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Elective 2 (Math)

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30 views102 pages

Elective 2 (Math)

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Dj bracelet
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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—-——a ariel Methods memes } Machine comgedalion ‘theses. ud) chore of a method 2 Destin of an_ algorithm Linitenen K— Dedenit ones 43) Flow chart CHeckevoness (Crap cal ove Retunial representation) of. adgorithr) SxQataret /stop on enel CEAEB I> ecesiog ayabol FT oe 7 Sepak eyo LC] on Lf Powkput 7 2 decision taking ayerbo | ' "SA. ~beVe Gee te wh), Preogtamming - como FORmLa TRANELAkon e 7 att Tava. R CERT ital Ltetnda Sctence Lioeaicry i \semads LK? Creeukion, 8 Cormpeubore 8. adivere=o Gb ceR 40 sets of Values of asbyc =b. Me ee RE ce teal on : aa moots. See eMac ra Skep=T Read arb,o co8 ; Step check :$$ 0-07 ind conong and oto sheP-4 \ Pf 0 Go to nent sep. 19a MM Clalate d= bt nae Sly te eo? ee get, print complex moots and go ade-tod dus np then go te the nextstons Calertate & sqrthcdd » Ve Vee ae Step-6 akop-t Calewlode 1S %q, Hep-8 Prtnl MF % Step-4 — Anerceate Z by! Glepeio Ta T4IO? 94 yes then goto ster, 24 no My 9°. +0 neat wep, Che Step Yop aN 1 a 4 3 2 = Gep-M % Calelate " ; me tb. oemictty, a { 37, “yy Btep=LV $ Freint on -v.% Increase T byt Glep=VIt Check: To TL5 2 Th yet goto step-T 5 othercwése go tothe next dlep- Gkep-vi% top bUtC=O ,Asb,cER Me ZX Cr Varia d= P4ac (ed) Cdtscreminant) fl wv, [Sot 124, 34 y0,d=0,dL0 (Tei cotomy Rute) Convercgence. 5 fi hae t , T# A=N sthen 4% called cu sequence, ing at B= Sid isa sequence in- 8 AH BRIEFS a Sequence tog on a real sequence) 4 BeCitisa SHULL in C or complex Bequence . =—_="__:' +=: nok ® f FB £009: Gy EN, Bouncled above s— Xn aM Wo NN Bounded below i" % ym ¥- neN Bounded Sequence ~ A wequence. i said 10 be bourded ef i 2. both bourcled above $ bouncled bolo . Unbounded sequence A Bequerce i& aie] to be tambour ed FLT fs efthere unbourcled above ore. unbotercled below oe, toth unbounded ctbove anc| Belocd- Eas ay = 0 et » Bei Ane oP N terpe NES G5" « ft,2, Bott fk PEs, 2223 o R= $14} t 4 PALA 46am ¥ nen Bounded 7 % & bounded beloen Range of tre sequence 1,42 bub 25 unboundes| PRO DX LA ¥nenl > mm ts bounded above but Xp 26 ceny : car, 7 1 unbounded SON 8 8 cantourded, bela, Braden ci? ‘ \ . TE se cae Beate “ SD ee ee oe ee es «, Mefther 245658 Her)® bath, Sounded above 2%” ? (Qn) ts unbounde ‘ Conveccence of a. eoetence 2 ek (a) b “f ne i & Seaeence We can Say that % convergegee to Ps Sook en et lan ]e'e echanator AP: " Lamtt of & eonveregence beqieore fs unique » a 8. A 309? whith is net pais Ee uk i TFpsten fv isebsboce Lae 6 Voy > LD 9 = Lien (1) 20 (an) ee Spall ACs The ak oF alk conve, Cad xg + 222 lim ay bie (22) TP L20, Abe. gequeence. fe alled A% @ null SAU — nzte ee ol Cot The aet of all nay 7 ie Aa)ronser Sequencer 7 (MH) Ee Si eID = fn1513 eo) dy doesn't exiet range gation? Re (5%) 7 4 G2 tan) Um (n°) = ve ke Ruferu fe} >@ ge 7 Extorcles| Real, oumberc Bae Ay 9” Syphor Ben [Link]*) ek B) =— bsg (i) =— 00 aoe) fe DE igv04-29 Transcendental and Poli comical ‘Equation s 4(ad'= 0° CBquatéon’) feel ([eercofsolato Tdenke tree, Rook f Co cabte} ag zero: (Qt)*. a2;20b4b% Root /Zertos- A numberc & 5 ae acne teotont a woe! Solutzon of fexr-0 uf FCREO Eucckion Gt reoot / zerto of £00020 . eipelemes ¢ Coot fore-cll) Gamat meng So) ws LOBip a ee Yea), On een) 28 fed yoo? Gerd oo) fete i ye 0 (on x-axs) +7 aot of the mi e290 the value of % wheres 4 ‘ fend aus the x-axis, e ve ” 5, jal LO of the Guations— 0! : fon = oO Lot ws write $00 = fh CX) 240 2404 Ch degree poljaomical) stones PCI) * Polynomial of degeur 29 a grey i 1 402) =x,” ql =0 : i coherce aa te bouncled y tee [ee lem G4) #0 ISG foo Mm HAD = =F Cg) eo oT ty kt P(E 40 fea te Sy = Pe (a-2)” (ay)! (4-9 & @ © mubleple Single ook foot Nolet mags &% Simple root Root, Dietect Method 7 Torcadive Methods x(artb) =-c we —- LC i arth 7 = =e Xr Oy tb > KO Q yee ves ® avre-br-< aa ~ CEE) ols oy $148 f& Said to if Li = fin, 9 Ug an» bm & sequences, eb Fercechos converge to cook) ESR (2, Eero db > > (te ED=0 Given ef? 2 TOO=O ; MeIpet-2g La Ete coo! of this eq). 3 4(5)-° 4 Mey He 9» Xkemyy Cue root Ze: < PaPremioekng fo the wabgocot Teereabon Method! = wigy= | Cees Mean) Gpecial Case = 4 Pis called as niall pin) Tecan aug = P(xK) (One. poet Henao) B+ one-pownt Meralco? Fanction Jab gt wth Heratéon ; ste (Kt HD thereatéon Joc x | 46-7 Ereecon Folercance, F deb tex ts @ conkinaous “Functor of on [asb) and | the Eq te, flad-FCD)<0 - — Bcay 4 Cbd arceot oppose Then the eq #02 =° has atleast one -reoal moet ore an edd nambet of reece! renols én the inteeval (a,b). 4 £(b)S0 a [0970 EIKO 02 a REAIFCHLO Tofinite reooks Pksection Methac] 2— 9. Firngoet the value of VQ corertect cepto three decimal Placer by using biscckon mettod: gol det r= ya" pong 2-450 Act 20x) ~ Gig Ploy ergy FU) e-| 40 t (ea yo [the neot lies between 4.49 J fe ne ot MNO “BILE fore Leb 4 eremor 2 the PH tlerate = [4-8] A 5 es = aceon Ee the a Hlenate “119-3 en. teroe 0 the nth Hecate = [An -¥) The method ts convergent F Jenl ta-0 Let £00) 22% O 4on)= ot a-- 2X0 = ge Ato . fo)= gan aro , TH rook Mes hekwoon sand a.[¥ tO $2( are of 5 Opposite gafqn tee $0 Peale] ek Let Koel, % * ay Aves yay = MH Totes ty where tye tea) Kel soda ri, : = uy —- ie a-Ve eat 2 yt = goal _ x ; SS £0) - 40%) Hy = Q Pta)-401) Fle) | ee ee erg ot pce A- - 4 24.9393 3.. 2m 3.3 AA KeQ! xy = My - PRO fe = 10933399 — 1129993-9 Hae Fe-4a) 2a) : Fm Km9t xy = % 40% jae ate Y jst i moana ng et AMID sD the Valde Of Commect upty ) pe PAIR oe “4 desimal places ete ae phe 9-01.22 Newton: Rahéos /Klewtorts Method > Ne det fez be 2 tS) =0° Let Ho = WHA where Qo and Q Arce, to be delernind the given equation 5 and 8 fe de reodl . Let us pul? ae 07 t= —VYaro 5 CaO) Oo PL) = WKk +a, ——— -@° Noo > Hey = Qo ; > #(ax) = Qo Agata 5 Gay > ay > FCXk) ~ W% PFO ~ PC). my P ie eet mad PY > stay TE Ce anes aoe ye) Can write Ces Lett 2M =~ AO) = ahaa f Cay) . a Mee CH) = $0)" oat ng 9 0) 3 £1%) Pea) #C) cece, — 280 | K PCa = Oy FRI bes PW) , Pen) ay i Taylor's theorem = — a ow, , PP opade.. CRI) = HERITH PCL Ag te toy POte. Newlon - Raphson /Newlon's Mothod 2 (hn Mer aabive.wo04) Lek the given oy” ts f = is fox) = 0 bet aus an ponte Hor to the [Link] thle above a, tl Ay =an focrement ta ™ auch thed Lt Ax=B bs 89 enact moot. i FC %MKAAL) = O ‘ "1 ACS) =O DFC 4x) " : ” AW) 20 “PPD 4 AA aK) + wo (a) +¢ ~ aad ‘ Tory Lon’ Series e2parri [Tay Lor’ 23100 about the point ZK] Now, Ax = an incitement nw PAK te, WO % verry small o(AxF, GO, ..--- ace very Verety omall and can be eg lected. fe ea reduced to (ax) +x 4°Cxy) =O PARP (AK) = — PCa) D Ans — 4%) (a) Oe ey = Ut am = ifs te) fe) Cm | et) ae 5 a t Pate xW? ix i E root : (ork) L050) |, lst) eo, fttd) y “ie Y i Gitver eq” ¥8 Pee toad Appreoe fo the root & of the 4° The tangent line atthe poent Cae ,f,) above Le@d=P, The of of the uch that ling ffm) HY (054) 2 > 40%) = (oe- 2) PO). > te) f! q= too] MICO 2a) When the curve cuts X- ante 2 GRO anda, $M) = (14-26) $C) PM-% = — F£0%) t'%) ? Ry = Xp - 40x) 4%) Simttorly , we can qe Oy = %~ £4) 7%) = x, %) #0) Ly = Uy — FO) fy) > K=0512)3, - [Link] the value of VR corercect uplo, S- hemak proces, . ° BO Lek x= VE i Sok 2 Hayy = y= paeyom Dov Qr0 DServe Qs Keo 2-20 ~ LO) PPO = ax etep - Bees? 1705) Noto, #(0)= 0/-a=-240 eg 05) 8 #0) =P+22-140 S05)” ig 2 #02) = 2 = aro | 7 - 3 ts The rool: lied Bot? gar 2 = — 2 4 4A bCb6 Let us choose % = HEA 470%) MEME ey = Lo AT Me = 1 MAF +) The reood of fhe given 04? 2 - decimal places a pal . cama “Tosk* = ?- gat1= 0 CW, mm =2 Let x-(i1) "ao Bate tt 30> 1F +0 9. Perfor foe terakions of the Newten~ Raphsoo method to obtain: the approxierate valve of Us tanking wih the inléal approximation %= 3. Net Let xe D3 308 alt 2xO-It-0 > #0) = 214 =0 F Ped 23908 , The tnitial approximation C= 9 Using the Nesoton—Raghson method , Day = = $x) atm) ‘Reo + y= %o- 0%) a re) eas Sa RBH 98 aas Steilarcly 5 Mg © 9882645 % = 4 BHI Ay = A BURA ; oe The exact value conmect to ix decimal places % IHFHAY As -Pertorem foure teractions of the Newton Rashto 4 meted to tend the smallest See of the e? 40) = 08- Hat) =O 40) 21 a4] <0 PH = 2-5 40). = 40 FU) =-940 The amallest posfeve reoot lier 27, the fotereval C651), Take the enffal approximation as B= CH= 0.5 = ~ Po) * y = OL, oe Anue— rey = 01m = O:5> BOSH osha | 8005) IBaom dts cmos ha = oy - fa) } FH) a , : 5 (O-te4 HD+ 2° ostdeyan se ColetH ~BOLHGNAD HL ; 3(o-64H) 7-5.) = ON lte4F| + 0: O4B60FtO0 465, = 0: 201568 1 ETO Senile, = 0.201640 © %y = O 201640 fe “The enact valve coreieecd bo! gy’ decimal plaver % nt 9: 201640, , Dt Q0-1aQ RCD = scLaxtie* pete. ak aes 8 -2 0 4 -5 8 0 4 af 49 92 oF gt 1 FF Ey (a= 222 3 F Qt 64 (87 o 4 4% gor Bis DIG OT BA C100 poy Convergence 0 of Necoton Raphson Mt Methos| 5 Sines Expacaton’ CTs songeee3) 406) = #609 + ba Vea) 4 SEFC) to 4) i @a) +1 cH) ¢ T Ron Roy = CIE f A), fae Ab Eanes ee eq is oa oF e& e reoot - Let #02) € Cfa, ey Let us expan the function about the kth eHercate fo Tasyloc’s theerem cath reminder ferery. ACH) = 40%) + QA) 1K) + en sa 6 %-B > #62 tH) G- wit) CS 20), 0) 7 = £05KD4 Ce ACR) 4 = “ PAGO ey) = —L et 2 Pea) e700) > e+ Hen) L pnd a #1) nytt * ——_® lao; The ercrcore. #9 the (k: th, & : (kt) Lemate = Lg) =S- Xin Slee a0) -6- wn) 4 #020 tex 225--.] fe Oya Ow A a ~-£ TC 92 ® PRD ey > [eral = Jey 202 2 [exat| Ye remy % » [etl = 14.4] = lattels ii? 4 1¥c701 Jexl? dart = 1.0 [= Piel 1%] Plex f= b LC! eye £ Tpenl (4 [exail ” po ed Row leh & pr cx9| Stim ail 2 4 Pur 30 Tey Ke [x real Bo awl fo tie, "cl } ej koe Trea) =F fim |2"C09| £3, Pea sey t= i t'C®) vo Un Vea =2 (a constant knocon as aayepittescoe) Ke Text Oreo. of converegence of NR method=2 Ba NR method Cay = ee > Ke Osha, Let the & 2 = an re eg? & #exd=0 and E, be Es oof (real) 5 PO%) Mea = Ey 4 POA) #C Pek =e t PEE) #E Ha) ? ia ea we @ {CET Ent) BEM) TPO 2a PED EME Se ecEd+ Shae , ty 4 POLER* See 3 "CD os] ew PED[ 14 eq 1), ek p6) 4. a Dies 22 Pl 2 PH) =e eg HB) 4 ey? 4." k- [et 4 ee 0G [ex ai Pe) BT oe a j Ci t(ex 2G, ee 2"Ce) rt (« Ee) 4 Bit cy am [ex + se $C) 4 ek AE), ~] Pe) or Pe)" ot - fa 28) + eh ae ahd (&) £8) = 6 -[ex-ef een L& acy Ce) PG) 91 PG) a PC) al £'() Cy ey 4 CR TED y — Gk o” AT es 7) 9-H +o(e) ALE) 2g! 2 Cua & o® Clee eB “and the higher. pocoercs of ae ex a & 0 Peay ee 5) gh wey * D Cra = Ce * Segherce Cle x RE) 7) Cisymptote oredlere comtant) Orie of convengente of NER method 25 a (4) = UD Habs. WE | | tae (ia = ected ne ’ way (ere ee ‘ —12edy (itateet-- fi fi of’ ts (CW) =O aNd & ‘gs be the rool. = abi enee_ef_Becaol / Chore eethod reo + ex ie | 1 Mey Bt En | Becant Method 2, ee Secant ™ he KeWndy.. } Oe) = Ko Hay 4m Fem) ys Kehea | ven Bre)- Gro (oreu) *C “FE ey) ~ FCG 4 Ce (E+ xcs) Gye) (Cx- Cra) £0846) tee ~ £ CEE xn) =o Exo Fx) [ese En? a) SE ser mee & PEED SECEDE TF aay | ~ feces eyyrteoy Se Ss 1G) vel er Cem- Cea) [PCE Rew we J | (ex &) oe us) *9 PE)t “@xr Ex Je Ce)firg x (ex Fes # oe. & = [eri PC) al BB] afte, J TO Lon tPA og Cate rey -f Peed 3 ky = Q- =e — te = Ex~ Set (E Se iteK ee &), %C PE) 2. \ “(bd ¢ : ~ 4'Ce) 4 1% ee ee eet oy a FB) ie 1 4" 2 xl, 4 o » (6 et En) 4 aegiected 1s Cegy = CG Geet ‘Creare equator) wheee C= 4 CG) in MED Considering the deknatton of rake of convergence s let yy for a elation P . Ex = hEK wsherce A $Parce to be cleborniny ' P= age, a) ex = eg, SPE). av’ ee Petting the valves of cy ,and Ogg, Er the econ aqeoion a Aer= Cel ale. ef peace ate Compatring the power of e,t0 Both the aides. ante ore “P= dt yp Now, Pedeyp = FL > Pe Pad Dprp-1+0 SPs nye | lave LNB rc er! aOR +ve uve | But Pe mate /oredere of convergence: of secart oethod DP & 4ve LS © 14.g.0960671T HAT . j.61208909 717 Hence , P= at a7 oe [Peleg 5 c+ Ve) Again 9D > cnr Orne it Vf +) ACceat Put we Oil 1 Onder /Rate of convereqence of Secant method i's |- GIs. ; a cans: y Cq,40) © Onder / Rate of converegence &- fea be the giver equation and & ‘be fs root , Ane a texest potot « on cram rove 9 tain frat Cup = CE “09 where C=L 1) | x cep \ Eo=%-E whieh fs fadepenclent OF Kak) xy tefezed | Kelby Cae CGE. =(C&)G ; point. || Rs Eye CE, = CEC, ; ia ah KB 5 CyeCOge, e(ceodes sor Dic rac: th. \We Know do geo ne ( Cea) ex 2 Fenn = Ce, whens Ges 5 abgmpctese® | 1. onder) Rate of convergence of Regula fal? mefrod es 4 [Re a “ft ne 1 Fixed Point of a. Fanckion *— eat | Let 6 & a funckion which & defenad T= [abd on T= [a,b] Be gce=C , cer ond 0 ts te de point Gg beh Ye bon) = % Dyes y= x Se 0% = x®, T» (~105 10] ; ; : >| Le-1o,L feo =x? bore fo, w] 1% 1,051 CD Te Cs, ys xt WD T= [o, oJ: x= 004 € eae) = ne? Frosto} : 0,1 Ts Coytys os © T= Ctyoyt 4 {0 Ts [40,-3] : No-tized potent | Peek pcacd= oe aCe Pe md PU D=0 DX OH L 7 Give an encanrnple of co fanckon which fas tnkenite , joints fn [O51] Let at br TOL where T-[aybJ, xoeL = (aby | n= PlXyy) Fore NatsRy--- =~ | Prove. thet mer he, ane (a,bJ tom n=0,1,Q,.--... , fa vb] seat Giver that sh Cab)’ Casb] TaQewJ gf. TQ so € [arb] pe 5a 0 fom ner, | We Rave 48 te that fore Xm EL, Ky E[abl toe neosi,a,.--- ye ghall prove M by the method of tnduckon Det pind? %e CasbJ PCO Tent tose FC (Ca,bJ CAlkcocrby Given) pron &s true Tet foe 20) = Hl) Crot 8 gbven thot Puls Xo C[asb J (Cover) = a1) Fore 92152535] po(md eCavI Ce >: [abJ> eI] > % & [Arb] > pap & trve + Lot ux asseene that pC) Ps teue- > % € [aybJ o Using tt, lel us prove that PCK+4) & tree Test Fore PCKH os may = PCH) But, fact ci) > XX & [arb] > peqre Cab} Cs 4+ [056] > Cavy] Py © [A,b) Pek & treve j Fe PLO) A PLOIDA PDA 2 APLKD > PCKHD > Pind Bs teve 4=0,1,35---- Sty € [ab] Fore N= 051085. ---- Theorcorn 3- Let $1 (a,bJ-> (a,b) 9% conkfouous fenckon. ane} CO- OCD 4 Ala-yh 4 my © (Arby ohere ocaed eng? BERR ON TR SSite yeonstqnt: 1 ob hos, a! unique Fixed poe! o Fo (a,b) W The sequence of Pemaket os Ty- 2-1 9 Kaye obtained dreary the eelakeon Zn = Cae) y= ete convereges fo K fore ang %o € Ca,bJ WS Letven thas tard 9 "| 5 $3 [a1 bI—> [a,b] fen which &% a contenusus qunckoo 78 and | dea) - dep] £ Ale al Hagetany where OL A214. Let pcay oa > h has a fixed point orth bd=b ; then has a Fence} point er | Let gear $a» HlbI+ > Tn this case, Ca) Cb) e(a.b) bated Ade OB oe 6 vel 9: teak Pooh that gC#= pear-% 5 8 [ays] Jag £3 contenous 09 Casbj » we con 894 Dae deed = bCH) >» egherce + [a,b] to artiary. Noto, Lisp qed= Be [geod -%] = BE geo ga % = oco-t I = ct) [Up theo gen = ged | Page TOG | > gq & conkousus at te[a,bJ. 1 an ‘ \ Ret, Sel) Peng lela i 0H 3G fe tonkinoua on [as | Now 5 ged = GED =% ES centers on (arb) | Pgyead = HLO-270 af?) | >ycbd = b(b)-b<0 aoe “sda gio we [arb] e : A ; buch that gl = 0 106 D pla) 4 =O , 2 bled= & i Po ka Pinod %& ot unique, we, there are more than one Foo poet 2 \ Shout boss of grey 3 lel there arce #00 fixed povol mamelys «and SP DatTP we Cada > ocp=p cold ple 1GC0- 4p] : ZL Alk-pl [By Lipsdhite coreliion] 1 whore, 04 AL4 > rox cohfch &8 a contradict on to the tonchition ov. Qutb Oe Aed LA ld, pence Add #0 contradlictioo 4o-tr sy Our assumpkon Re worn sie. KEP 18 wrong the fexed Spotod of Ub % not wngqee I une dey 3p has O vakque tre poeod tee €=P fash) —yohteh preoves OF by pees pt Nead, tet us prreve thet the eoquence gore el by = Plrnd ta convergent ory Let %e [a+bI 3%y € Cosby But, d+ [a,b] —> [ab] > hen) € (OrbJ tom M2 071925 - [d= Say | = 1 OCR - ZH | [is BCKD = Xs ORK Ba feng Point] = | chee) — hen) Ce Son = $ Can] Z A|x- xl (%q the given Lpschite a) as K,% @ Casby] : fe [d= Png | SA [X= eal ; jem] £9 1X -%k s fd- yl & alam] 2 = LAA \k-o] = AL X= 9? |x -%| > |d-%| ne at |X aI in a) x- Xl £ qe pt [d= Aol = AP] x-% > d= al £9? [e- el d- Continue in Hig manner, woe ge Jaxon) AIG But [dx] fs a consiant foc dined Value’ ot % ») whichis an osbitarey constant Is I Agaén add 7 > fo, Cat) =0 * Bm (9P| xamat) = [X-%01 Hep, 4° -fomjoo 8 ya ‘| fo tm cod = 0 ‘ Tnqualitg a dp Be, Lim |d-ea]= 0 (Sandhoien /2qucering "$y 2 Be (qatn)=10 pli ~ fie on = 0 pada k Benntn= Oo ali 7 D nse AEX 2 The sequence, generated by Ry = Plu) —> & (C4eneof point) Which preoves vid oa Feced Point Tewation Method ¢=/fanchional. Henan Het kay = Pleo) DOs A= Hl) net + %H=OC%) L neat x= O® © ane Gloto-) a, eee 9 WN, == 5 Hertades es p 1a itercedon / etorcadive fant We, Koo that Be nen = of 7 Ke 19 ation Co) ‘ 63, 1.) foot continoia] Lim hy 7O(K A)m Let nisd 9 O(t MU) $2n326 34 5H > pC mm tH) =X ~~ aye x yee a fexed poent. te-ll poe ; gy Find Fércad three Perabes Blarctagfcom a°0 fore the | dunckor PCO = 0241 \ We knoed thad Any = C%) 9 DEON -- >> N20 Y= Hl%)= (0) = Ht =] Del Sq ply) = POI = Pre a D=R1 A= Hla) = (ad = Hes ceheg weth the frelp of the git do Generate A sequence. of there Fundion (ae) = 02 wet) %o= Yo gol” We knees thad Aye Pl*A), MH O1s2s,-- - nor = b(t) = 402) =O)? = er nev axa) = $C%)= (4H)? = +e neQ 3 Baling Gin). Gey ase ‘BF 3 M= leQay.e very eae Vie ca fim 1 ma ew =~ tm anco ! De “ "0 ts a Fixed} point of the function ptxr= 22 -296.1-22 Dt-96.1-3 ; Appltcation of Lipschite Conditéon ¢- Lépschite conchiteon.: |cpcar— cy] 4 alan yl Yah " where 04 A44 K + Lépschite. constant “| dbeo - hey? £4 la-4] 7 | kena | La -{(b)-#(a) =&-Op¢q) te. $tb2-Fla) _ | 7 [Peer] 2.4 5c etey) pea PCy ? I@rol 24, cecuy) aLey [toaeorgs Meany, theoteen, 0 Method ~ nu] 4 Al &-e0l > lena] £2 |e} Lene | arr £0 24 1 es Patong | pal 4 = K Cay) Ceonsiant ) lea Stim Wout, eo Jenj* “+ By the detinakon of reate/oreclere of convergence, of Bed point aereakon method % 4 (One). 7 Feees| qoint Method ts Hoecurely convercgent . “Theorem $— Reeve that N-R/Newton™ Raphwon/Neoton's Method fs a. teach point tHerakion method . Bent Leek 2D=0 be the given ef? and Ew te rook. > #C&)-0 ——0 NER method Logy= Mq— BE? yn oy thas ey foe #0) > Pn) = Xn — K&N) Pn) 3m ben) = lim — Pex) pee Nee (zo: Fe ’ = li Li . 7) = Ue t= Us tony $0. 4'Catn) eh as Continuces, PASaH) «Beran ~ AC)” * f f'(ty, x0) 76) - & > ole = &- 1%) by eq? o[hep= 4] > ptsa fisced point dunckion and bp f the fixed pois. DS N-R method fe a fered point Healoo method C: f Pare conknoc, reo 0 Done 8.5 (KP x i reoot of 402-0 | Wecr[m-5, K487 4 $96 Ww PCayto The sequence genercatco] by gers oe, ts gw Seed? Given that tEC(K-$, 4455 $20 34,47, F” curce conkinuow, 2n (-$ ,¢tSJoohore $l 40 S20, SEM +O, KC a-E 5 XtE) Now, dtar = e- $0 ee) PPD 24 NOOO ~ $0 4") Pooy™ ~ Pao’ _ F(QD. PR) . (rey fr Glo exists and die ec (X-E; Ke] E70 Cit tate ces ate! Neos Gl = PWIA rey ° > }o'ce| =pl=od1 aloo] 44 7. Y satictees the Lipschitz condlitéon feiss > G the sequence genercre} by Heo eT, convergent « te 0 peweuns2 Kepep SSE PHISt Getto! ‘| ~=Ba198 . 7 : cot 8 EE they that ge: @ has a anigee fexed pool forth, Potorval yy 2ve4. Oy o Sop%, SE Now, ex © Re ale St & given that y cxed teerel srt] \ rgresed \ £ (a) £0+.8L4 oO 4 7 bcm Ce) : Agate 48 SLO > ofs]> (sr) a bet <6 [Myst] & aucbetary Wie $e = ER) eRe HO > & 2s continous at re & Pat KE Cys] te acbitcryy. PP is conknows on Cyst] Now, pea = 7% ri 2] = = Fogel pes £tgina [+ £4244] > 0.6 44 t > |olojza \ oo aatiches the Lpschttz condition, pt C% stl Cis] { Wd pe ’ of beets 21) coneltory © Ai bysakties the, Mpschite sore0n oy, 4 | wg Gott Me oes -ar at MO -Ad= He 914 fe ge®) 2% Bone ears 2 (0) by Cor) = ya) genercat Heration Mutha: D8 1-28 oe” PCR) 45 K=Ontya,. pix! Itereatkion / Thereettive tenctean lel H— Ee Pe KE 2% fo the ecoot eee > 4) °F Xe: Pe Ce) y Je Kaan Ep= POR ~ CG) Bas = SCHEER) (4 2 Eee] > Cer = (BIC OE) 4S 2 ym - POTS pe Kg (t= - 5 oo § CxO (E + Ce oe + OC ER I> Keo,ha, Deny = UEgt Ag eK 1 oe? ), KO4h8, where Q=6'C&) abe) Fed eclox Method La a #0 Ska = UE, KO, ~~ KO 4 G= 4G Kel y €p- yey > 4 (Qybo) = aye, Kea, ege Ulq = A Cai Eo) ~ AP eg Cys ake, se gitt ald, Cas nol very tge thie, cane, py e $CRKD » KeOs1)2, ----- f8 coOversgent es $e Th methed| hax, Breas / Pres order convercgent . Now ey aby Bod lal UYECIO) V YE (0,1) Cose-t ~~ Lek ay € Cost) = 90 this case, OLaGAL : j ‘ (Hare cate Solukon) Case-9 n wager? ix =e ~Xc4do (Spieat core Solerkeon) Theorcer- 4.2 DEB). 01.08 Earcow. fe a contéruous furekon ia apme. fntetval (6) that contains the oot and [Pool 4 c24 en thig fotereval-y then for any choice of ape (@,bJ, the doquernce (%] dedercimines Freon Lea = (0K) 5 K=O) 1,2). ONeEIS fo the oot ‘op oem dewey fico Biever) thab ‘Et the reoot of the ep. = e909 7G o(G) w SH 8 abo given that a= P Ce ——74) APs FWD Ep- % Cs i K2Oy1,2pe ‘Cen? ee) PCE) CPU Legranges Hear vale Thennes) , coher e. MK Eek by seme Ex PCE) [Gq = ee Cerro in the kth Horate)| = Fre P(E) CEQ = Cx.g FCB keg) $ CEs) $C) * &x-0 CE) 6 CBee) C14 CG) = Co PCE 66) PD CBs PCH AD = $°Ce,) where %oX bys LE } MAK Ee Kt KE k & mB eld eg] Ace pos Leta k Now, Cry = Cop’ CE). f'(Eq). CE e,) [Cua | = [66 O°CE ee) (Ey) --- (ed) = Leol 14°C] | g'Cesd) = 18'ceeal tet [Sledlzc > TeOynds ko Cy [oerec] AP CeD Le, [PCR] Le, [gitar Ze lu] S16 e.e. REE (Kt) ~times alex) & 1). cK! ta abo 42 thal C41 A Tt ts abo given ous, Cee0 n feel sg éleo eet * lim fisic"] =o Again, Hoo toy 0 ue, $1 By Gantwtth [Squeezing theorem, fier” Cy =O > He Ce q)) =O Um ¢ _ lim =0 ? oe Kom Kt lim Xu, =O >& Ket i. y oe Rye Ep 7 > for x ted Ktet 2a = & at kow pte 2 bm oy Kao “Ke ? Cr) to converegend : bef] convereaen to & wohen [hem |e 4 \gemlac a4 Lipschitz condition C+ Lipschitz constant Second. Oredere Method 2 We know frat Cea] = Oe CK ¥y Cy FOC CD. 9 Ke 01525 «<= Mee Gan Es = 9G sOy= 4 $'CE) In this case, fet us pa CH) =0 3 ay=0 o(ep) es negigebly amall, hence ase excluded. Ek = gee y K=01g ~~ } . . ! He Oe =a Eaiy — | 2 2 = AC 49 Ch) hi ey, 34 2, OR Ge: Oa) “+ Cogehead =(a,) A Cush = Gy" Cea) * =a)" ¢ a % a= (asf! ces sed las" cof]. =o} ed] ah (a) [er] lel Leks|Oal 245 5865 vel. voiy: analte <0. ae pcleloed kaa 4 l a 0lCtC en? QS Km af ear? alin (MH) <0 2H MK" Roe BE DAG HR EO Ah 4 hI EeHHAL ¥ we C-10), > d( teat4) XO Put when xe C10) gots e2+4 >O 7 &LO “| pC-o-9)| . [asx [acoeh e8cosd 44] e[ira(2- ars) - t = \** &| o [se3e-| can PAL aay i ad oe Frag xo Ds AIK L0 aceen The, range, of & deperds On Xp hed us choose A= Yq "May = POR) © Hct (Be 4% +4) = %- Vy (BRR MR et) - pe <4 ged anf 20) : FRAY BIL ga di a2 : (+ 4% $AXKH) L : "an = Pe) > “EER aagtt) «Keone (0-5) - +4 Cabtuad pert!) = EP @sry4(o 7 A(o-5IH1f | 2 063125 | 4a $04) = -0, 254096 ee agen Kea: He 2 (O49 = | [Link] KB? y= bom) « 0235425 “hes y= 0) = ~o.gg201, “1 The roof SBS ee% 73° Left, Relorgular. Rede $ Ra) \ x)= Freote 2 Area of the mectangle ABCD = |ADIx1AB| = 4(a) X(b -a) =(b-0) 4a) Right $ Rectangles Re TU) = frarde & Drcea of the oO te ACD = pata) = Ielx IAB = #(b) x Cb-a) =(b-a) #(b) Mig-Potat Rute : MCL) a et o. TCP) = [ Food © hreea of the le Acd = (em ig = 4(BHE)xlb-a) 2-0) ¢ (42) “6 YMe=(b-ayt (tb) T + i Yo Kaa) Blbo) y x [Link] 4} L CPE reecdangatare Peles Rf) = (ba) fCad Right meclangular Relet RG) = -a) f(b) “id pofnt Rete s met) =(b-a) # (A248) Treapezofdat Rule + = pezotdat Rules TCP) « Fo (reo 3H) J Se + TYPOS Yo Rade + By ft) = BA [yay ut(atf09] Simpron’s J Rule + S44 (f= Sb [reo BP (arb) +94 (apa nett) J cohere h= ba | “Fea i Aroa= ICP )= f seca = Preea of ABFE © Area of the trapiziin ame v. = g[ let +font) 140) “x [4009+ HJ (b-ad = 52 [4eorsce ] TCH = bea [teaoe 4009] YA. @ £4 @? —s fey) #06) = © | AC): wtb, 0) 2 6 [Corde 2 et ay” = G +2) = (ar) FD tre 12 99.33949.., fe TA 3.38998..... : EES SBA g8S ee Ricpy = (b-a) #0) = (A-1FD ae get =e-O 40) = (art ela = VCP NDEs \ MCP = (boy (228)=(2-0 9 (42) sled G )e eye) k | i = 14, 9. Aer : 23% | pare 2A Law) > & [HM] Hey scsho] 17% ep eb HS ‘oe lor a e Stegoon’s erie F SC D42 aetsbe a, fear. nti, Ce , Hn mH Gftr= 2 2A Prenat HPO + Fea] og [Un + or vip + C270] e b Lesa) +2] Sterpson's Js Rates Sap_C0 = MH [ecart af export Cx a0 a) a Jetoote = % [ecaps sto +99 A th a “a= us [revered tre] — fess] & et (arae hrs] 1 + ; eee [sxaseaies J | 2 3 £ Ayeatah ayeath 2 > Lx8Z - 1D -9.9008 - ea" ; ma-b 3h2b-@ =g-l=l %=0+4 aheYe _ 5 MEAth= tgs 2 Hy = At Qh = Weeg Yee bearsh, ea $+2 Growss- Legenclce Rule 2 D320 ——s 4-potmt Rute ere Rute T= «eae 3- point Rule j os Tet 429% Gr) 1@)- ‘fi [ese aia aaa! a. Qaste-d | x be beaoly ' @, = facade 4 ! = fteodee io PIE fReonde es Gi a © WUBE- Legendre 1- pofot Rete 4- 3° ~ e 3 aa TE ALOE SIO Pay. PIC) = RCO Heagra 2S Att ted > ftendn = Wott) Sct = Wh Mo a 09s a} iene a ox. ays -(¥ -(4) +0 eas A> Xo=0 [4 Wo tO] t Grause~ 1 Legendlice ~ gr poied Rule § Rafe s oF. | R= wietlaert OZ) > T= RCP) ae hfe Lofiee water | TCH = RAEI4 4) ioe = 2 fe togtor4-% | => 1a) - Ryt 2) =o Soda tau rdriay 2 5 Feed: 15 fit. yr facoae « = Wo tito) Hate) *7 Wot 0, = Es 4-CN) 22 > wore V Wo-%o t wry = [ X27! ovo + Wi (1 - Lele siete 1 1 eC brantvart =% (0-8 ty OP = att! 44a Solving the above es? cox. get r]Rot#) =4C%e) + 1CYQ) . : Grouse - Legendlne - potot Reele s- ; Grouse - —S | RgFD= Wot Cate 4 ONC) 1 Os* CHa) [THD = SFeaoloe 400-9 Grd = Word Fol Mgt Sqr 4432) Woe + wa = x ¢ ' 2 P 2 2 petes 3 Wore + OA B = RCE) + 269) | Pee %y fade Mato OAM MEBNEAE | wy egy — | tae ahs fothee wad yale pega > ftearda = Wo (Ro) 4 KAD | gem =e Pn fate = wth ard vor? ucttrataasto | | fF wala) 4 Gee watraatraalaual rants ah te xl? Ye 40 2QP= ae a = tay 6 eae > wx ee i 25> z a . woe mie fE, rer, *RolP) = Woh l%)t WFR) FORE) | > Sg - £1043 4S) 5-2(-[% a)koe) = (0) 364 (mE g 100+ [teode ’ ' o 4-point Rute: #00) steed) AYE a-potnt Rule + # Cadet Ch6) # BLED? p - 9- point Rede t 5. Peftoys Bf + %e)* ae Ce] %O) Qre ae 5 ' pie (any : Ione sh & = fesyva ¢ hy)dt tot +. 828 @ 222-9 ) Med ate-1 = (tarde ([ eaeeet Z y old = adx i bed Hee +4] Sda-ydt WE) = 92 0= a [Max (H0] 32 13 9.05 MWD =a n4(- Wye +(e rey Sp yt s)+ oer a “Are [2G] = ieee Sing! Ps . 2 122 3.339. | Gauss. Elimievateon Method ? . Depanay This % a dimat metho| bared on the elimination of the eMknowrs gree 24% at shed the n ae tn “XNkMoLON atte reed ticse{ 19 A equivalent pied ‘8y8lom yohfeh could be Solved, by back subs ; Aid Ext salvo the sagsieny of .eg's by Grass eliminadion eethed, RQ Z=S AX BY £32 =10 ax=B- oa QZ=13 [eee sol s- The qeen aypslern fe equiverlent to -fr at lary WAL Gl Bd SR Tans * Jax \> Jax1 i ha 5 | 233 e5l%3 { 3-13 rr Py view ~B (Oe-fr a 4 | x BS | 40 34 2113 odkeaey ft at ‘J 7 ote ry AaPRBR prenyy [d = 1 ari RP Ra AR ane 3 1 0 0 -6 | dy: oe Uragtz=3 ) mytzed i) -gz= —24 ——iil) From. of aid -82=-24 | b tubthe value ot eineghiy -yt2=4 9 YS alge) | fuk the valve of ayy tm 247 G), %-94 923 aha] Gaunt Towson Fleinalen wot = hss rethool & a moclificatéon of the Chaney eliminadeng | noted TA this method the coefticiond matrix § of the | pen px=R & breought fo a diagonad makei ore unit yy rosie making the mastic A eeppere : I oe pee) Aranquiar. by reading fuTtecntt aubove Tne feasting ( “aiagonal of zeros. By thit coay, the gystem AX=Buil Mecaduce 40 the foreros ia Vb i 34 ne 81 Hine Ko yk gape, aye de,” oe ont? Lon 7 a ‘ ani Bae Notet= By this method, the valves Of Xp sXyyr 5 A ae, =15 frnrelied ely coda tating the preocets, of back © Prsittuteon « Exi-dolve the gyptern of of's by Gras - Joredan’ ‘method = ecpnytz= 3, AUS TSZ=10, Sx-YTA==19 yh The gien aye & equivalent to | \ “Sepp y at a 3 “Ese Eile z 13 SB-1Q 23 3 . : 4 x 8 i \ (ee ef. ards | 22 3 |10 en 7 8-1 QI\13 : Berka YL RNP SZ]: rer he re 1s a | a Yat 3 ~ o-} | i ere | é -8 Sy at RIHtarge ft Oo 3) a ranmangen [ith BA oo -8]-24 Ry Rx(CH)e [1 o 3] epee) a ee ot 3 i RiP Rr 3BRea ie 13] i ° 7 Qs Botve the syslem of eft ty Guess - @fimiraleor Method: $ Gates Soran method » AX By =B % = e- . S25 Gaus — elimination methad AUtSU eg “Yo a-] “EE lal pep — RIGEAT x 2B [8] Meares 4 |] 1 -1]-] -RvP i aya | RAP Ry Lo | 0 | xrays 4 ——tiy 1 ~8y=-10 Wd Fream e4° i) we get —By=-10 Y= , | Pak the value ot 4 in eq? ) > xp 4 > x4 (BEE | Gaus - Jordan Method ' (8) ae 2 ‘| 1 al- | I pba 4 RPh H ef a 4 Aa 4 \1 | \ © -5|-10 | | \ | <5 o 4 arate [o9)3) + wy Gea ee Re? Sew | | t2] allo a or wore C I moar]! an Sarena an ot ys wily 4 ae ‘5 nae ee ee [: ol Ys 5 o/s za te ve [ie 415 Ye 4s a3 V5 %5 1b [Fa] *[% Sef? [orj qhe[ Ys 5 t by 5. Tacoht Method of Whol = Lek us eaplafo thie methos| n the case of Hhreee e4’s Ea three Unknocons - ; Consider the aystorn of ef’. ayxtbiy az = dy Aart gy tQz = da. Nae ia a ds dy oe t [4] RSS] (ele), Ax=B ¥ Of Jay] > Ib I41G) Veal Laat tll “hea fea gat Jicable Fore Gaus - Jacobi mettod ~~ eee ll fa the tniteal values OF %H,2 took , Nolet To the abeerte of ‘the Railéal ostfredte. area fake , asually » (0,040) & Vet Bolve the following aytters by Grows Tecobe roethod lox-sy- az = 3 ; 4m ~loy492%* ~3 9, & Of tloz = -> Sol t- -5 — % 3 RSs a = [3] serfs |. , rit 4 2 Herre tof sTetend Here woe gee that the fe jonek lo) elements Are dominan'! ence, bP) 7 IAL +13 the Herakion preocess Ban be appa} tol > fat lel Bree The e's arce applicable fore Geuiixs~ Jacob? Méthed. | ia the eq’ we get Pap Cet 5y+Q2) Baie 45 (St4xt dz) ae 1 (-3-x -6y ) Ffrest Gorcakion’— Let the tnfial values he (03050) of? = Ay (at0t0) = 0.3 of? = fg Ce tHx0 9x0) = 0-3 2. Ea 0-0)= —0-3 Ss tee Using these values..’n eq) asa weg 2 ty [St5x034 260.3] = 0.34 4 s A (ers X03 4 OKC 0-39] = 0033 2) = . ae Pts [- a- 0+ ~ 60-3) | eel | GA Meraséon 3 oe the value, of a” syPaz (2) en as Oats Q) (a) ean [at 5x0 B2rQco-si)] = 0.363 (>) P= 6 [944x029 + 360-51)} 26.303 FE = We [-8-(0:24)~6(0-38)] 2-0-594 Fourth teration s— : of = A [45 0-203) AC o-5ag)} = OF SHH i yd ebm (0: 1263) +3 (-0-534)] = 0: A841 | 2 . & F3- og3- 6(o- 303))] 2 Lass) ee slore poraléon?— Ebro Misr. tg [ Br BCOABMIIY RC- O° B18) 2) = 033843 wep [att (Co BH4t 3C-o-BIs DJ = 0.2088 9 - (0 B44) ~ 6 (0: 2841)] © — 0150487 yl 2 ot [ indy ferro fe + [ot 5( 0-283) ya(—0.504e7)J = 0240106 4-45 354 4( 093843) 4 a(-0-b0481)] = 0-28.31 Oe te [-> Corned: & (0-2822)] = -0°503183 | geverth Shoreakon | P 22% [3 45 (OaBAIN It a(-o-BoaI63)f = 08413229) | ae etl ar 1a) 4 3(-0+509163)) = [Link]. y go) 24; [Fen 340126) — 6(0+ 2851 DJ 6.504854 | gahtth @herealeon 8— (8) of) 25 [Dr Blo: agsloln) + (-0.5043592)) = O:SHIGERE + ® 2 4[914 (0:34)3.221) +3 0.504351] = 0252214 = 10 2® 2 4,[-a-© 94413224) ~6( 0: BRIONSD]. = ~O-BOBMS Ninalh étercceon &. 4 [aracoaenaat + aCe gf? = 45 [ord (or MIG AN) t 9(~0-60514311)) = 2. 4 [ep —Coraientar- 60° 25H) } 2 011530043) Hence connect 40 % decimal places 5 the valves are. 20:34) 9 Ya 0885 > 22 -8-505 @ Grows aeicet Method of tortion? | This ool a ndinement of Gaus Tacobi method . Eat delve the tollowéry system bY Gauss - Sebel method. Nox-By-Azeod : [ x5 [otsyt2z] 4m — loy¢3z=-9 get laruetde) Rede (-B-e-by) 505 19319 )) = +2415 #2062 0+ 28 51 3607 atey +loz=-% O- Trifleat values Y=Os 2=0 : | Elccot_Herecrk’005— | as [ar5to+20 J = 04 sak [a ratoadt 30 = OR ( ee th [-2- toad = BOM = — PRR | Wk ae may Efrat (042) + A(-0°5829'] + O°3996 = 45 [a14(0:2926) $3(-0. 5820) = 028984 | 2X A rf > = 4g [-3= (0: 2906)~ 6( 0+ 26284) = ~0° BOTH * $A itenakion = of?) t5 [21 5(o- 282849 + 2(-0-509064)) = 0-3 2160FD yo = 45 C80" (0.321607) +3 (-0-509064)] = 0+283/2469 2 . t [rs -(0+ 8916042) — 6 (6-2%319368)) = -0 50383424 aU tlarak’ons ate a5 [2tsto-a8 31236 4 n(_0-50se 428 ))= os? At $3(-0-80 38 2472)] =O QEBIetey | ie qs be $4(0-94071485) = 05051976 2024, [-2-co.a40F M88) ~ 6(0r28 51 6746) J © pth derecdeons— oD = te for 5 (or7B5i6Hit) #2E0 -Bo5it HG) | = 0° ABET T Y= 45[> 14 (0-246 55919) 73-6 BO5IFM)] = O/B BOCTI2 265) = tg [-3- (OBE 4) 6(0-28506992)] = 0 50562] cht hacerfons 2 + [2t 5(o- BEOLEIZ) TACO 505116221) )= 0: 414TH oh? 4 ot fara(oonaarnyt ec 0+ 505196227) J = 0 + 28 BO310}7 10 : 45 f-3-t0r94 q47l4)~ 6 (08 BO29014)) = -0 «G05 1728 a = 16 [et 5(0-8%502001t) t g(-005 1428) ) =o: 3414847 f= fs [DveterANHTD AC 0-60851728)) 2 0 AS5OYND 20) 24 [32 C0" auiye4d) = 6Cosgego4aia)} =-0 -5O5173t % decimal places cute vit the values corertect 40 oes 0:34) 9 Y= 0-885 Zs 0 B05: 1B 4% MyBO = Moree than One tereny %, present. trl HL He BG Obes as olrodteetion To know the value of the dus approximately aa potty ahal ts nol a tabulated potat, we take the help interpolator Tort. thi reearon sometimes enterepolatior & tntercpreted % ‘reading bet” tines’, Trtercpolakon, ~ loys & crcuctal reole fo Neumercieat tot akon - Fore toterepolating a fet fez) we c ! the funckon by me of @, power. plfvontal Seeee to given by, Pps Ao FART FAH”: | cach that the values of the polynomial Pace and the, | yen fenelion 400) coincide, of Fal eoetain act of pains. | \ ¥ alo the valves of the olerivatves of the polynomial and lahe dertvakves of the func? arce made 45 coincide at a act of Selected poonts- : The points wherre the values of The polmomial andth | Mandeon coincide are refereed fo as a nts. Def of Interepolating polynomial? A polynomial F000 & called an Enterpolate [Polynomial Wipe valued of 2) and /ore tH celal loreser clercivatées ceptncide with those of 4c2) and /ore Hs leame orcdert derivates at one ore more tabeekar. point . — = foo a Trferepolatiny’ point /Nodet/ 7 “Tebulare pen - | Y 2545 64 84 Leb a Time > Entenval 2% y2--, ky Be nt distnct poenks fn the aes feet Then Prt) &8 an Enleepalateng, payor! fe eos P27) = POG) 9 b= Os By =e 490 Plan) = Plea) ae Pose) = Ricted, Pee) = PCM) -” | i | — a &) es calle the) ~ uct Cases’ Py CX) te © [Soterepotan} wave at 4000 and considerced voveled auppreosimation to £0) at a poet AK oP the erereore |4(4€)~ B,C] bs arma Bee [t®) - fee] 2 € where eyo ard ts called ercrcore folercance and %)%, “5% ace cabled ooler ore Frbercpolode: pent Eetaens one entuencs of Foterpelading, RAISE Seppese, neo, gfen dy, FOO = any Que} agar Peet An, Qn $0 Ko 9%}, %Xqy----. 993 Entercpoladéng. points - Let face = ashich tnterepolaseng #0) eh Mey 9-9 Lek treed = At aX FageAy-- tans” Then Fey) = 40x) > Feos3a)-2-299 Pr Xe) = FL%) > Pry %Xq) = fo Poa) = exp > Px) <4 TE) = FO) > Pr cHaky a) PylXy) = [Link])F Py tny = Fh jo te tarenr ede randy | Thts & @ aptemot nr} Linear eq’ to +1 ankrowns, (20104, Ag,----, Qn. Hence the syshern ‘will have a unéque gol % the dederminant. G | YD oh Oe . x : ee 'theretoree, an untque fotexpolakng polurionial ' eafete eohpse erceforee, a unig Spend OP Umea 04% fore? coctficienk, Aro the sot of the givery faine? and a giver set ot doles and tenckonal value : ann ejects df the oumbere of tolerepolaling points are aq aie ayeqreee ol the tntonpolaleng pahypengal OF en \gecan esaite the ef (a) to matte form te, | 1 8 2] [yep ma yb = 97? Qo 2) 4a Fm mb ato F lead 9] 3 tS Eas, Lf fy, $y MH. Oy i fy Find the terterepotakeng ‘polynomial for the Follocwing ale: Rito) => 4(at)= by F-aet a The toterepolatirg polynomial pcx) & almost of caegree ard Palxd= ast or tayx® ‘using the Entercpotakéon conditions woe have , Few)= PU%e) > Here “20> 30 Sat Aro t OAs = fo ? A + BOQ $ 400% = % a) Feay= POG) » Herce c= 24 Fy + 4% AQP = 4 @ P %t MY T516Q= 5 Fl) = POH) » Here %y=—2 Poh ayeyt O49Q = ty Pt -a04t4ay= 4 —— 7) Freom op 0, @ 4@) he]! 22 00 Qo 2 194 BH] y XF | & B:/ 5 ee 4 Oy > 5 x -[% 1 $0 900 yt 4 fate | 1 a4 BAS 5 | rora 4 + Qe- [1 40 400 3 | po a4 BIG|S ; va P e@pi ASD gal “a | Reco Rye Ri [rn “pee 900,19 if ey eat | fo Re ~6 -394 2 a 0 | ~8Q) ~896] 4 be ; Rep Re. vw || 20 doo 3 | rf Oo1 Bae |b | "0 ~9a, -896 | 4 7 [Rep Rotary y [1 9 Foo 1s ‘ 0 ' BY ly5 | 6 0 822 |-2% aa BIAMy= - 80 Sage “Bagh > 0-008012%205 128 | Ut SHA = -ye DQ = -Yy~ 54 x 0+0080128 205128 = OF 660256410156 Qo +2004 400 Qy = 3 s PAq= 3-304 —4o0dq = — (200) + 1004) =O - 2ONF2BOFS 224 = - AF 14 2304612284 thon tt & enique Recott— Bay the method of contreadfetion, Lek the tah Trove thal & the. totercpolading polynomial oF #20 esl, erepolaténg Polynomial of Fcx) 2s mot cunique. | | votthous ve hes more than one intercpolateng Foly nomial Let there are two entere| fateng polynomial of fe) ze Pale) 4. Qaeed . i ae Where Pata) +H Ante)! } \ i Pyl0ee) = £O%) 5 t= 0515 9,-----0 Py (Xo) = 4%) Pnl%) = fc) 1 ag | ees = 4%) | | i eet > Plo) FlX) F Aqlx) arce beth saga of digas Lo. From erercowe tolecane » EGd=fex)~ tCx) i = ete = MAY PAD > TROT, perm = 40%) PtH) © 0 ete) = FX) - Pym = 0 | e0%) = 10%) ~ Pyt%q) =0 fae,’ i : | Elan) = PER) - Patan = 0% ‘in general, E20 7 |corstelere the polyromfal 2 } | TLD € Ft ~ Ql 1 Jaince, PCXDAN4 Qoexd are Hoth polynomials of legreden lone 2 : 4, aa a polynomPal oe / degree 6 daltafying the ’ | Teag)= PCA -AnewI) = O > Te OsAsB,----90 | TLLO)= Py lAe)— QnlXo) = FLX) — F(%e) =O (Ty) = Po la - An CX) | TUan) = Pri Therefore, TX) & a polynomfak of degree gn which Shas nn dtetirct toate %os%sX%qq-~--1R+ This tnplics lathe TD=O y because a polynomial Ter of cleqreee pr has enactly n moote, eat or cormplex. Thecefore Qefz= 2d. Find the @nterepolate polynomfcl fore the following dada 2-9) = 5, t0) = $2 Fak GPs The totepolak polyronat Pex) & alrrost of | Ie mee too and POX) = agtarpage. | ‘Using the tntacpolation conditioms we have | pagePEad = Ag2AY HIB (Peaperay = ay ra tog=F | Play) = PLB) = Aq + 24 +904= 8 7 “UT Ebb ‘Qe. fs -2 4]5 ) | ,ou le : | 1 ode ea Q (tn) = Qatts) = Pn) FAN) =0 % he ey PEt 1 -t jo BS * | 9 RorRy- BR vf -& 4 : ‘ ; oO 1 “11% ~Y5 | ° 0 10 0 gli , a 4 o-)y % : ©, to l-41/5 ; “dy 0 21% 0 =) ee O 1 1-4% Ato ro -"Y/0 ay 2! - a = -0'966 b6666 6666 06 IO Oo} We ~q. 11633322 9393333, Lageange fle Foemuda For a ack of Ot] dietincl, nodes %o,%5--"+9%Xp Let us defene. bey = REI HEN Xn, CB) (5-24) + HAND) an Lycry = LHD Cea \ a- 14) (%~%q) Yea) = Me) OQ) | ~ %e) (y= 495 [tyeny 2 RMD ary gu ie | C%q-%) (Q-%) \ , | [9b & evident that Gly) = | Tate) = loa ftae) + death. gy toeea#tin) 9D 1. M00. 86 BR Treg \ a 1 Inte) Ho degree 2 r F tape Lo LEP CTO + UCOPIP COG) Howes FG Cn) + | sent bo (YF (0) + YlOOL 2x9 ‘ 1° lot 4 (0) + UOOF CAD + Ly F (HQ) | cyte Constreuel HaANGes Pool orepolcele Exs 6 epoledion polunomtal sth) the tanony Uc =, feet, Rae ci o ‘inate The clegecee of the enterpolaling polynomtal & oe “hoo atnce the neembere Portes the : [ale jyece Yor- Ao Male Hr Hagen = CRO a) ODED) seta, C%q-%) C0 %Q)_ EAHN) (-2-D. Ie 4 yn = (220) OX) ad ateat et sofia SQN te 2 (q-%0) (4% UE) U8) 3 ‘ lye = RO) erate) bene (4%) (%y- aH (2-1) 4 9 ; _ fob-aare aw?) yg + (S1%2 Nx -5) efter - PBR) x9 r(@ Dh ( 4 | Sl gha goer2 + a8 - 420% t Jo - 5x- 5% 4 > 4 Lagrange interpolating polynomial wiéth Ob IF BR eiiallg spaced condos t- Sf the Soterepolakeng pens ace 2 ton Bl aaah ol _ 4, 4 Pace re hpo tee. 2,2. a4 4, Y= Zot Ho Bq % MY My mp Mas th = rah 2% = %iah He UH EOH iLet, %= ee tub i Kia MWteth , te0slga, mY rr [Mate nh Wey ew) Cea) re OF ME a Hg) Cong) (r= 4) (HE ap & Gatth-36)(algt uh or) sees (gor tho TERT CHotuh-a- th OH) seen (abel do- 4) * Beith) C76-th Fab yon Chr Hh Ho-% +h) Cho t= - TAHA) oe ee Ceti ~%o-h) - Thetis eS ek vaeeei " GB-nA) HW Sucu-p vee atid vest Z ECE + Abas WC eae nets Cin, Canta) : C4dC1 ND. YEU WD} Eplyé Fr pumanadore & aenerenaton ADs mee Ceo het) Sa-yR G) eta A ei oe (ut) ThE en-f)h » LUCUeN)ertees fC sofa cd} + + (a0? fu-onffa- unt at. bn ta (asi) iG Dia “(nt fa- CONE UH(9rAI8 veers | ut iS" } aura (ont it fusca oll + denominator: “em tS un CBT eh sUle tat gng » apt ie oR Ww) $u- coe dg ent} it (nat)! This can be tonktten concise ofeg combinatard ol tie) = yp lony_ fu 0) wher et) Cw) De beara e n) = The fanbioetenie) notakion eon ’ vie eI ro! (WddRrow - the Lagreange Solgapolssp) polyroinial ed Frente eerie Dae |g0 Hl * ae rey eo \ teas) ni t Find the approximation value of ar des he ea Fefene lean am Thy rel “aa gcaae| ait sp oad! ot | 492 [be FRAY ‘ { wna | | | 8 Here, A= 0-4 4 C=016,%y= 0185 XO $ aeo+4 , : “ Bo he YM MYR OM poy a, { he A tuh rin i Does O14 FAKOD \ tls | FOQUs OF | real [7 t+ on 25 4 Blog filer wolg, ops on oe sere on eye. Se oF : i =O Verh, | = .ol4 de - sd na es Oh¢ch ts eomecect. fo. Povue: agi qe r t-1g9.22 “Tayloe, Serces, Exepanston i me BRAR Lot Peed t an, intecpolading polynomial to 400, Let 2% @ [a,b] af-4%—Te Then we can wethe Pla) a Biol 7 (x - Xo; PED = 1 + (0) a) + LAD 4") + SGD #04 ( at sen eeee + (eee) ” (2%) t B® eof! wo! Ro eet er CH > wheree od % Ly Reminder / trenncadien Grercore i Se [Rl & E He > (x-x0" ww Ze for)! Find ’ ‘) mi fe eth yer cx 746! = F(x) Leb Hoy = 2763 | | bo. |r" L Money % tE% orl 4 Jae taf Mn & & 7 Ow! ie the Tec Gore2ox. & sei ageon ant smalion about i » Tow store Goretor, apprep s upto gecond degree orem. fore the Panckor 00 » 4 a rind abound 00 the exnbe. AP ts approsfmadion be usep fq [451-4], Bolt “Gia -+ 2 (i402)! Sab Gitven that fox) = ae (e+2°) | = Qe. et <2 54 Fee pea Cy) de Cree = anlar?) 2 cea L Ped.-4 [saya paca) U+a8) ax] | | > -a [ate PS | | Ce Cao 2 a] _-ali-3x2) Cre)? teak)? <3 oat) cit x2) “peo =-ala-ax)- BIC 2) fame teas wag [moet 32 6x Pie |S (ey (Hoe = ate on peti ia (ey! 4)? ] = fe] (rated) { (4981 = RRR R adie C1 “cay (re)! (Taylor series expansfon about = L Fox) = fo 4@-N #0) ¢ LEO abe Ca’ 9049 + Ro, ete oes (a) tes to ag Wr | aT Zw rt Oe INE Ra a4 oH ty a RAS a Ce ay ee) Ro egy © ae 4 ani ys coher e Shr OP egy v7 where 14 H244 ae f 1Rg he So Peep): eley slic 7 >to, ' eee] 15) . ‘ i Let Mae oe |e"teo] tes IF Crd] omy "me [4.4.4] __ mB aaaci~22) | fe dba egy here Lt ee = Biel 4-2 , (et ; & a x WoC 96) \ 16 u = 2016 IRE Gary Poop | 4 Elem) ' ete 4 Ela (gr ola) LOA qo t = 00215 Canny Ex49 wet 7 DI= 19-3429 Obtain polynomial appreor’mation Pla) to £0) =e * usin the Tayloc's expansion abort y= o' and determing, Dx when the errore PC) obtained ereom the, fereat foun, \ terms only Pa only £5 10 be, less than, (0° after ound ¢ : . Gb The number’ dP teens tn the’ dppreotinukod to $d Resulls corenect 10410 toe, cael. ‘Proof s— . ' 6D Gifven that foxy = ¢% , 2 ; ~ ek 7 POO=~ er | general or hee eate® £°(O= EX » Peo = 8% aoe EX Ex-4.9 . \ 3. $ -0F poy OO) 9009 + R, oD = 10) 4 22). HOHEM F Conse ° 3 ‘ Fe PRD AEE Cp St CADE Re "y afi alae. Lpety@) \ erect Re Bayi (ard F (&) Ht } WLELE s Shar act ecg.) a s%] . Max 1 (Here, M4= I Fito |= a8 je esas | & Ve ‘ Funes Cx) ee, NS pe aun, | Fe Del = fared | ben ap odtng Veo tity . ie [Read= deme 5 Hi a4 ; im exit , 34 CPE SRE a a eg CTS 1p at L1a0x 16%. } TA TT! | CaM, > xx Cia0x 10 \% - 0.06 F1E£0:08 | Dye have to find oul the number of berms En the expanty to Rnd ote hola corercect to 161° fore 02% 41. Tne, we have, to, témd owt, the. valve 'ot ir’. : », on "aa |x-%] © Mon £ 1 : 1 > ami ** C510" 4 sow ? exe > (nth 10 = 1OKIOs gx jo? 214 ‘Lineare_Tnterpoloton’- Th this case , the dlegreee of the polynomial =4. Bo, we can wrefke pox)= YXto a) eahere Qt 4 Are too acheh constants Ry asd, there ace (nH) = dr) =Q interepoladéng points > Plex) t2 an enterpolateng poly nomfcut cohich ei terepolete 22) at fevo pofots , cay Xe ane % + 2 FH) = PX) (a) 5 Fea) = pcm) @ #47 Q) > FAD)= AXtAo——) eP®) > FLe) = a4 +0-——15) Now, rearranging eqs 4 sep4B) swe get PCR) — YX -Ay = 0 < P.L%) — YXo-Qo=0 i | £0q) ~ U%- A020 ey [Peiminateng A» and a fom the above offs » wo get | } Peas vod Pid met fae) -% '-t Peo BOC) ta) Xe ft =0 | | FOG) HB ot lacey af" | > Pa om 4 Fe) % 1 | so. 4 I . SPO (ate-) = XS PE%0)— $C} +4 FytCxod =o lADIog D> PCR) Coto=X) — AAC) + RACAIF KP CR0) — Mok (>I =6 J PC2) CXo~2) = KCN) — HH (AYJ— MFCAO) + Mo emy) = ahaa ™) 8 $C %ox IFC my FC + on 3 tO S Pom) = a + atta soe) N DE-24.9.2R Jord, lolx) + UiCx) = ZL EO. Ko (4-H) LH) _ Heo inert tie Ce ~ Hoy Sj-2o Again, loco) = “o—* = ea . ~% Lo0%) = M4= _ 0 ler 0%, POH ; A 4 try). Sito 24 =X 2 ee Orcs) BUG ahyusgeqior os tej A a & came as by CKrdneck ere Dll) i Lterceted Linec Lioecre _Trtecpolakon t = ) We alree prove bade PCa) = ee #00) +% Fe tH) -e Perce) — Bom %j- 0 - oe FCM) >i [er a) # (Xo) ~ Cto~ ate] Uy-%o Lek us derate 2c%9) = ‘tolx) Too Endepertlent zero i 10g) = Tr Cire mele fee Deine fers Seer = (te $2) T(x) ~ (20 =2) YHOO J" ToC) ~% ty te) ieee wghts. . hay | “5, nF fee Ta [intl in pi | polynornz af ] ‘Notes : (0) | ota N/T, C%0) = +.— |® Ho 0 Tay %- Xo | Ty (0) % ~%0 | wd lee | 45% | tem ajine| | och Cuma ae) | = 40%) i Tot) %-% | abi | | ; 17 V reogy 4% | 2b |fo) rer { “Fo Prem) F 1searagh ame }~ Cor HAF U's Sate fee) (y= 2 40%) + [Ty (a) = Fa) ‘Quastfons— Grover’ $A) 24 PLQBD= 515 . Perel the! _ Boease interpolating polynomial usen 8 veagre 3g Interpolation an Riad an appeoninate jvalde oF (2-4) BOIS Horce, Lor Ar, Hz 815 9 HX) =H) $2) « BB 1 Fe Pez) = ¥ Liar tlag) = lol2)F C%o)t are aa tt + tow CH +€ ans poses Se Bang

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