Cementation Inorganic

- Not formed from living things or remains of

- dissolved minerals crystallize and glue
living things.
particles of sediment together
Regional Metamorphic
Stratification
- Recrystallization of rock due to plate
- The process in which sedimentary rocks are
tectonics
arranged in layers
Precipitate
Rock Cycle
- Solid that from a solution during a chemical
- The ongoing process that for and change
reaction in water
rock from one kind to another
Crystallization
Fracture
- The process by which crystals form and
- The way a mineral looks when it breaks
grow size
apart in an irregular way
Clastic
Intrusive
- Sedimentary rock that foams when rock
- Igneous rocks formed when the agma cools
fragments are squeezed together under high
slowly below the earths surface
pressure
Hardness
Mafic
- minerals resistance to being scratched
- Composition of igneous roc high density
Cleavage
iron magnesium
- minerals ability to split easily along flat
surfaces Foliation
Erosion - - an arrangement of minerals in flat or wavy
- the process that moves sediments from one parallel bands
location to another Weather / Erosion
Luster - Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
- the way mineral reflects light Evaporation
Mono Mineralic - The change of a liquid to a gas
- rock containing only one type of mineral Contact Metamorphism
Deposit - A change in the texture structure or
- dropping off of sediment due to loss of chemical composition of a rock due to
energy in agent of erosion contact with heat from magma
Streak Texture
- the color of a minerals powder - The way the mineral feels
Fossil Recrystalization
- a preserved remnant or impression of an - When minerals grow without being melted
organism that lived in the past. due to heat/ pressure
Glassy rock Banding in rocks
- - luster of a mineral when light shines back -extreme mineral alignment
like a diamond Vasicular
Polyminerolic - Rock that contains gas pockets
- A rock containing ore than one kind of Metamorphism
mineral - Change a rock that has changed due to heat
Felsic contact
- Composition of igneous rock that is light Solidification
color, low density and aluminum - Cooling of aga or lava into igneous rock.
Metalic Minerals
When a mineral reflects light and looks like - - natural solid that has its particles arranged
a metal. in a crystal pattern

Oceanic Crust
 - Iron magnesium silicate igneous rock - Composed of the crust and uppermost
- Basaltic mantle
- Dark Color and denser - -cool rigid and solid
- Felsic (feldspar and quartz) Crust
- Younger and thinner layer - The outermost layer of the earth where
- 8-10 km thick humans live
Continental Crust Discontinuity
- - sodium potassium aluminum silicates - Boundary in between the layers of the Earth
granitic HABITABILITY OF THE EARTH
- Light color and less dense Age of star
- Ultramafic (mg and fe) - 3 ga old to give life an amole time to evolve.
- Older and thick layer Stable planetary Habitable zone
- 10-70 km thick - Goldilocks zone
Inner Core - Temperature is not too hot not too cold
- Innermost geologic layer of the earth - Maintain liquid water on its surface
- Iron and nickel High Metallicity
- magnetic - Heavier elements (metals)
- Solid Low stellar Variation
- 1250 km - Fluctuation in a stars luminosity
- 5400 C
HBITABLE PLANETS
Outer Core
Distance from a star
- Fluid layer that lies above , earths solid
- It must be not too far not too near
inner core and below its mantle
Terrestrial
- Iron and nickel
- Must be large enough to retain the
- Creates the magnetic field
atmosphere
- Liquid
Orbital Eccentricity
- 2300km
- Ratio describing the shape of elliptical orbit
- 4000C
Axil Tilt
Peridotite
- the tilt is great , seasons will be extreme
- Rocks formed in mantle
Rotation
- Richer in the metals magnesium and iron
- too short the atmospheric wind velocities
than the minerals found in the crust
will be great if too long the diurnal temp
Lower Mantle
changes would not be conductive.
- Soft rocks
Geochemistry
- Less ductile
- planets should have elements most vital to
- Gutenberg Discontinuity
life. These are carbon hydrogen oxygen and
- 2240 km thick
nitrogen.
- Upper mantle
- - solid rocks
- -alleable
- Mohorovicic discontinuity
SUBSYSTEM OF THE EARTH
- 660 km thick
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
- includes the entire earths crust and the rigid
- The upper layer of the earths mantle below
upper mantle
the lithosphere it is weak or soft mantle
- solid outer section of the earth
made of solid rock that moves very slowly.
- divided into a number of huge plates that
- Plastic can flow very slowly
move in relation to one another
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
 -mixture of gases that surround the planet - Tropical biomes and boreal forest known as
Cooling of the earth taiga.
- condensed water formed Ocean - Grassland biomes
- - characterized by the dominance of grasses
Hydrosphere rather than large shrubs or trees.
- it refers to the totality of earths water Dessert biomes
Biosphere - Characterized by Low rain fall.
- it contains the entirety of earths living things Tundra Biomes
(plants and animals) - - coldest of all biomes
- blue planet Flow Matter And Energy
Troposphere Biochemical Cycle
- - layers closest to earth surface - Movement of the chemicals through the
- -clouds biosphere
- -decrease temp as altitude increases Nitrogen Cycle
Stratosphere - 78% of the atmosphere
-increase temp as altitude increases - It must be fixed by specialized organisms or
-Ozone by industrial process.
Mesosphere Oxygen Cycle
-decrease temp as altitude increases -Oxygen not only supports life; it arises
- burn meteors from life. In the origin of life, oxygen was
Thermosphere not present in the primordial atmosphere;
- Increase temp as altitude increases rather, it was of biological origin. It was
- -prescence of nitrogen and oxygen the product of the photosynthesis of plants.
Ionosphere Oxygen plays a fundamental role as a
- - highly ionized gas building block of practically all vital
Kennelly Heaveside layer molecules. Almost all organic matter in
- reflects radio waves the present biosphere originates in the
Exosphere process of photosynthesis
-outermost layer Carbon cycle
-merge to outer space - fundamentally the study of the
Salt Water 97.5 overall global interactions of living
Freshwater (easily available) 0.3 organisms and their physical and chemical
Freshwater (not easily) 2.5 environment. Carbon cycle on land begins
Biosphere with the fixation of atmospheric carbon
-contains the entirety of earth living things dioxide by the process of Photosynthesis
- Zone of life conducted by plants and
Ecosystem microorganisms.
- interaction between the biotic community Water Cycle
and the abiotic environment in a defined he terms evaporation and transpiration are
region. put together to form one word:
Biomes evapotranspiration. As water vapor rises into
the atmosphere, it cools, and then condenses to
- Large ecosystems classified according to the
form a cloud. As the water droplet becomes
pre dominant vegetation characterized by bigger, it falls as rain. The water that falls to the
adaptations of organisms to that particular ground can evaporate, collect, run off, or
environment. infiltrate. When it collects on the surface of
Aquatic Biomes the land, it produces standing water, ponds, or
- - includes freshwater and marine biomes lakes. When rain flows over the ground and into
Forest Biomes the body of water, it is called runoff. Runoff flows
into streams and rivers and eventually back to the
ocean or sea.
Igneous rocks Compaction
- are formed when magma cools and - Occurs when files of sediments accumulate
solidifies through the process of and the material below are compacted by
crystallization. weight of the overlaying layers.
- Ignis means fire Cementation
Transpiration - sediments ate converted into sedimentary
- When plant give off water vapor as a waste rocks
product Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks - Weathered rocks such as igneous rocks
– beneath the ground Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Extrusive or volcanic Igneous Rock - Soluble material produced largely by
- Formed on the surface of the earth chemical weathering
Coarse- grained or Phaneritic Texture Metamorphic Rocks
- Large crystals - Pre existing rocks are called parent rocks
- Clearly visible to the eye Metamorphism
-with or with out lens or microscope - Process of transformation of a parent rock
Fine-grained or Aphanitic into a texturally and mineralogically new
-small crystals rock
- cannot be seen by the eye, even with the aid of Slate
hand lens - Foliated, fine-grained
Porphyritic - Shale (parent rock)
- Two minerals having LARGE differences in Gneiss
grain size - Foliated, medium to coarse-grained
Phenocryst - Granite, Volcanic rock (parent rock)
- Larger grain Marble
Groundmass or matrix - Non foliated, medium to coarse-grained
- Finer grain - Limestone (parent rock)
Glossy textured Exogenic Process
- Non crystalline and contain no mineral - External process that occur at or near the
grains. surface of the earth
Felsic Minerals
- Potassium rich Physical Properties
- High percentage of silica 1. Crystal structure
Mafic – geometric spatial arrangement of
- Dark color atoms
- Magnesium and iron 2. Hardness
Andesitic / intermediate rocks – resistance of a mineral to being
- - mixture of both light and dark colored scratched
mineral [Link] Can be rubbed off on a finger
Ultramafic [Link] be scratched with a finger
- Mostly dark colored minerals nail
Sedimentary Rocks [Link] be scratched with a coin
- Formed by the accumulation of sediment [Link] be scratched with difficulty
deposited over time. with a knife
Lithification [Link] be scratched with a knife blade
- Process by which the sediments are [Link] be scratched with a piece of
transformed into solid sedimentary rocks glass
[Link] be scratched with a piece of
quartz
 [Link] too hard to be included in - - surface mining
this scale - Involve strip or open pit mining
9. Corundum (ruby) minerals too hard to be - Underground
included in this scale - - digging of tunnels or shafts
10. diamond - Processing
3. Color and Streak - - chemical or physical means
- Streak refers to the color of the mineral in its - Gangue
powdered form - -washing enables the separation of valuable
4. Crystal habit metals or minerals from waste material
– over all shape of crystal - Non renewable Energy
-needlelike (acicular), plantlike - - cool natural gas, petroleum, nuclear
(dendritic), kidney-shaped (reniform), - Source of energy that do not renew
bladed, elongated, in one direction themselves at a sufficient rate within a
(prismatic), and tabular. human time frame
5. Transparency and Luster - Fossil Fuel
-transparent if it allows light to pass through and - - primary energy source
you can see any object it like muscovite - -remains of pre historic plants and animals
Opaque that died million years ago
-if light CANNOT pass through and you cannot see Coal
any object through it like hematite. - Sedimentary rock compost pre dominantly
Translucent solid organic
- Object allows some light to pass through - materials
and objects cannot be clearly seen through - Lignite ,Bituminous, Anthracite, Peat
it. Natural Gas
Luster -indicate how light is reflected off a surface - - mixture of naturally occuring , light
of a mineral. hydrocarbons
Metallic- has luster of a polished metal - - from ancient microorganism remains
Vitreous or glassy – has luster of a glass (some plant and animal matter
Pearly – thin transparent sheets, reminiscent of Petroleum
pearls - - occurs as liquid and can be refined into
Dull- has no little no luster number of other types of fuel such as diesel
Greasy – resembles fat or grease and airplane fuel
Silky- shows parallel arrangement of line fine - - from diatoms (microalgae)
fibers. Petroleum Refinery
5. CleaVAGE - conversion of crude oil into useful products
- Resistance to being broken - components are separated using fraction
- mineral break along planes of weakness distillation
- 7. Specific gravity Cracking
- Measurement that determines the density of - - breaking c based bonds to change heavier
a mineral hydrocarbons into higher ones
Mining Process Nuclear
- Mineral Ores - - atom of one species of chemical element
- - mineral form from which metals or other are transformed into atoms of another
elements Can be profitably recover. species by nuclear change.
- Exploration Fission
- - aims to locate the concentration of the ore. - - spitting of heavy atoms into lighter atoms
- Extraction Fusion
- - may be done in one of its two types - - combination of two light atoms to form
- Surface mining or underground mining heavy atoms
Renewable Energy Biomass
- - geothermal, solar, wind , biomass, hydro - - stored energy from the sun
- That can be renewed or replenish overtime - - biological material derived from living or
Geothermal recently deceased organism
- - energy form the internal heat of earth - Released through:
- •burning,•decay (rotting), or •create biofuels
Geothermal Gradient
(such as ethanol from corn) and biodiesel (from
- - rate of change in temp with depth
waste oil or vegetable oil)
- Deeper
RA 9513 (renewable act of 2008)
- - higher energy - Development utilization commercialization of
- Dry Steam renewable energy resources
- - simplest and oldest - - self reliance
- Flash Steam - - reduce harmful emissions
- Most common RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)
- Binary Cycle -right people to balanced and healthy ecology,
- - water is not enough to produce steam management program for air pollution
Solar - pollution prevention rather than control
- Energy from the sun Energy-
- Solar Photovoltaic Capacity to dowork,
- - convert sunlight into dc electricity using Distribution of earths water
Earths Water
semi conductors
Fresh water – 3%
- Solar Thermal
Saline (oceans) – 97%
- Utilizes sunlight for heating or electricity Freshwater
production Other 0.9%
Wind Ground Water 30.1%
- Secondary form of solar energy Surface water 0.3%
Onshore -Wind far on the coast line Icecaps and Glaciers 68.7%
Offshore Fresh surface water (liquid)
- Is on the water where stronger and steadier Riviers 2%
wind is present Swamps 11%
Grid Connected Wind Turbine Generator Lakes 87%
Oceans –
- Action on the wind rotates the blades which
pacific,- bigest
droves the generator that produces
antlantic,
electricity Indian,
Wind Hybrid System artic, -smallest
- Other sources such as photo voltaic cells to southern ocean
store power in batteries Ground Water
Wind Pumps - Seeps into the ground and fills up the open spaces in
- - wind mill rocks sediments and soil beneath the earths surface
- - transform kinetic energy of the wind to Porosity - total amount of empty pores spaces in the
cause vertical action of the piston to suck rock
Permeability - ability of rock or sediments to allow
water upward
water to pass through it
Hydro
Water table- intersects the land surface
- - utilize kinetic energy of falling or running - Surface Water
water to turn a turbine generator and Running water - water that evolves higher to lower are
generate electricity due to gravity
Stream - all water flowing into the channel
Large - generates 10MW if power River - large stream
Mini- generates 101 kw to !0MW of power
Tributary - smaller stream
Micro - 1 to 100 kw of power Republic Act of 9275 ( clean water act of 2004)
- Comprehensive water quality management of all bodies of
water
- - control pollution protection preservation revival

PERSEPHONY TALARA