STRUCTURE
AND BONDING.
TUTOR: Mr. Hudson
YOUR GRADE 1 IS OUR
PRIORITY!!!
METALLIC BONDING.
• Metallic bond: attractive force between cations (positively charge ions)
and free electrons (delocalized electrons).
• Cations embedded in a sea of electrons.
• ‘free electrons’ responsible for shiny metal appearance.
METALLIC BONDING: PROPERTIES.
Properties of metal can be related to its structure. Some of these properties include:
High melting point.
Malleable and ductile.
Insoluble in water
Conduct electricity.
• PTN- The strength of metallic bonding increases as:
• the positive charge on the ions increases
• the size of the metal ion decreases
• the number of delocalized electrons increases.
COMPOUNDS AND STRUCTURE.
• Ionic crystal – contains a 3 dimensional repeating array of alternating
cations and anions which forms a crystal lattice ,(giant ionic structure).
• Ionic lattice – (1) electrostatic force of attraction between positive cation and
negative anion act in all direction.
• (2) Due to strong electrostatic force of attraction between opposing ion
specie then these compounds are very strong, hence great amount of force
need to overcome the bond.
•
COMPOUNDS AND STRUCTURE.
• PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS:
High melting and High boiling point.
high solubility in water.
Conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state.
SIMPLE MOLECULAR.
• SIMPLE MOLECULAR CRYSTAL- molecules regular arranged in a
lattice, this ability allows for the molecular structure to form crystals. E.g.
I2 and S.
• PROPERTIES OF SMC-
Low melting and boiling point.
Soft
Soluble in non-polar solvents. ( exception. C12H22O11 )
Non-Conductor.
• Consist of giant repeating structures which exist as crystalline
solids, connected through a series of covalent bonds. E.g C and
SiO2.
• Allotropy: phenomenon showcase by carbon, whereby carbon
is able to form different structures of itself (allotrope).
• Two allotropes of carbon : Diamond and graphite.
GIANT
MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE.
DIAMOND.
•Each carbon atom covalently
bonded to four other carbon
atoms arranged in a
tetrahedral,3 dimensional
array.
DIAMOND.
DIAMOND.
• Properties:
Colorless,sparling.
Hard.
Non-conductor.
High M.P
Non-lubricating.
GRAPHITE.
• Each bonded covalently to three
other carbon atoms producing
hexagonal ring of atoms which
are in layers.
• These are held together by van
der aaals forces. Thus giving the
ability for each carbon atomto
have a mobile electron.
GRAPHITE.
GRAPHITE
• PROPERTIES.
Dark grey.
Soft and flaky.
Excellent lubricant.
Very high M.P
Good Conductor
COMPOUND COMPARISON
Ionic structure. Simple molecular structure. Giant molecular structure. Metallic
Structure.
Bonding in Ionic Weak interaction between Absence of weak force of attraction, Metallic Bond.
compound. molecules(Van der aals forces). mostly strong covalent bonds.
Covalent bond between atoms. Graphite is an exception (explain.)
Solubility Soluble in water, Like dissolves like. Polar Generally, Insoluble both in polar Insoluble in
insoluble in substances dissolve in polar and non-polar substances. polar and
non-polar/organic solvents. Non-polar substances non-polar
solvents. dissolves in non-polar solvents. solvents.
Electrical Only conduct electricity Unavailable ions to conduct Except for graphite, tends to not Conducts
Conductivity in molten or aqueous electricity. conduct electricity. electricity.
state.
Melting Point Generally high melting Low ( due to weak High Melting Point ( Strong High.
point intermolecular forces) covalent bonds)
Examples Nacl, KBr. H2O, I2, S8, CO2. C, SiO2. Cu,Pb.
TUTORIAL
PRACTICE.
(KAMOYA,KIRKANN
AND KAYLA)
2).
TUTORIAL
PRACTICE.
YUSHANA,BRITTANY,
PAULALEE,MONROE.
TUTORIAL
PRACTICE.
(ALLEAH,TIA,D
ONECIA).
Ionic vs covalent compounds.
PROPERTIES IONIC SIMPLE COVALENT.
COMPOSITION STRONGLY HELD STRONG INTERMOLECULAR
BONDS HELD BY COVALENT
BOND, weak forces between
molecules
State at RTP Crystal structure Liquids/gases
MP AND BP HIGH LOW
SOLUBILITY High solubility in water, tend to be Soluble in organic solvents, not
of low solubility in organic water. (LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE).
solvents.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN NOT ABLE TO
MOLTEN OR DISSOLVED
STATE.
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
• 5.3- A chemical formula is a Radical Formula Valency
symbolic and numerical Ammonium NH4+ 1
mirror representation for the Carbonate CO32- 2
actual bonding diagram, say
Hydrogen carbonate HCO3- 1
this to say that the formula
Hydroxide OH- 1
itself shows us the number of
atoms of each element that Nitrate NO3- 1
would be involved in the Nitrite NO2- 1
bonding. Sulphate SO42- 2
Sulphite SO32- 2
CHEMICAL FORMULATION.
MONOVALENT DIVALENT TRIVALENT
Hydrogen- H+ Magnesium IRON(III)-Fe- Ferric ion
Lithium Calcium ALUMINIUM- Al3+
Sodium Barium
Potassium Iron(II) –Fe (Ferrum) –ferrous ion
Copper (Cu-Cuprum)- Zinc
POLYVALENT.
Silver Ag (argentum) Tin(II) –Sn (Stannum)
Lead(II)- Pb (Plumbum)
CHEMICAL FORMULAE
MONOVALENT DIVALENT TRIVALENT
Flouride Oxide Nitride – N3-
Chloride Sulphide Phosphate- Po43-
Bromide Carbonate
Iodide Sulphite
Hydride – H- Sulphate
Hydroxide-OH- Dichromate – Cr2O72-
Nitrite
Nitrate
Manganate- Mn04-
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE.
• Ion identification (mgcl)
• Valence determination. Mg2+ Cl-
• Equal sum of valencies.-
• Place brackets where radicals present (
1>constituent)
• Metals should place first(ionic
compounds)
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE.
• Magnesium Nitride:
• Ions present- Mg2+ and N3-
• Valence Switching/ LCM approach-
• Mg3N2.
❖ Copper Hydroxide.
❖ Ammonium Phosphate.
❖ Zinc Nitrate.
❖ Aluminium Oxide
❖ Phosphorus trichloride