ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

- deals w/ the properties and equations of

the locus of point. Division of Line Segment
Locus – the graph or curve traced by a moving
point

Distance between 2 points in

plane 2D and 3D

𝑦0 −𝑦1 𝑥0 −𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑃0
= = =r
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑃1 𝑃2

𝑥0 −𝑥1
= r → x0 = r (x2 – x1) + x1
𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝑦0 −𝑦1
by Pythagorean Theorem
𝑦2 −𝑦1
= r → y0 = r (y2 – y1) + y1

d = P1P2 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝑧0 −𝑧1

=r → z0 = r (z2 – z1) + z1
𝑧2 −𝑧1
in 3D
Special Case
P1 = ( x1, y1, z1 )
Midpoint, M( xm , ym )
P2 = ( x2, y2, z2 ) 1
Xm = 2 ( x2 + x1 )
d = P1P2 =
1
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 ym = 2 ( y2 + y1 )

if 3D
1
Zm = ( Z2 + Z1 )
2
 6.) Normal Form
Area of Polygon by
Coordinate Method

x1 x2 x3 … xn x1
y1 y2 y3 … yn y1

If given is general form Ax+By+C=0

then the Normal Form is
Note: Vertices are traced CCW starting from
any vertex 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶
=0
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2
Line Note: the sign of radical is opposite the sign of
- locus of point w/ infinite distance from a C or same as B if C=0
fixed point Properties:
1.) General Form 1.) Slope, m
Ax + By + C = 0 𝑦2 −𝑦1
i.) m = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2.) Two – Point Form
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1
ii.) inclination
=
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1

𝑦2 −𝑦1
y - y1 = ( x – x1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1

3.) Point Slope Form

y – y1 = m( x – x1 )
4.) Slope Intercept
y = mx + b
m = positive , inclines to right
5.) Intercept Form
m = negative , inclines to left
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏 m = 0, Horizontal Line
m = ∞, Vertical Line

2.) Parallel Lines

L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
L2 : kAx + kBy + C2 = 0
Slopes of L1 and L2 are equal. Hence m1 = m2
3.) Coincident Line
L1 : Ax + By + C = 0
L2 : kAx + kBy + kC = 0

4.) Perpendicular Lines

L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
L2 : Bx - Ay + C2 = 0
Slopes of L1 and L2 are negative reciprocal.
1
Hence, m1 = − 𝑚
2

5.) Angle Between Two Lines

𝑚2 −𝑚1
Tan ϕ =
1+𝑚2 𝑚1
𝑚2 −𝑚1
ϕ = Tan -1 | |
1+𝑚2 𝑚1

6.) Distance from a point to the line

𝐴𝑋0 +𝐵𝑌𝑜 +𝐶
d=
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
7.) Distance between parallel lines
L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0
L2 : Ax + By + C2 = 0
𝐶2 − 𝐶1
d=| |
√𝐴2 +𝐵2
 Square Property of Parabola
Parabola
- a second degree section
- a locus of point w. equal distances from
a fixed point(F, Focus) and a fixed line
(directrix).

𝑥12 𝑥22
=
𝑦1 𝑦2

a.) General Form

Parabolic Segment
Ax2 + Bx + Cy + D = 0
Ay2 + By + Cx + D = 0
b.) Standard From by CTS →
i.) V @ ( h,k )
( x - h )2 = ± 4a ( y - k ) →
( y - k )2 = ± 4a ( x - h ) →
ii.) V @ (0,0)
x2 = ± 4ay →
y2 = ± 4ax →
c.) Properties 2
Area, A = 3 𝑏ℎ
eccentrity = 1
LR = 4a
Circle Ellipse
Model Equation
1.) General Equation
x2 + y2 Ax + By + C = 0
2.) Standard Form
i.) C@(h,k)
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
ii.) C@(0,0)
x2 + y2 = r2
1.) Model Equation
Properties
Ax2 + By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
1.) e = 0
where A ≠ B
2.) diameter(d) = 2r
𝜋 if A = B circle
3.) A = πr2 or A= d2
4
2.) Standard Form
4.) C = 2πr or C = πd
i.) C@(h,k), a > b
5.) tangent distance from a point (Xo , Yo)
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
+ = 1 (MA Horizontal)
𝑎2 𝑏2
dT = √𝑥𝑜2 + 𝑦𝑜2 + 𝐴𝑋𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶
ii.) C@(h,k), b > a
6.) nearest distance from a point
(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
dn = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝑃0 – r + = 1 (MA Vertical)
𝑎2 𝑏2

7.) Equation of Radical Axis (ERA) iii.) C@( 0,0 ), b > a

ERA→eq. of C1 – eq. of C2 = 0 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1(MA Horizontal)
Note: a circle can be determined by 3 points 𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1 (MA Vertical)
 Hyperbola
Properties
1.) e < 1.0
𝑐 𝑐
2.) e = ,e=
𝑎 𝑏

3.) a2 = b2 + c2
2𝑏2
4.) LR = 𝑎
𝑎
5.) d = 𝑒

6.) A = πab

𝑎 2 +𝑏2
7.) P = 2π √ (approximate perimeter)
2 Transverse Axis (VVl) = 2a
Conjugate Axis (BBl) = 2b
Focal Radius, 1.) General Form:
= a ± ex Ax2 - By2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0

max (positive) 2.) Standard Form

min (negative) i.) C@(h,k)

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
𝑎2
- 𝑏2
= 1 (TA Horizontal)

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
- = 1 (TA Vertical)
𝑎2 𝑏2

ii.) C@(0,0)
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎2
- 𝑏2 = 1(TA Horizontal)

𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑎2
- 𝑏2 = 1 (TA Vertical)

3.) Properties
a.) e > 1
𝑐
b.) e = 𝑎

c.) c2 = a2 + b2
2𝑏2
d.) LR =
𝑎
𝑎
e.) d = 𝑒
 Relation for Substitution
f.) Angle between Asymptote 1.) x = ucos Ө - vsinӨ
𝜙 𝑏
tan = 2.) y = usinӨ + vcosӨ
2 𝑎
𝑏
ϕ = 2tan -1 ( 𝑎 )

g.) Equation of Asymptotes Polar Coordinates and

Replace 1 in std. form by zero then solve y in Rectangular Coordinates
terms of x
Note: Point of intersection between asymptote is
Systems
the center of hyperbola

General Equation of
Second-Degree Conic
Section
1.) Circle
2.) Parabola
3.) Ellipse
Relations
4.) Hyperbola
1.) x = rcosӨ
Model Equation:
2.) y = rsinӨ
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3.) r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Conditions:
𝑦
B2 – 4AC → (Discriminant) 4.) Ө = tan-1 𝑥

1.) if B = 0 and A=C ; Circle Radius vector ( r )

2.) if B2 – 4AC = 0 ; parabola - distance of a point in PCS from the pole
or origin
3.) if B2 – 4AC < 0 ; ellipse
Vectorial Angle ( Ө )
4.) if B2 – 4AC > 0 ; hyperbola
- direction of the radius vector
Elimination of product “ xy ”
Angle of Rotation
𝐵
Tan 2Ө =
𝐴−𝐶

where, 0 < 2Ө < 180o

0 < Ө < 90o

Model Equation of Common
Polar Curves
2.) Limacon
1.) Circle
r = a ± b cosӨ a>b
C @ ( 0,0 ) w/ radius “a”
r=a
A = πa2 , C = 2πa
C at x-axis and tangent to y-axis
r = ± acosӨ ; d=a

r = a ± b sinӨ a>b

C at y-axis and tangent to x-axis

r = ± asinӨ ; d=a

𝜋
A = 2 ( 2a2 + b2 )

If a<b there is an inner loop

r = a ± b cosӨ a<b
3.) Cardiod Special Case
If a=b in Limacon r2 = a2 cosӨ A = 2a2
r = a ( 1 ± cosӨ )

r = a ( 1 ± sinӨ )

5.) Rose
r = acos nӨ n = 1,2,3,4, …
r = asin nӨ if n=1 → Circle
n = represents # of petals/leaves
3
A = πa 2
P = 8a
8 if n is odd, there are n leaves
4.) Lemniscate → (Infinity) A = a2
𝜋
4
r2 = ± a2 cos2Ө
If n is even, there are 2n leaves
𝜋
A = a2
2

r2 = ± a2 sin2Ө
6.) Spiral
A = a2
r = aӨ
𝑎
r=Ө (Reciprocal or Hyperbolic Spiral)
The Plane Relation between RCS, CCS
Model Equation and SCS
1.) General Form Rectangular and Cylindrical Coordinate
System
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
2.) 3 Point Form
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1 =0
x3 – x1 y3 – y1 z3 – z1

expand at row 1 by minor cofactor method

(MCM)
3.) Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+𝑏+𝑐 =1
𝑎 Relations
1.) x = rcosӨ
Distance from a point ( x0, y0, z0 ) to the plane 2.) y = ysinӨ
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 3.) z = z
A𝑥0 + B𝑦0 + C𝑧0 + D
d=|
√𝐴2 +𝐵2 +𝐶 2
| 4.) r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
Volume of the Pyramid formed by the plane 5.) Ө = tan -1 ( 𝑥 )
and the coordinate planes
𝐷3
V=
6𝐴𝐵𝐶

Angle between two planes

𝐴1 𝐴2 +𝐵1 𝐵2 +𝐶1 𝐶2
Cos Ө =
√𝐴21 +𝐵12 +𝐶12 √𝐴22 +𝐵22 +𝐶22

Volume of a Cube with two faces on a parallel

planes

V = d3 = [ A𝑥0 + B𝑦0 + C𝑧0 + D

√𝐴2 +𝐵2 +𝐶 2
]3
 Complex Variable Applied to
Rectangular and Spherical Coordinate
System
Analytic Geometry

Model Equation
Relations
z = x + yi or z = x + jy
1.) x = r sinϕ cosӨ
2.) y = r sinϕ sinӨ
z → complex variable
3.) z = r cosϕ
x → Real Component (Re)
4.) r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 y → imaginary component (Im)
-1 𝑦
5.) Ө = tan ( ) i or j → imaginary unit = √−1 = (-1)1/2 = (-1)0.5
𝑥
𝑧
6.) ϕ = cos -1 ( 𝑟 ) |z| = r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 → magnitude or modulus
𝑦
Ө = tan -1 ( 𝑥 ) → argument

Parametric Equation
Model Prepared by:
x=f(t) time (t) → parameter
Engr. Kurt Ryan D. Velasco
y=f(t)
t must be eliminated