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Statistical Calculations and Probability Analysis

The document provides data on student marks and number of students in different marks ranges. It asks to construct a histogram from the data. The solution calculates the number of students in each marks range and plots them as a bar chart histogram, with marks ranges on the x-axis and number of students on the y-axis. The tallest bar is for the 30-40 marks range with 15 students.

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Aakash Shrestha
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19 views18 pages

Statistical Calculations and Probability Analysis

The document provides data on student marks and number of students in different marks ranges. It asks to construct a histogram from the data. The solution calculates the number of students in each marks range and plots them as a bar chart histogram, with marks ranges on the x-axis and number of students on the y-axis. The tallest bar is for the 30-40 marks range with 15 students.

Uploaded by

Aakash Shrestha
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as XLSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Calculate Largest, Sum, Mean, Median, Mode, Q1, Q3, D3, D5, D7, P20 , P70 and P90

from given data.


20 45 24 14 17 23 37 42 25
42 14 12 21 24 31 33 27 30

Solution:- Here we have


20 45 24 14 17 23 37 42 25

42 14 12 21 24 31 33 27 30
For Value Formula
Largest 45 =MAX(A7:I9)
Smallest 12 =MIN(A7:I9)
Sum 481 =SUM(A7:I9)
Mean 26.72222 =AVERAGE(A7:I9)
Median 24.5 =MEDIAN(A7:I9)
Mode 24 =MODE(A7:I9)
Q1 20.25 =QUARTILE(A7:I9,1)
Q3 32.5 =QUARTILE(A7:I9,3)
D3 21.2 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.3)
D5 24.5 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.5)
D7 30.9 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.7)
P20 18.2 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.2)
P70 30.9 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.7)
P90 42 =PERCENTILE(A7:I9,0.9)

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
Compute Number, Largest, Smallest, Sum, Mean, Mode, Median, Q 1, Q3, D6, D9, P70,
P90, S.D, Q.D, Range, Coefficient of Range, Coefficient of Q.D, Variance and C.V
25 32 22 25 12 47 35 45 35
18 19 35 42 50 33 27 17 24

Solution:- Here, we have


25 32 22 25 12 47 35 45 35
18 19 35 42 50 33 27 17 24

Calculation of various values


For Value Formula
Number 18 =COUNT(A7:I8)
Largest 50 =MAX(A7:I8)
Smallest 12 =MIN(A7:I8)

Sum 543 =SUM(A7:I8)


Mean 30.16667 =AVERAGE(A7:I8)
Mode 35 =MODE(A7:I8)
Median 29.5 =MEDIAN(A7:I8)

Q1 22.5 =QUARTILE(A7:I8,1)
Q3 35 =QUARTILE(A7:I8,3)
D6 33.4 =PERCENTILE(A7:I8,0.6)
D9 45.6 =PERCENTILE(A7:I8,0.9)
P70 35 =PERCENTILE(A7:I8,0.7)
P90 45.6 =PERCENTILE(A7:I8,0.9)

S.D 11.0147 =STDEV(A7:I8)


Q.D 6.25 =(B22-B21)/2
Range 38 =B13-B14
Coeff. of
0.612903 =(B13-B14)/(B13+B14)
Range
Coeff. of
0.217391 =(B22-B21)/(B22+B21)
Q.D
Variance 121.3235 =B28^2
C.V 36.5128 =B28/B17*100

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
A B C D E F G H I
1 Compute Mean, Mode, Median, Q1 , Q3, D6, P90, Coefficient of Q.D.,S.D.,
2 C.V. and variance from given data
3 Marks No. of Students
4 0 - 10 5
5 10 - 20 12
6 20 - 30 24
7 30 - 40 25
8 40 - 50 19
9 50 - 60 15
10
11 Solution:- Calculation table for various values
12 C.I. f c.f. l.l. u.l. h m.v.(x) f*x f*x2
13 0 - 10 5 5 0 10 10 5 25 125
14 10 - 20 12 17 10 20 10 15 180 2700
15 20 - 30 24 41 20 30 10 25 600 15000
16 30 - 40 25 66 30 40 10 35 875 30625
17 40 - 50 19 85 40 50 10 45 855 38475
18 50 - 60 15 100 50 60 10 55 825 45375
19 100 180 3360 132300
20 For Position Class Value Formula For Value Formula
21 Mean 33.6 =H19/B19
22 Mode 25 30 - 40 31.42857143 =D16+(B16-B15)/(2*B16-B15-B17)*F16
23 Median 50 30 - 40 33.6 =D16+(B23-C15)/B16*F16
24 Q1 25 20 - 30 23.33333333 =D15+(B24-C14)/B15*F15
25 Q3 75 40 - 50 44.73684211 =D17+(B25-C16)/B17*F17
26 D6 60 30 - 40 37.6 =D16+(B26-C15)/B16*F16
27 P90 90 50 - 60 53.33333333 =D18+(B27-C17)/B18*F18
28 Coeff. Of Q.D. 0.31443299 =(D25-D24)/(D25+D24)
29 S.D. 13.92982412 =SQRT(I19/B19-(H19/B19)^2)
30 C.V. 41.45780988 =D29/D21*100
31 Variance 194.04 =D29^2
32
33 Aakash Shrestha
34 Roll. No:- 1
35 BCA 3rd Sem
compute five number summary from given [Link], construct Box-whisker plot and interpret
the result.
12 30 25 14 17 18 19 22 35
17 38 40 15 10 24 23 27 32

Solution:- Here, We have,


12 30 25 14 17 18 19 22 35
17 38 40 15 10 24 23 27 32

Calculation for five number summary


For Value Formula
Xs 10 =MIN(A7:I8)
Q1 17 =QUARTILE(A7:I8,1)
Q2 22.5 =QUARTILE(A7:I8,2)
Q3 29.25 =QUARTILE(A7:I8,3)
XL 40 =MAX(A7:I8)
For Box-Whisker plot
Q1 17
Xs 10
Q2 22.5
XL 40
Q3 29.25

Box-Whisker Plot
45
40 40
35
30 29.25
25
22.5
20
17
15
10 10
5
0

Here, Q1-Xs 7 =(C13 - C12)


XL-Q3 10.75 =C21-C22

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
Compute five number summary from given data. Also, Construct Box - Whisker Plot and
interpret the result.
25 51 47 14 21 20 15 28 35
34 17 24 26 25 31 37 50 27

Solution:- Here, we have,


25 51 47 14 21 20 15 28 35
34 17 24 26 25 31 37 50 27

Calculation of five number summary


For Value Formula
XS 14 =MIN(B7:J8)
Q1 21.75 =QUARTILE(B7:J8,1)
Q2 26.5 =QUARTILE(B7:J8,2)
Q3 34.75 =QUARTILE(B7:J8,3)
XL 51 =MAX(B7:J8)

For Box - Whisker Plot


Q1 21.75
XS 14
Q2 26.5
XL 51
Q3 34.75

Box - Whisker Plot


60
51
50

40
34.75

30 26.5
21.75
20
14

10

Here, Q1 - XS = 7.75 =B19-B20 Longer on top = +vely skewed


XL - Q3 = 16.25 =B22-B23 Longer on bottom = -vely skewed
Distribution is Positively skewed.

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
Construct Pie Chart for given data
Export Amount
India 120
UK 180
USA 240
FRANCE 60
Germany 80
Russia 40

Solution Here We Have


Export Amount
India 120 pie chart showingExport from
UK 180 nepal
USA 240 India UK USA
FRANCE 60 FRANCE Germany Russia
Germany 80
6%
Russia 40 17%
11%

8%

25%

33%

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
A B C D E F
1 Contruct Histogram for given data.
2 Marks No. of students
3 10 - 20 4
4 20 - 30 8
5 30 - 40 15
6 40 - 50 12
7 50 - 60 8
8 60 - 70 5
9
10 Solution :- Here we have,
11 Marks No. of students
12 10 - 20 4
13 20 - 30 8
14 30 - 40 15
15 40 - 50 12
16 50 - 60 8
17 60 - 70 5
18
19
20
No. of students
16
21
14 15
22
12
23 12
10
24
25 8
8 8
26 6
27 4 5
4
28 2
29
0
30 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70

31
32
33
34 Aakash Shrestha
35 Roll. No:- 1
36 BCA 3rd Sem
A student pass in exam with probability 40%. If 12 students took the exa, compute the
probability that i) Exactly four will pass the exam.
ii) More than 3 will pass the exam.
iii) less than 8 will pass the exam.
iv) atleast 6 will pass the exam.
v) atmost 7 will pass the exam.

Solution:- Let, x = No. of pass Students


Here, we have
n= 12 p= 0.4
i) Req. prob. = p(x=4)
= 0.212841 =BINOMDIST(4,C10,E10,FALSE())
ii) Req. prob. = p(x>3)
= 0.774663 =(1-BINOMDIST(3,C10,E10,TRUE()))
ii) Req. prob. = p(x<8)
= 0.94269 =BINOMDIST(7,C10,E10,TRUE())
ii) Req. prob. = p(x>=6)
= 0.334791 =1-BINOMDIST(5,C10,E10,TRUE())
ii) Req. prob. = p(x>=6)
= 0.94269 =BINOMDIST(7,C10,E10,TRUE())

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
A B C D E F G H
1 on average 4 calls arrive at an office. Compute the probability that,
2 there will be
3 i) no call
4 ii) two calls
5 iii) atleast 2 caselected minute.
6 iv) more than two calls
7 v) less than 3 minutes interval.
8 vi) 5 calls in two minutes interval.
9 vii) at most 6 calls in three
10 viii) atlesat 7 calls in 2 minutes interval.
11
12 SolutionHere, we have
13 Average (λ) = 4 per minute
14 i) Req. prob. = p(X=0)= 0.01831564 =POISSON(0,C13,FALSE())
15 ii) Req. prob. = p(x=2)= 0.14652511 =POISSON(2,C13,FALSE())
16 iii) Req. prob. = p(X>=2)= 0.90842181 =1-POISSON(1,C13,TRUE())
17 iv) Req. prob. = p(x>2)= 0.76189669 =1-POISSON(2,C13,TRUE())
18 v) Req. prob. = p(X<3)= 0.23810331 =POISSON(2,C13,TRUE())
19 For two minutes
20 Average (λ) = 8 =2*C13
21 vi) Req. prob. = p(X=5)= 0.09160366 =POISSON(5,C20,FALSE())
22 For three minutes
23 Average (λ) = 12 =3*C13
24 vii) Req. prob. = p(X<=6)= 0.04582231 =POISSON(6,C23,TRUE())
25 For two minutes
26 Average (λ) = 8 =2*C13
27 vii) Req. prob. = p(X>=7)= 0.68662572 =1-POISSON(6,C26,TRUE())
28
29
30 Aakash Shrestha
31 Roll. No:- 1
32 BCA 3rd Sem
Lab Qn. 11
On average, 3 messages centre in a minute. Compute the probability that,
there will be :
i) no message
ii) two messages
iii) atleast 2 messages selected minute.
iv) more than two messages
v) less than 3 messages in a randomly selected minute minutes interval.
vi) 6 messages in two minutes interval.
vii) at most 4 messages in three minutes interval.
viii) atleast 10 messages in 4 minutes interval.

Solution:- Here, we have,

Average(λ) = 3 per min


i) Req. prob. = p( x = 0 ) = 0.049787 =POISSON(0,C15,FALSE())
ii) Req. prob. = p( x = 2 ) = 0.224042 =POISSON(2,C15,FALSE())
iii) Req. prob. = p( x >= 2 ) = 0.800852 =1-POISSON(1,C15,TRUE())
iv) Req. prob. = p( x > 2 ) = 0.57681 =1-POISSON(2,C15,TRUE())
v) Req. prob. = p( x < 3 ) = 0.42319 =POISSON(2,C15,TRUE())

For two minutes


Average (λ) = 6 per min
vi) Req. prob. = p( x = 6 ) = 0.160623 =POISSON(6,C23,FALSE())

For three minutes


Average (λ) = 9 per min
vii) Req. prob. = p( x <= 4 ) = 0.054964 =POISSON(4,C27,TRUE())

For four minutes


Average (λ) = 12 per min
vii) Req. prob. = p( x >= 10 ) = 0.757608 =1-POISSON(9,C31,TRUE())

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
Marks distribution of 500 students follows Normal distribution with mean 50 and S.D 5.

1) A student is selected at random, compute the probability that Marks of student lies :
i) Below 55 ii) Above 54 iii) Between 48 & 62
2) Estimate the number of students with marks :
i) Below 60 ii) Above 52 iii) Between 52 & 58

Solution:- Let, x = Marks


Here we have,
Mean(µ) = 50 Number(N) = 500
S.D.(σ) = 5

1) i) Req. Prob. = p( x < 55 )


= 0.841345
ii) Req. Prob. = p( x > 54 )
= 0.211855
iii) Req. Prob. = p( 48 < x < 62 )
= 0.647224

2) i) Req. no. = N*p( N < 60 )


= 489
ii) Req. no. = N*p( x > 52 )
= 172
ii) Req. no. = N*p( 52 < x < 58 )
= 145

Formula
=[Link](55,D11,D12,1)

=[Link](54,D11,D12,1)

=[Link](62,D11,D12,1) - [Link](48,D11,D12,1)

=H11*[Link](60,D11,D12,1)

=H11*([Link](52,D11,D12,1))

=H11*([Link](58,D11,D12,1)-[Link](52,D11,D12,1))

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
Lab Qn. 7.b
Income distribution of 1000 workers follows Normal distribution with mean 50000
and S.D. 2500.
1) A worker is selected at random, compute the probability that income of worker lies:
i) Below 48000 ii) Above 54000 iii) Between 47500 & 52500

2) Estimate the number of workers with income


i) Below 52500 ii) Above 55000 iii) Between 51250 & 54000

Solution :- Let, x be Income


Here we have,
Mean(µ) = 50000 Number(N) = 1000
S.D.(σ) = 2500

1) i) Req. Prob. = p( x < 48000 )


= 0.211855
ii) Req. Prob. = p( x > 54000 )
= 0.054799
iii) Req. Prob. = p( 47500 < x < 52500 )
= 0.682689

2) i) Req. no. = N*p( N < 52500 )


= 841
ii) Req. no. = N*p( x > 55000 )
= 23
ii) Req. no. = N*p( 51250 < x < 54000 )
= 254
Formulae
=[Link](48000,D13,D14,1)

=[Link](54000,D13,D14,1)

=[Link](52500,D13,D14,1) - [Link](47500,D13,D14,1)

=H13*[Link](52500,D13,D14,1)

=H13*([Link](55000,D13,D14,1))

=H13*([Link](54000,D13,D14,1)-[Link](51250,D13,D14,1))

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 From given data, State which group has consistent life.
2 Life Dell HP
3 0-5 2 5
4 5 - 10 12 10
5 10 - 15 25 25
6 15 - 20 20 20
7 20 - 25 16 15
8
9 Solution :- Here, we should compute Coefficient of variation
10 Life l.l. u.l. m.v.(x) Dell HP
11 f1 f1*x f1*x2 f2 f2*x f2*x2
12 0-5 0 5 2.5 2 5 12.5 5 12.5 31.25
13 5 - 10 5 10 7.5 12 90 675 10 75 562.5
14 10 - 15 10 15 12.5 25 312.5 3906.25 25 312.5 3906.25
15 15 - 20 15 20 17.5 20 350 6125 20 350 6125
16 20 - 25 20 25 22.5 16 360 8100 15 337.5 7593.75
17 75 1117.5 18818.75 75 1087.5 18218.75
18 For Dell Value Formula For HP Value Formula
19 Mean(x1*) 14.9 =F17/E17 Mean(x2*) 14.5 =I17/H17
20 S.D.(σ1) 5.376492 =SQRT(G17/E17-(F17/E17)^2) S.D.(σ2) 5.7154761 =SQRT(J17/H17-(I17/H17)^2)
21 C.V.1 36.08384 =B20/B19*100 C.V.2 39.417076 =G20/G19*100
22
23 Decision:-
24 Since, CV1<CV2, SO, Dell computer has more uniform life.
25
26 Aakash Shrestha
27 Roll. No:- 1
28 BCA 3rd Sem
Lab Qn. 8.b
From given data, state which class has more uinform age distribution.
Age S-A S-B
17-18 5 3
18-19 12 12
19-20 10 15
20-21 8 7
21-22 5 3

Solution:- Here, we should compute Coefficient of variation


Age l.d u.d m.v.(x) S-A S-B
f1 f1*x f1*x2 f2 f2*x f2*x2
17-18 17 18 17.5 5 87.5 1531.25 3 52.5 918.75
18-19 18 19 18.5 12 222 4107 12 222 4107
19-20 19 20 19.5 10 195 3802.5 15 292.5 5703.75
20-21 20 21 20.5 8 164 3362 7 143.5 2941.75
21-22 21 22 21.5 5 107.5 2311.25 3 64.5 1386.75
40 776 15114 40 775 15058

For S - A Value Formula


Mean(X1*) 19.4 =F18/E18
S.D.(σ1) 1.220656 =SQRT(G18/E18-(F18/E18)^2)
C.V.1 6.292039 =C22/C21*100

For S - B Value Formula


Mean(X2*) 19.375 =I18/H18
S.D.(σ2) 1.029259 =SQRT(J18/H18-(I18/H18)^2)
C.V.2 5.312307 =C27/C26*100

Decision:-
Since, CV1 > CV2, so Section B has more uniform age distribution.

Aakash Shrestha
Roll. No:- 1
BCA 3rd Sem

Common questions

Powered by AI

A histogram is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a data set. It consists of adjacent bars that represent the frequency of data within specified intervals or 'bins.' Each bar’s height reflects the number of observations in each interval. It reveals the data's distribution shape, central tendency, spread, and any gaps or outliers. Patterns such as skewness or modality can also be identified. The construction of a histogram is an essential part of exploratory data analysis as showcased in Source 1.

In a normal distribution, the standard deviation determines the spread of data around the mean. Using the empirical rule, approximately 68% of observations fall within one standard deviation (±1σ), about 95% within two (±2σ), and roughly 99.7% within three (±3σ) of the mean. This helps estimate data points within these intervals and assess probabilities of observed values deviating from the mean. Source 5 demonstrates the application of this principle to estimate student marks within certain bounds of the mean.

The five-number summary consists of the minimum, Q1, median (Q2), Q3, and maximum, providing a concise description of a data set's distribution. Constructing a box-whisker plot visualizes these summaries, helping identify the central 50% of data, spread, and outliers. The plot’s box represents the IQR with a line for the median, whiskers indicate variability outside the upper and lower quartiles, and outliers are plotted individually. It provides insights into data symmetry, skewness, and dispersion, as demonstrated in Source 2.

Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) describe the probability that a continuous random variable will take a value less than or equal to a certain number. The CDF is integral to probability density functions (PDFs), providing the cumulative probability. Used in statistical analyses, they determine probabilities for intervals, compute expected values, and model the likelihood of observed outcomes. For example, the CDF of a normal distribution calculates the probability of a variable falling within specified bounds. This comprehensive utility is used in various estimation problems discussed in Source 5.

The median is calculated by arranging the data in ascending order and finding the middle value. If there are an odd number of observations, the median is the middle one. If even, it is the average of the two middle numbers. It is significant because it provides a measure of central tendency that is not affected by extreme values compared to the mean, offering a better representation of a typical value in skewed distributions. In the given data set, it is used to describe the center of data distributions like in Source 1.

The coefficient of variation (CV) is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage. It standardizes the measure of dispersion by eliminating units, allowing comparison of variability between different data sets with different units or scales. It's especially useful in determining relative variability, comparing the degree of variation from one data series to another, even if the means differ significantly. Source 5 discusses its usage in determining the uniformity of life expectancy among different brands.

In a binomial distribution, the probability of observing a specific number of successes in trials is calculated using the formula P(X=k) = C(n, k) * p^k * (1-p)^(n-k), where n is the number of trials, k is the number of successes, p is the success probability, and C(n, k) is the binomial coefficient. It applies to real-world scenarios like exams, where one might calculate the probability of a certain number of students passing given a fixed pass probability. Source 3 illustrates these calculations for various pass scenarios.

The interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the third and first quartiles (Q3 - Q1) and measures data variability around the median, excluding extreme values. It’s used to highlight potential outliers, which are observations significantly distant from the rest of the data. Outliers are usually defined as values below Q1 - 1.5*IQR or above Q3 + 1.5*IQR. Identifying these highlights extremes that may indicate data errors, significant events, or underlying data discreteness. This approach is reflected in the data summaries in Source 1.

To compute the probability of observing more than a specific number of events in a Poisson distribution, you use the cumulative probability. First, find the probability of observing up to the specific number of events using the Poisson formula: P(X=k) = (λ^k * e^(-λ))/k!, where λ is the average rate of occurrence. Then, the probability of observing more than this number is 1 minus the cumulative probability of observing up to that number, i.e., P(X>k) = 1 - Σ(P(X=i)) for i=0 to k. This principle is evident in situations discussed in Source 4.

Quartiles divide a data set into four equal parts, whereas percentiles divide the data into 100 equal parts. To calculate quartiles, the data is ordered and split such that Q1 (25th percentile), Q2 (50th percentile, median), and Q3 (75th percentile) are found. To find a specific percentile, P, the data is ordered, and the (n+1)*(P/100)th value is determined to give the value at that percentile position. Source 1 illustrates the calculation for quartiles and how it relates to data distribution analysis.

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