those reported in Thailand and the Philippines. With the country’s workforce
growing annually, Vietnamese workers are comparatively inexpensive, young, and,
increasingly, highly skilled.
Another driving force behind Vietnam’s growing popularity is the country’s collection
of free trade agreements.
The RCEP, which came into force on January 1, 2022, has also fostered the entry of
goods exported in and out of Vietnam as it reduces cost, improves market access as
well as offers streamlined customs procedures.
In terms of regulatory and financial incentives, Vietnam has become increasingly
investor-friendly in recent years –the government has taken such actions as reforming
its financial sector, streamlining business regulations, and improving the quality of its
workforce.
Since the mid-2000s, the Vietnamese government has offered extremely competitive
financial incentives to businesses seeking to set up operations in the country, in
addition to a zero percent withholding tax on dividends remitted overseas and a low
corporate income tax (CIT) rate of 20 percent. These advantages have enabled
Vietnam to become a premier “sourcing economy” in the eyes of many companies.
Week 3:
1. Which factors of production dominate economic growth in Vietnam?
2. Why do you think the economic productivity of Vietnam is much smaller than
other neighbor countries?
First, the size of Vietnam's economy is small.
With a low starting point and small economic scale, narrowing the relative gap in
average income and labor force of Vietnam with other countries in recent years is a
remarkable achievement but not enough to narrow the absolute gap in the value of
labor force compared to other countries in the region
Second, the process of economic restructuring in a positive but slow direction.
Industries and services, especially those that are the driving force or lifeblood of the
economy such as finance, banking and tourism of our country, still account for a low
proportion.
Third, machinery, equipment and technological processes are outdated.
Most of our country's enterprises, especially civil enterprises, the level of science,
technology and innovation is still low, many enterprises are using old, outdated
technology, lagging 2-3 generations behind the world average.
Fourth, the quality of human resources is limited.
This is evident in the low proportion of trained workers, unreasonable training
structure, shortage of highly skilled labor, the gap between vocational education and
the needs of the labor market.
Fifth, the level of organization, management and efficiency of using resources is
still inadequate.
Management and corporate governance capacity is still limited, and there are some
"bottlenecks" in institutional reform and administrative procedures. The contribution
of TFP productivity to Vietnam's GDP growth has been low, reaching only 4.3% in the
period 2001-2010. In the period 2011-2018, TFP's contribution was raised but
remained low at 37.7%, while the contribution of capital and labor was 62.3%.(TFP's
contribution to GDP growth shows that the level of scientific and technological
development, sense of organization and management in production and business of
Vietnamese workers still does not meet the requirements of modern production.)
Sixth, the process of urbanization and industrial accumulation is slow
The proportion of urban population in 2018 reached about 35.7%, in the period 2011-
2018 increased by an average of 3.1% / year, which means that the supply of labor for
the industrial and service sector is low; workers mainly working in the agriculture,
forestry and fishery sectors are unlikely to have the conditions to promote the increase
in labor force such as the industrial and service sectors.
Seventh, there are institutional "barriers."
In recent years, Vietnam has made many efforts to reform and improve economic
institutions, contributing to creating more motivation for the [Link], there
are still some institutional "bottlenecks" in the transition to a market economy that
have affected the process of restructuring the economy and renewing the growth
model.
Eighth, the corporate sector has not really been the decisive driver of labor
growth.
The majority of Vietnamese enterprises are small and medium enterprises with limited
capital potential, limited technology investment ability, weak production management
experience and poor competitiveness. In fact, the scale of Vietnamese enterprises is
too small, the number of small, medium and micro enterprises accounts for about 98%
of the total number of enterprises in the country.
3. Do you believe that in 2050s, the Vietnamese economy will be greater than
those of Italy and Thailand? Please explain?
According to a new report by consulting firm PwC, Vietnam could jump from its
current 32nd position to 29th in 2030 and by 2050, $3.176 billion could pull the
economy of Vietnam into the top 20, surpassing Thailand, Canada and Italy,...
One thing to note, however, is that PwC's report calculates GDP in PPP (purchasing
power parity).
In 2016, Vietnam's GDP was only $200 billion. But if calculated by GDP at
purchasing power parity, Vietnam's GDP is nearly 600 billion USD, just like in the
prices of Japan, the US and Europe. The large population of Vietnam, ranked 13th in
the world, is also the factor that makes GDP at purchasing power parity in the way
PwC uses soar.
So, the fact that it's hard to believe Vietnamese economy will be greater than those of
Italy and Thailand in 2050 .
Week 4 :
• What is the role of environment for economic activities?
=> Assist in the expansion of the economy
- Tài nguyên thiên nhiên, chẳng hạn như đất đai, hệ thống và sản phẩm khai thác, là
điểm xuất phát của quá trình sản xuất.
- Các quốc gia có nhiều tài nguyên thiên nhiên thường có chất lượng cuộc sống cao
hơn các quốc gia có tài nguyên thiên nhiên hạn chế.
- Các nước giàu tài nguyên thiên nhiên thường xuyên đưa ra các chính sách lôi kéo
khai thác tài nguyên để tăng trưởng kinh tế. Các quốc gia có lợi thế so sánh thường
xuyên xuất khẩu tài nguyên để kiếm tiền nước ngoài nhằm phát triển kinh tế, theo lý
thuyết về lợi thế so sánh.
- Khai thác tài nguyên thiên nhiên còn tạo công ăn việc làm cho hàng nghìn người,
nhất là ở các vùng nông thôn, nâng cao thu nhập của người dân.
=> - Natural resources, such as land, systems, and exploitation products, are the
starting point of the manufacturing process.
- Countries with extensive natural resources typically have a higher quality of life than
countries with limited natural resources.
- Natural resource-rich countries frequently offer enticing policies for exploitation of
natural resources for economic growth. Countries with comparative advantage
frequently export resources to earn foreign money for economic development,
according to the theory of comparative advantage.
- Natural resource exploitation also creates jobs for thousands of people, especially in
rural regions, and raises people's income.
• What types of resource human use in the history, what are their characteristics?
• What is the trend of resource using in the world today and why?
- Xu hướng sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên trên thế giới hiện nay đã có một bước tiến
mới. Do nhiều nước đã khai thác các tài nguyên thiên nhiên một cách quá mức và tình
trạng ô nhiễm môi trường ngày một trở nên trầm trọng, mới đây, một số nước, doanh
nghiệp trên thế giới như Vinfast, Tesla... đã chuyển sang sử dụng renewable resource.
Những sản phẩm chạy hoàn toàn bằng điện năng như xe ô tô điện,... đã cải thiện tình
trạng ô nhiễm môi trường và cạn kiệt tài nguyên hiệu quả.
=> The global trend of exploiting natural resources has taken a new turn. Because
many countries have over-exploited natural resources and environmental degradation
is growing increasingly severe, a number of countries and businesses around the
world, like Vinfast, Tesla, and others, have lately made the switch to renewable
resources. Electric vehicles and other products that run purely on electricity have
effectively reduced pollution and depleted resources.
• What is the role of natural resource for Vietnam economy?
=> Assist in the expansion of the economy
- Natural resources, such as land, systems, and exploitation products, are the starting
point of the manufacturing process.
- Countries with extensive natural resources typically have a higher quality of life than
countries with limited natural resources.
- Natural resource-rich countries frequently offer enticing policies for exploitation of
natural resources for economic growth. Countries with comparative advantage
frequently export resources to earn foreign money for economic development,
according to the theory of comparative advantage.
- Natural resource exploitation also creates jobs for thousands of people, especially in
rural regions, and raises people's income.
=> Natural resources abound
Marine resources abound in Vietnam, with a diverse range of fish species and reserves,
allowing for the production of aquatic products.
• Do you think that the natural resource intensive economic model of Vietnam is
sustainable?
- No
- Việt Nam là một đất nước giàu tài nguyên thiên nhiên. Nhiều tài nguyên ở Việt Nam
đã được khai thác nhằm tiêu dùng trong nước cũng như xuất khẩu. Tuy nhiên, do việc
khai thác quá mức đã dẫn đến tình trạng bị cạn kiệt tài nguyên thiên nhiên. Không chỉ
vậy, việc lạm dụng khai thác và sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên không hợp lý còn dẫn
đến tình trạng gây ô nhiễm môi trường.
=> Vietnam has a wealth of natural resources. Many resources in Vietnam have been
used for both domestic and export consumption. Overexploitation, on the other hand,
has resulted in the depletion of natural resources. Not only that, but the indiscriminate
exploitation and consumption of natural resources pollutes the environment.
* Vị trí địa lý rừng vàng biển bạc=> nêu những TNTN phong phú đang dạng => khai
thác để sử dụng trong nước + xuất khẩu => Tuy nhiên, TNTN có giới hạn + mất nhiều
năm để tái tạo => unstainable => nên chú trọng vào renewable
- Sử dụng các nguồn tài nguyên unrenewable=> cạn kiệt=> không thể tái tạo + môi
trường polluted
Week 5 :
• Where is Vietnam (which point) on the axis? Why?
Vietnam is on the right side of the red point. Because:
- In Vietnam, wastewater is almost untreated and discharged directly into canals.
So far, the rate of wastewater collection in urban areas is only 12.5 percent-15
percent. Vietnam dumps almost all urban wastewater untreated into the
environment.
- Vietnam is struggling with alarming air pollution. In 2021, Vietnam ranked
36th out of 118 countries with the most polluted air. Its two biggest cities,
Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, are now among the top 15 most polluted cities in
Southeast Asia.
- The primary sources of urban air pollution are transportation, industrial
activities, construction, agriculture and handicraft production, and poor waste
management practices
Vietnam is suffering from some of the worst air pollution recorded. From 2017 to
2018, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) within Ho
Chi Minh City rose from 23.6 to 26.9 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³).
Meanwhile, Hanoi which is the capital city in the north ranked amongst the top 15
most polluted cities in South East Asia, according to the IQAir AirVisual 2019 World
Air Quality Report, with a US AQI figure of 129. Ho Chi Minh City which is a large
city in the south ranked as the cleanest with a US AQI figure of 79. The average
annual US AQI figure was 97.
• What is the trend of the point (move to which direction and why)?
Move to the right. Because:
- People awareness of protecting environment is low => selfish and care for
themselves…
- Among the main causes of this pollution is transportation. Vietnam now has 3.6
million automobiles and 58 million motorbikes, mostly concentrated in big
cities. Many of them are old vehicles, with limited emission control technology.
They cause daily traffic jams and emit a large amount of air pollutants. There
are many old buses and motorbikes with visibly black exhaust smoke in the
country.
- Vietnam’s transportation issues are exacerbated by poor urban planning.
Mushrooming high-rise buildings in city centers, each with thousands of
inhabitants, create enormous pressure on the already overloaded road
infrastructure. No mass transit systems exist except for the yet-to-be-convenient
bus fleet. Open and green space is considered luxurious in Vietnam’s big cities.
- Another problem is dust from commercial and residential construction sites.
Thousands of construction sites filled with trucks that are heavily loaded with
sand and cement create perpetual dust storms. Old industrial sites inside cities
and air polluting facilities such as coal power plants and cement and steel
manufacturers worsen air pollution. Solid biomass cooking stoves used by
hundreds of thousands of city dwellers as well as the burning of rice fields after
harvest in peri-urban areas of Hanoi contribute significantly to air pollution,
particularly in the dry season from October to February.
- Technology for protecting the environment of Vietnam is almost imported =>
lack of budget to reduce pollution
• Vietnam should select “fish” or “steel”? Why?
Choose “fish” – means choose to promote the environment instead of profit. Because:
- Long-term effects of air pollution can last for years or for an entire lifetime.
They can even lead to a person's death. Long-term health effects from air
pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases such as
emphysema.
- Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. Ground-level
ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields,
reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant
susceptibility to disease, pests and other environmental stresses (such as harsh
weather).
Week 6 :
• What are challenges of Vietnam in the process of “open labor market in
Asean”?
- Thiếu giáo dục => phần lớn lực lượng lao động của Việt Nam chỉ có thể làm những
công việc chân tay (lao động chân tay) => về nước không thể không nâng cao chất
lượng lao động
- Thiếu tiếng Anh: Theo thống kê: chỉ có 15% dân số Hà Nội biết nói tiếng Anh và sử
dụng, làm việc với máy tính => sánh vai với thế giới. Trong bối cảnh nền công nghiệp
4.0, các doanh nghiệp phải ứng dụng công nghệ cao và điều chỉnh quy trình sản xuất
để thích ứng với hoàn cảnh mới. Họ sẽ cần những người lao động có trình độ chuyên
môn kỹ thuật, được trang bị nhiều kỹ năng.
- Chất lượng lao động còn kém: 3,75 / 10, xếp thứ 11/12 nước Châu Á trong xếp hạng
(WB).
- Lực lượng lao động: đứng thứ 77/125 quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ
=> - Lack of education => most of the population of Vietnam’s labour force can only
do manual jobs (Lao động chân tay) => come back to the country can’t help to
improve the quality of labour
- Lack of English: According to statistic: only 15% the population in Hanoi know how
to speak English and use, work with the computer => fogy with the world. In the
context of 4.0 industry, businesses have to apply high technology and adjust the
production process to adapt to the new circumstances. They will need workers with
professional and technical qualifications, equipped with many skills.
- Labor quality is still poor: 3.75/10, ranked 11th out of 12 Asian countries in the
rating (WB).
- Labor force: ranked 77th out of 125 countries and territories
• “Vietnamese labor quality is among the worst in the world”. Do you think so
and why? How can we improve our labor quality for better economic
development?
- Yes ( như câu 1 ) - Improve ( câu 4 )
*Outsource
- Advantage:
Quality and Expertise
Concentrating on core process rather than the supporting ones
Risk-sharing (Note)
Reduced Operational and Recruitment costs
- Disadvantage:
Risk of exposing confidential data
Synchronizing the deliverables: (In case you do not choose a right partner)
Hidden costs
Lack of customer focus
• What are popular types of outsourcing service Vietnam doing for the world?
Why?
IT Legal / Content development / Web design and maintenance /Recruitment
/Logistics /Manufacturing /Customer support
• In the future, what are the strengths/advantaged of Vietnam in doing outsource
for the world? How to enhance them?
- Khi du học sinh trở về nước do các nước phát triển giáo dục có thể giúp cải thiện chất
lượng công việc (tinh thần).
- Chi phí lao động ở đó có thể ít hơn tới 90% so với những gì bạn phải trả ở Hoa Kỳ.
Cơ sở vật chất của họ cũng rất thuận lợi so với các quốc gia đang phát triển khác như
Trung Quốc hoặc Ấn Độ, nơi việc thuê ngoài có thể trở nên khó khăn hơn khi chi phí
tăng (danh sách 10 Quốc gia hàng đầu)
- Việt Nam có một lượng lớn kỹ sư phần mềm lành nghề mà các công ty có thể thuê để
làm việc với họ. Gia công phần mềm Việt Nam đang trở thành một thị trường tuyệt vời
cho các chuyên gia CNTT của đất nước, vì họ được xếp hạng trong số những công ty
tốt nhất ở Châu Á Thái Bình Dương và thậm chí trên toàn thế giới.
- Nâng cao:
+ Xây dựng chính sách phù hợp, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho con người và đảm bảo
cho công việc phát triển.
+ Khuyến khích, hỗ trợ và trang bị cho người tiến hành các kỹ năng cần thiết, đặc biệt
là những kỹ năng liên quan đến công nghệ, chẳng hạn như sử dụng máy tính. Học
tiếng anh để mở rộng mối quan hệ
+ Những người đã nói tiếng Anh trôi chảy được tạo cơ hội đi du học, học hỏi từ các
nước phát triển, truyền đạt kiến thức.
=> - When aboarding student come back to the country educated by developed
countries can help to improve the quality of work( moraroly).
- The cost of labor there can be up to 90% less than what you would pay in the United
States. Their facilities are also very conducive compared with other developing
nations like China or India, where outsourcing might become more difficult as costs
rise (Top 10 Countries list)
- Vietnam has a huge amount of skilled software engineers that companies can hire to
work with them. Vietnam software outsourcing is turning into an excellent market for
the country’s IT professionals, as they rank among some of the finest in the Asia
Pacific and even worldwide.
- Enhance:
+ Develop appropriate policies, establish favorable conditions for people, and assure
work development.
+ Encourage, assist, and equip the conductor with necessary skills, particularly those
related to technology, such as computer use. Learn English to broaden relationships
+ Those who already speak English fluently should be given the chance to study
abroad, learn from developed countries, and pass on their knowledge.
Week 8 :
• Vietnam is running budget deficit or surplus? Why?
=> Vietnam is running on budget deficit: In comparison to the country's overallGDP,
the deficit is 4.4-5.5 percent.
- Disruption of input material supply
- Covid 19 pandemic
- Businesses have to minimize their production due to the comptitive of the market
- Demand and supply plummet
- Import and export activities faced many difficulties which affected the governement
budget
• What solutions Vietnam has to do to deal with public debt?
- Chính phủ kiểm soát chặt chẽ các khoản nợ bảo lãnh chính phủ và giảm lãnhchính
phủ đối với các dự án của doanh nghiệp nhà nước
- Tăng cường trả nợ các khoản nợ lãi, vốn vay, hạn chế tối đa các khoản vay từnước
ngoài. Từng bước thay thế nợ nước ngoài bằng nợ trong nước để giảm thiểurủi ro vỡ
nợ
=> - The government keeps a close eye on government-guaranteed debts and
lowersgovernment guarantees for state-owned company projects.
- Increase interest and loan repayments, while reducing foreign loans. To lessen
thedanger of default, gradually replace foreign debt with domestic debt
Week 9 :
1. What impacts and challenges 4.0 technology revolution imposes to Vietnamese
economy?
Impact:
It will have a significant impact on our way of life, communications, and the value of
humanity
- Quan niệm cơ bản về truyền thống đã dần thay đổi do kết quả của sự phát triển
CNTT nhanh chóng, với các thế hệ và gia đình mới áp dụng các cách tiếp cận khác
nhau đối với nó. => The fundamental notion of tradition has progressively altered as
a result of rapid IT development, with new generations and families taking different
approaches to it.
- Trong sản xuất, robot đã dần thay thế vị trí của người lao động. Các công việc đơn
giản sẽ được thực hiện bởi robot trong tương lai gần vì hiệu suất của chúng sẽ tốt hơn
và tiết kiệm chi phí hơn so với công nhân. Việt Nam sẽ gặp phải nhiều vấn đề khác
nhau, bao gồm cả những vấn đề liên quan đến công nghệ, nguồn nhân lực, luật pháp và
cơ sở hạ tầng => In manufacturing, robots have steadily taken the place of workers.
Simple jobs will be performed by robots in the near future since their performance will
be better and more cost-effective than that of workers. Vietnam will encounter a
variety of problems, including those related to technology, human resources,
legislation, and infrastructure.
- Việt Nam cũng yêu cầu một môi trường minh bạch hơn để tiến hành kinh doanh. Đối
với các doanh nghiệp sáng tạo, đây là một điều kiện tối quan trọng. => Vietnam also
requires a more transparent environment in which to conduct business. For creative
businesses, this is a critical condition.
- 4.0 cũng đặt ra một số thách thức đối với chính phủ Việt Nam. Chính phủ có tác
động đáng kể đến hiệu quả của nền kinh tế. Đặc biệt, do Việt Nam đang theo đuổi nền
kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa nên vai trò của Chính phủ là rất quan
trọng. Ở CHÂU Á, chính phủ Nga đứng thứ sáu. Tuy nhiên, chúng tôi phải đối mặt với
những thách thức khác, bao gồm cơ sở dữ liệu chưa hoàn thiện, nguồn nhân lực chất
lượng cao khan hiếm, thiếu thông tin bảo mật, cơ sở hạ tầng và công nghệ, ... => 4.0
also presents a number of challenges to the Vietnamese government. The government
has a significant impact on the economy's effectiveness. In particular, because
Vietnam is pursuing a socialist-oriented market economy, the government's role is
critical. In ASIA, the Russian government was placed sixth. However, we faced other
challenges, including an incomplete data base, a scarcity of high-quality human
resources, a lack of security information, infrastructure, and technology, …...
- Quá trình chuyển đổi sang nước công nghiệp hiện đại của Việt Nam sẽ được đẩy
mạnh nhờ sự phát triển của công nghệ 4.0, mở ra cơ hội cho nền kinh tế số, sản xuất
thông minh và dịch vụ, cũng như các loại hình kinh tế, công nghiệp, nông nghiệp, dịch
vụ, du lịch, tài chính , ngân hàng, hậu cần, người máy và trí thông minh. Công nghiệp
4.0 cũng giúp thúc đẩy năng suất lao động đồng thời giảm chi phí sản xuất và quản lý,
dẫn đến tiết kiệm đáng kể cho chính phủ, tập đoàn và người tiêu dùng. => Vietnam's
transition to a modern industrial country will be accelerated by the development of 4.0
technology, which will open up opportunities for the digital economy, smart
manufacturing, and services, as well as various types of economy, industry,
agriculture, service, tourism, finance, banking, logistics, robotics, and intelligence.
Industry 4.0 also helps to boost labor productivity while lowering production and
management expenses, resulting in significant savings for the government,
corporations, and consumers.
2. How should Vietnam do to promote 4.0 technology revolution?
- Đầu tiên, chúng ta phải sử dụng lại hệ thống giáo dục. Giáo dục và đào tạo trong
Công nghiệp 4.0 đòi hỏi phải có trình độ, kỹ năng và ngôn ngữ để đáp ứng nhu cầu
việc làm mà máy móc không thể thay thế. Các sáng kiến giáo dục và đào tạo tiên tiến
sẽ tạo ra những chuyên gia xuất sắc cho xã hội, doanh nghiệp và quan trọng nhất là thế
hệ tiếp theo. => First, we must repurpose the educational system. Education and
training in Industry 4.0 necessitates the acquisition of qualifications, skills, and
languages in order to satisfy the demands of employment that machines cannot
[Link] education and training initiatives will produce exceptional
professionals for society, business, and, most importantly, the next generation.
- Thứ hai, Việt Nam cần có chiến lược phát triển khoa học và công nghệ hợp lý nhằm
nâng cao năng suất lao động đồng thời tạo cơ sở khoa học và công nghệ vững chắc.
Việt Nam cần thu hút sự quan tâm của các doanh nghiệp đến việc sử dụng khoa học
công nghệ trong sản xuất kinh doanh. Chúng ta cũng cần tăng cường khả năng kết nối
và đóng góp của các trường đại học và cơ sở nghiên cứu với các doanh nghiệp, cũng
như giảm thiểu số lượng sinh viên tốt nghiệp không đáp ứng được các yêu cầu kinh
doanh và khuyến khích phát triển thị trường. các trường khoa học và công nghệ, có
hàm lượng tri thức cao, ưu tiên thu hút đầu tư nước ngoài. => Second, Vietnam
requires a sound science and technology development strategy in order to boost
worker productivity while also laying a solid scientific and technological base.
Vietnam needs to draw the attention of enterprises to the use of science and
technology in manufacturing and business. We also need to strengthen universities'
and research institutions' ability to connect with and contribute to businesses, as well
as lower the number of graduates who do not fulfill business requirements and
encourage market development. science and technology schools, with a high
knowledge content, as a priority for attracting foreign investment.
- Thứ ba, trong thời đại công nghiệp 4.0, hãy tăng cường vai trò của chính phủ.
Đây là phương phướng quyết định mang tính sống còn vì:
• Nhà nước tạo ra các chính sách, công cụ pháp luật để định hướng sự phát triển kinh
tế xã hội nói chung, chính sách phát triển về giáo dục và đào tạo, khoa học công nghệ
nói riêng. Khi đã có chính sách Nhà nước phù hợp sẽ là động lực to lớn nhất để nền
kinh tế phát triển đúng hướng, hiệu quả theo xu hướng thời đại ngày nay.
• Trong quá trình chuyển đổi của cuộc cách mạng khoa học công nghiệp, yêu cầu lao
động cũng phải chuyển đổi theo. Có một lực lượng lao động sẽ bị mắc kẹt trong quá
trình chuyển đổi này thì Nhà nước là nơi hỗ trợ lực lượng lao động này hiệu quả, có
chính sách đào tạo và bố trí công việc phù hợp, giảm bị đào thải trong thời đại mới.
• Thu hút các công ty xuyên quốc gia trong việc chuyển giao công nghệ. Ngày nay các
công ty xuyên quốc gia (TNCs) có vai trò rất quan trọng trong các vấn đề: đầu tư, tạo
công ăn việc làm, chuyển giao công nghệ. Nhà nước phải là người thu hút các TNCs
bằng các chính sách đầu tư và vấn đề chuyển giao công nghệ … sẽ phải được Nhà
nước đặc biệt quan tâm để Việt Nam dần dần tiếp nhận hiệu quả công nghệ mà các
TNCs chuyển giao
Third, in the era of Industry 4.0, strengthen the government's role.
=>This is a vital decision because:
• The State shall create legal policies and tools to orient socio-economic development
in general, development policies on education and training, science and technology in
particular. When there is an appropriate State policy, it will be the greatest motivation
for the economy to develop in the right direction and effectively according to today's
trend.
• During the transition of the industrial scientific revolution, labor requirements must
also be transformed. If there is a workforce that will be trapped in this transition, the
State is a place to support this workforce effectively, have appropriate training and
job placement policies, and reduce rejection in the new era.
• Attract transnational companies in technology transfer. Today transnational
companies (TNCs) have a very important role in the following issues: investment, job
creation, technology transfer. The State must be the one to attract TNCs with
investment policies and technology transfer issues... will have to be paid special
attention by the State for Vietnam to gradually effectively receive the technology
transferred by TNCs
3. How can we have science- technology capacity? Where does S-T come from?
Week 11 :
1. Why “trade”? (Why should we have trade?)
a. Trade enhances development as well as reduces poverty by fostering growth by
way of generating better opportunities for commerce and investment. On the
upside, it widens the productivity of the base via development of the private sector.
=> Thương mại tăng cường phát triển cũng như giảm nghèo bằng cách thúc đẩy
tăng trưởng bằng cách tạo ra các cơ hội tốt hơn cho thương mại và đầu tư. Mặt
khác, nó mở rộng năng suất của cơ sở thông qua sự phát triển của khu vực tư
nhân.
b. Trade motivates competition by assisting developing countries to economize the
cost of inputs, to obtain monetary assistance through investments, to expand the
value-added of their products and ascend the global value chain.
=> Thương mại thúc đẩy cạnh tranh bằng cách hỗ trợ các nước đang phát triển
tiết kiệm chi phí đầu vào, nhận hỗ trợ tiền tệ thông qua đầu tư, để mở rộng giá trị
gia tăng của sản phẩm của họ và đi lên chuỗi giá trị toàn cầu
c. Trade makes easy diversification of exports by giving developing countries an
entry to newly- opened markets and recent materials that can start new production
potentials.
=> Thương mại giúp đa dạng hóa xuất khẩu dễ dàng bằng cách cho các nước
đang phát triển thâm nhập vào các thị trường mới mở và các nguyên liệu gần đây
có thể bắt đầu sản xuất các tiềm năng mới
d. Trade stimulates innovation by facilitating easy exchange of techniques,
scientific know- how and contribution in research and development to include
direct foreign investment.
=>Thương mại kích thích sự đổi mới bằng cách tạo điều kiện dễ dàng trao đổi kỹ
thuật, bí quyết khoa học và đóng góp trong nghiên cứu và phát triển bao gồm cả
đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài.
e. Trade openness widens business opportunities for domestic companies as it
starts up new markets, destroys needless barriers and facilitates business for
exporters.
=> Mở cửa thương mại mở rộng cơ hội kinh doanh cho các công ty trong nước khi
nó bắt đầu mở rộng thị trường mới, phá bỏ các rào cản không cần thiết và tạo
điều kiện kinh doanh cho các nhà xuất khẩu
f. Trade enlarges options and reduces consumers’ prices by spreading sources of
supplies for goods and services at the same time fortifying competition.
=> Thương mại mở rộng các lựa chọn và giảm giá của người tiêu dùng bằng cách
mở rộng các nguồn cung cấp hàng hóa và dịch vụ đồng thời củng cố sự cạnh
tranh.
g. Trade is a major player in improving quality and standards of labor and
environment through increasing competition and exchanging of best practices,
forging partnership in trade, creating industrial capacity and product standard.
=> Thương mại đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc nâng cao chất lượng và tiêu
chuẩn lao động và môi trường thông qua việc tăng cường cạnh tranh và trao đổi
các thông lệ tốt nhất, xây dựng quan hệ đối tác trong thương mại, tạo ra năng lực
công nghiệp và tiêu chuẩn sản phẩm.
h. Trade minimizes cutting government spending by enlarging supply sources of
goods and services at the same time strengthening competition for government
appropriation.
=> Thương mại giảm thiểu việc cắt giảm chi tiêu của chính phủ bằng cách mở
rộng nguồn cung cấp hàng hóa và dịch vụ đồng thời tăng cường cạnh tranh để
chiếm đoạt của chính phủ.
i. Trade makes stronger relations between nations by assembling people for
exchanges of mutual benefits that contributes to peace and stability.
=> Thương mại làm cho quan hệ giữa các quốc gia trở nên bền chặt hơn bằng
cách tập hợp mọi người để trao đổi cùng có lợi, góp phần vào hòa bình và ổn
định.
k. Trade generates opportunities for employment by encouraging the economic
sectors to create stable jobs that result to higher incomes, therefore: improving
livelihoods
=> Thương mại tạo ra cơ hội việc làm bằng cách khuyến khích các thành phần
kinh tế tạo việc làm ổn định mang lại thu nhập cao hơn, do đó: cải thiện sinh kế
*Trade expansion benefits families and businesses by:
• Supporting more productive, higher paying jobs in our export sectors
• Expanding the variety of products for purchase by consumers and business
• Encouraging investment and more rapid economic growth
Trade keeps our economy open, dynamic, and competitive, and helps ensure that
America continues to be the best place in the world to do business.
*
- Trade maximize utility
- Value creation drives the economy
- Trade makes value creation more efficient
2. What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?
- Đó là một thương mại tốt cho quốc gia đó nếu nhập khẩu / xuất khẩu lớn hơn chi
phí cơ hội của xuất khẩu của quốc gia đó. Nếu quốc gia khác đang xuất khẩu hàng
hóa kia và có lợi thế so sánh trong sản xuất của mình, bạn cũng phải làm điều
tương tự cho quốc gia đó.
=> It is a good trade for that country if the imports / exports are greater than the
opportunity cost of the country's export. If the other country is exporting the other
good and has a comparative advantage in its production, you must do the same
thing for it.
=> If the Imports / Exports are > than the opportunity cost of the country's export
then it is a good trade for that country. You must do the same thing for the other
country since it is exporting the other good if it has a comparative advantage in the
production of the other good.
3. Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries? How does trade
impact on the welfare of different groups in society?
4. Free trade vs. protectionisms?
Free trade :
Free trade increases the size of the economy as a whole. It allows goods and services
to be produced more efficiently. That’s because it encourages goods or services to be
produced where natural resources, infrastructure, or skills and expertise are best suited
to them. It increases productivity, which can lead to higher wages in the long term.
There is widespread agreement that rising global trade in recent decades has increased
economic growth.
Free trade is good for consumers. It reduces prices by eliminating tariffs and
increasing competition. Greater competition is also likely to improve quality and
choice. Some things, such as tropical fruit, would not be available in the UK without
trade.
Reducing non-tariff barriers can remove red tape, thus reducing the cost of trading. If
companies that trade in several countries have to work with only one set of
regulations, their costs of ‘compliance’ come down. In principle, this will make goods
and services cheaper.
In contrast, protectionism can result in destructive trade wars that increase costs and
uncertainty as each side attempts to protect its own economy. Protectionist rules can
tend to favour big business and vested interests, as they have the resources to lobby
most effectively.
Protectionisms
As more countries experience industrial development, traditional domestic industries
can decline. In the UK, for example, the shipbuilding industry has declined in the face
of international competition since the 1950s and currently steel production faces
increasing competition. Protectionism can help preserve jobs in these sectors, or at
least slow the process of change.
Protectionism can also help build up new industries. In sectors with high start-up costs,
new firms might find it difficult to compete if there is not support from government in
the form of tariffs or subsidies. Once they have become competitive, such barriers can
be removed.
Protectionism can be used to safeguard ‘strategic’ industries such as energy, water,
steel, armaments and food. For example, ‘food security’ may be seen as important so
that we can feed ourselves if something terrible happens to disrupt the system of world
trade.
Some people worry that free trade deals can lead to a lowering of standards. Such
deals might require us to let in goods and services even though they don’t meet our
standards, which might then be cheaper than those made by domestic industries. For
example, some people have been worried recently that a free trade deal with the US
might let in imports of chlorine-washed chicken. There might also be pressure to
reduce our standards for workers’ rights or environmental protection so that our
companies can compete with companies in countries that have lower standards.
1. What G&S are absolute advantages of Vietnam?
2. What G&S are comparative advantages of Vietnam?
• What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?
• Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?