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Demography: Growth, Theories, and Impact

1. The Malthusian theory predicts that population will grow exponentially until checks like famine, disease, and war reduce the population due to lack of resources. Zero population growth theory advocates keeping population stable by balancing birth and death rates. 2. Malthus focused on food supply as the limiting factor, while zero population growth theory emphasizes environmental sustainability more broadly as population puts pressure on resources like water and air quality. 3. Zero population growth proposes achieving stability through voluntary means like family planning rather than relying on involuntary checks like famine under the Malthusian view.

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Katrina Luzung
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27 views4 pages

Demography: Growth, Theories, and Impact

1. The Malthusian theory predicts that population will grow exponentially until checks like famine, disease, and war reduce the population due to lack of resources. Zero population growth theory advocates keeping population stable by balancing birth and death rates. 2. Malthus focused on food supply as the limiting factor, while zero population growth theory emphasizes environmental sustainability more broadly as population puts pressure on resources like water and air quality. 3. Zero population growth proposes achieving stability through voluntary means like family planning rather than relying on involuntary checks like famine under the Malthusian view.

Uploaded by

Katrina Luzung
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Contemporary Report Script

So, good afternoon. To start with, let’s see our learning objectives for today.

Learning Objectives:

After studying this chapter, the student will be able to:

1. Understand the basic concepts and measures of demography.

2. Trace the source and historical growth of the population

3. Critically evaluate the validity of different population theories.

4. Draw a conclusion regarding the underlying relationship between population

growth, food security, and development.

Our topic for today is Demography and population,

October 31, 2011 was considered as the day of the 7 billionth baby. In the Philippines, the 7 billionth
baby was awarded to Danica May Camacho born at the Fabella Hospital in Manila. Binigyan sila ng cake
and gifts. Scholarship grants and financial support were also given to her family.

It is supposed to be considered a symbolic day, especially to the parents of danica but according to UN
Chief Ban Ki Moon, it is more of a concern since it means that our population has grown exponentially
over the past century. more concern should be given to billions of people who go to bed hungry in
contrast to those few who enjoy a life of luxury.

its because of this fact that there is a need to study the population. Population size changes constitute
some of the important features of social transition and change. Like the introduction of new forms of
technology, an increase or decrease in population can also be a catalyst for social change.

So let’s start with the basic concepts..

Demography is the science that deals with the study of the population. Demography affects each aspect
of our lives – from the world economy and social policy to city planning and climate change.
Demographic analysis is key to understanding the complex dynamics shaping the future landscape of
society. Three of the most important components that affect the issues above are fertility, mortality,
and migration. A society’s fertility rate is a measure noting the number of children born. In simple term,
ito yung average number o bilang ng mga sanggol or bata na pinapanganak kada taon. Kadalasan na mas
mababa ang fertility number kesa sa fecundity number. Pag sinabi naman fecundity number, ito yung
potential na measure kung ilan ang bata na maipapanganak ng isang babae na nasa tamang edad na. So
again, fertility is the number of children born to a woman, while fecundity is her physiological potential
to bear children.
Sociologists measure fertility using the crude birthrate (the number of live births per 1,000 people per
year). Just as fertility measures childbearing, the mortality rate is a measure of the number of people
who die. A crude death rate is a number derived from the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Again, fertility is a measure of childbearing, whereas mortality is a measure of deaths.

Kapag pinag-aralan nang mabuti, nakakatulong ang fertility at mortality rate maunawaan ng mga
mananaliksik o researcher ang kabuuang paglaki na nagaganap sa isang populasyon.

Another key element in studying populations is the movement of people into and out of an area called
migration.

Human migration includes all movements of people and occurs locally to globally. At any given time, the
human population can change in three ways— through fertility, mortality, and migration. However,
what makes human migration so crucial is that migration flows can cause rapid and unexpected changes
in population size and density beyond those typically resulting from fertility and mortality. Since ang
migration kasi always unexpectedly, minsan nauudyok yung mga tao na lumipat dahil sa kakulangan ng
trabaho, minsan related sa school, also example natin yung mga ofw na nakahanap ng permanent na
trabaho sa ibang bansa kaya napagdesisyon na, na mag migrate.

Migration is becoming a very important subject in the life of cities. Many opportunities and attractions
of big cities pull large numbers of people. Migration can have positive as well as negative effects on the
life of the migrants.

- Ang kawalan ng trabaho ay mababawasan at ang mga tao ay nakakakuha ng mas magandang
oportunidad sa trabaho.
- Nakakatulong ito upang mapabuti ang buhay panlipunan ng mga tao habang natututo sila
tungkol sa bagong kultura, kaugalian, at wika na nakakatulong upang mapabuti ang kapatiran sa
mga tao.
- Ang mga bata ay nakakakuha ng mas magandang pagkakataon para sa mas mataas na
edukasyon.

In this case, if there is a positive impact, there is also a negative impact.

- Ang pagdagsa ng mga manggagawa sa mga urban na lugar ay nagpapataas ng kompetisyon para
sa trabaho, bahay, pasilidad ng paaralan atbp.
- Ang pagkakaroon ng malaking populasyon ay naglalagay ng labis na presyon sa mga likas na
yaman, amenities at serbisyo.
- Maraming mga migrante ang ganap na hindi marunong bumasa at walang pinag-aralan,
samakatuwid, hindi lamang sila karapat-dapat para sa karamihan ng mga trabaho, ngunit kulang
din sila ng mga pangunahing kaalaman at kasanayan sa buhay.

This section highlights the enormous population gap between China and the Philippines. China is
about 32 times bigger than Philippines. Food and water are two of the most likely causes of
China's population growth. Overpopulation in China began after World War II in 1949, when
Chinese families were encouraged to have as many children as possible to bring more money
into the country, build a better army, and produce more food. After decades of population
growth, the Chinese government implemented the "one-child policy," limiting most couples in
the country to only one child. Despite the huge difference between the two countries, the
Philippines is also considered overpopulated, with unemployment being the leading cause.
Nowadays, most Filipinos struggle to find good jobs due to a lack of education, and without a
job, people have nothing to do but stay in their homes.

So, let's look at the theories surrounding both countries' issues.

The Demographic Theories

Sociologists have long looked at population issues as central to understanding human interactions.
Below we will look at the four theories about the population that inform sociological thought:
Malthusian, zero population growth, cornucopian, and demographic transition theories.

1. Malthusian Theory,

Thomas Malthus was an English clergyman na gumawa ng katakut-takot na mga hula tungkol sa
kakayahan ng daigdig na mapanatili ang lumalaking populasyon nito. According to Malthusian theory,
tatlong salik ang kumokontrol sa populasyon ng tao na lumampas sa kapasidad ng lupa or earth’s
carrying capacity, o kung gaano karaming tao ang maaaring manirahan sa isang partikular na lugar
considering the amount of available resources. Tinukoy ni Malthus ang mga salik na ito bilang digmaan,
taggutom, at sakit (war, famine, and disease) Tinawag niya silang "mga positibong pagsusuri" dahil
pinapataas nila ang mga rate ng namamatay, kaya pinapanatili nitong balanse ang populasyon. Ang mga
ito ay sinasalungat ng mga “preventive checks,” na kumokontrol din sa populasyon ngunit sa
pamamagitan ng pagbabawas ng mga rate ng fertility; Kasama sa mga preventive check ang birth
control.

Thinking practically, Malthus saw that people could produce only so much food in a given year, yet the
population was increasing at an exponential rate. Eventually, he thought people would run out of food
and begin to starve. Pupunta sila sa digmaan at lalong kakaunti ang mga mapagkukunan at
mababawasan ang populasyon sa isang mapapamahalaang antas, at pagkatapos magsisimula muli ang
cycle.

Of course, this has not exactly happened. The human population has continued to

grow long past Malthus’s predictions. So, what happened? Why didn’t we die off? Doon ay tatlong
dahilan kung bakit naniniwala ang mga sosyologo na patuloy nating pinapalawak ang populasyon ng
ating planeta. First, technological increases in food production have increased both the amount and
quality of calories we can produce per person. And unlike before, mas madali ang paggawa or
pagproduce ng mga pagkain ngayon and we can monitor nutrition facts label in our foods. Second,
human ingenuity has developed new medicine to curtail death from disease because of modern
technology. Hindi tayo basta bastang namamatay. Finally, the development and widespread use of
contraception and other forms of family planning has decreased the speed at which our population
increases. But what about the future? May mga naniniwala pa rin na tama si Malthus and that ample
resources to support the earth’s population will soon run out.

2. Zero Population Growth

A neo-Malthusian researcher named Paul Ehrlich brought Malthus’s predictions into the twentieth
century. However, ayon kay Ehrlich, it is the environment, not specifically the food supply, that will play
a crucial role in the continued health of planet’s population. Ehrlich's ideas suggest that the human
population is moving rapidly towards the complete collapse of the environment, while privileged people
use or pollute a number of environmental resources such as water and air. He advocated for a goal of
zero population growth (ZPG), in which the number of people entering a population through birth or
immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration. Habang ang suporta
para sa konseptong ito ay halo-halo, ito ay itinuturing pa rin na isang posibleng solusyon sa
pandaigdigang overpopulation.

So, I’ll be giving the floor to my partner who will discuss the 2 other theories left.

Question:

What is the difference between the Malthusian theory and zero population growth, if you truly
understand the theories that have been discussed?

Common questions

Powered by AI

Fertility, mortality, and migration are critical determinants in understanding population dynamics. Fertility rates reflect the average number of children born, impacting potential population growth, while mortality rates, the number of deaths per 1,000 people annually, influence population decline. Migration, on the other hand, can cause rapid changes in population size and density beyond those generally expected from fertility and mortality rates. Migration can be influenced by economic, educational, or employment opportunities in cities, which can pull people from rural areas, while also adding pressure on urban resources and services .

Overpopulation in China has historically been managed by policy interventions like the one-child policy to control resource allocation, whereas the Philippines faces unemployment and limited educational opportunities as primary stressors on societal resources. Both contexts show how overpopulation can exacerbate economic inequalities, strain infrastructure, and necessitate government intervention to mitigate adverse effects .

Malthusian theory posits that population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to war, famine, and disease to control it. In contrast, cornucopian theory argues that human ingenuity and technological advances will overcome resource limitations, suggesting that population growth can continue without detrimental environmental impact due to innovation in resource management .

Fertility, the actual number of children born, versus fecundity, the potential reproductive capacity, are crucial for understanding population trends. Fertility rates directly influence population size, while fecundity reflects potential growth. Discrepancies between the two can indicate social or cultural influences on reproductive behavior, informing policy on population management .

The demographic transition theory explains population growth changes through four stages: pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial. Initially, high birth and death rates result in slow growth. In the transitional stage, death rates fall due to improved healthcare, leading to rapid growth. Industrialization decreases birth rates, slowing growth. In the final stage, both rates are low, stabilizing population size .

Achieving Zero Population Growth (ZPG) implies balancing births and deaths to stabilize population size. This can support environmental sustainability by reducing resource consumption and environmental degradation, potentially easing pressures on ecosystems. However, it requires careful policy implementation to ensure equitable resource distribution and social stability in both high and low-fertility regions, addressing potential socio-economic disparities .

Post-World War II policies in China encouraged large families to boost economic growth and strengthen the military, leading to overpopulation. The introduction of the one-child policy was a response to control this growth. Similarly, the Philippines faces overpopulation due to high fertility rates exacerbated by lack of education and unemployment. These historical approaches in both countries highlight the role of government policies and socio-economic factors in shaping demographic trends .

Technological advancement has contradicted Malthusian predictions by increasing agricultural yields, improving food distribution, and advancing healthcare, which have mitigated the impacts of population growth. These innovations have increased the carrying capacity of the Earth, delaying political and social crises Malthus predicted due to resource scarcity .

Migration can positively impact urban areas by filling labor shortages, enhancing cultural diversity, and increasing economic activity. However, it can also strain urban resources, lead to overcrowding, and increase competition for jobs, housing, and public services. Inadequately managed migration can lead to significant socio-economic challenges in urban planning and development .

Unemployment in the Philippines contributes to high population growth, as lack of job opportunities leads to economic instability and high fertility rates among uneducated demographics. With limited access to resources and education, it becomes challenging to adopt family planning, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and population increase .

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