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1) Will be solved in class on 08/31/2015

A well-mixed lake (no concentration gradient in the lake) has volume

5×108 L and is fed by a stream flowing at 2.4×107 L/day. The stream
contains 8 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO) and has an ultimate biochemical
demand (BODult) of 10 mg/L. Waste from a small municipality (BODult = 95
mg/L; DO=0 mg/L) flows into the lake at a rate of 4.8×106 L/day. In the
lake , BOD is consumed by a reaction that proceeds at a rate given by
the expression rBOD = kd×BODult. The rate constant kd= 0.10 d-1. In
addition, oxygen can enter the lake at a rate described by the
expression rO2 = kr(DOsat-DO), where the reaction constant kr=0.05d-1 and
DOsat is the saturation (equilibrium) value of DO=11.2 mg/L for the
conditions in the lake. The DO and BOD concentrations in the lake are
approximately constant over time, and diffusion and dispersion
contribute negligibly to the transport of either substance into or out the
lake. There is only one outlet stream for the lake.
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Processes that control BOD

concentration include: (Q5)

A.  Advection only

B.  Advection + re-aeration
✔ C.  Advection + degradation
D.  None of the above

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Show the system schematically

r1,DO3 (source)
rBOD3 (decay)
r2,DO3 (decay)

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Write mass balance on BOD in the lake

and calculate its concentration
N M L
d 1 1
dt
( Csys ) =
V
∑Q in ,i Cin,i −
V
∑Q out , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
i =1 j =1 k =1

Steady State
0 × V = Q1C1 + Q2C2 − Q3C3 − VK d C
For BOD; C is concentration of BOD
Well-mixed Csys = C3

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After we eliminate the contaminant source, it will

take some time to get the system to steady state.
Call the time at which the contaminant source is
eliminated t=0.
At time t=0, what is the BOD concentration (C0) in
the lake (Q7)
✔ A.  8.8 mg/L.
B.  2.85 mg/L
C.  I have no idea. 25

N M L
d 1 1
dt
( Csys ) =
V
∑ Qin,iCin,i − V
∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
i =1 j =1 k =1

0 × V = Q1C1 + Q2C2 − Q3C3 − VK d C

For BOD; C is concentration of BOD
Well-mixed C = C3
Flow balance Q3 = Q1 + Q2
Q1C1 + Q2C2
C3 = =
Q1 + Q2 + VK d

=
( 2.4 ×10 L / d ) (10mg / L ) + ( 4.8 ×10 L / d ) (95mg / L ) = 8.8mg / L
7 6

( 2.4 ×10 L / d ) + ( 4.8 ×10 L / d ) + (5 ×10 L )( 0.1d )

7 6 8 −1

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The contamination source is eliminated. What is

the new steady state mass balance? (Q6)

A) 0 = Q1C1 + Q1C3 − VK d C3
B) 0 = Q1C1 − Q1C3 + VK d C3
✔ C ) 0 = Q1C1 − Q1C3 − VK d C3
D) None of the above
E ) I have no idea
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Calculate new concentration of BOD

For BOD;
0 = Q1C1 + Q2C2 − Q3C3 − VK d C3
Eliminate contaminant source Q2 =0
Well-mixed C = C3
Flow balance Q3 = Q1 = Q

Q C1
C3 = =
Q + VK d

=
( 2.4 ×10 7
L/d ) (10mg / L ) = 3.24mg / L
( 2.4 ×10 7
L / d ) + ( 5 × 10 L )( 0.1d )
8 −1

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What is the BOD concentration after 7 days?

First, what mass balance equation do you need
to use (Q8)?

dC
✔ A. V = Q C1 − Q C − kCV
dt
B. 0 = Q C1 − Q C − kCV
C. None of the above

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dC
V = Q C1 − Q C − kCV
dt
dC Q C1 − Q C ⎛ Q + kV ⎞ Q
= − kC = −C ⎜ ⎟+ C1 =
dt V ⎝ V ⎠ V
⎛ Q + kV ⎞⎛ Q C1 ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟⎜C − ⎟
⎝ V ⎠⎝ Q + kV ⎠

Q C1
is a constant with concentration unit,
Q + kV
so let's call it Css

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Q C1
substitute with Css = in the mass balance equation
Q + kV
dC ⎛ Q + kV ⎞⎛ Q C1 ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟⎜C − ⎟=
dt ⎝ V ⎠⎝ Q + kV ⎠
dC ⎛ Q + kV ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟ ( C − Css )
dt ⎝ V ⎠
dC = d (C − Css )
d ( C − Css ) ⎛ Q + kV ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟ ( C − Css )
dt ⎝ V ⎠
d ( C − Css ) ⎛Q ⎞
= −⎜ + k ⎟ dt
( C − Css ) ⎝ V ⎠
d ( C − Css )
C −Css
⎛Q ⎞
t

∫
C −C ( C − C ss )
= −⎜
⎝ V
+ k ⎟ ∫ dt
⎠0
0 ss

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C −Css
d ( C − Css ) ⎛Q ⎞
t

∫ (C − C )
C0 −Css ss
= −⎜
⎝V
+ k ⎟ ∫ dt
⎠0
⎡ ⎛Q ⎞ ⎤
(C − Css ) = ( C0 − Css ) exp ⎢ − ⎜ + k ⎟t⎥ =
⎣ ⎝V ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛Q ⎞ ⎤
C = Css + ( C0 − Css ) exp ⎢ − ⎜ + k ⎟t⎥
⎣ ⎝V ⎠ ⎦

We also realize that at steady state

0 = Q C1 − Q Css − kCssV ;
Q C1
Css = we already calculated Css =3.24 mg/L
Q + kV
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⎡ ⎛Q ⎞ ⎤
C = Css + ( C0 − Css ) exp ⎢ − ⎜ + k ⎟t⎥
⎣ ⎝V ⎠ ⎦
3.24mg / L + (8.8 − 3.24)mg / L ×
⎡ ⎛ 2.4 ×107 L / day 0.1 ⎞ ⎤
× exp ⎢ − ⎜ + ⎟ × 7 days ⎥ = 5.21mg / L
⎣ ⎝ 5 × 108 L day ⎠ ⎦

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What happen to DO? Write mass balance

on DO in the lake (Q8)
A) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2
B ) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3
C ) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3 − VK d BOD3
✔ D) 0 = Q1 DO1 + Q2 DO2 − Q3 DO3 − VK d BOD3 + Vkr ( DOsat − DO3 )
E) None of the above

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2) Will be solved in class

Water with a dissolved oxygen concentration of 1.0 mg/L enters a
well-mixed tank at a rate of 1000 L/min. The tank volume is
1.6×105 L. In the tank, bacteria use the oxygen for metabolism in
proportion to the amount of oxygen present, i.e. they use it at a
rate k1×CO2, where k1=2×10-3 min-1. Air is being pumped into the
tank at a rate proportional to the degree of under-saturation, i.e.,
at a rate given by k2×(Csat- CO2), where Csat = 10mg/L and k2=
4×10-3 min-1. Write a mass balance for O2 in the system, and find
the steady state concentration of dissolved oxygen. There is only
one outlet for the tank.

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Solution
( ) 1 N 1 M L
d
Csys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
dt V i=1 V j=1 k=1

CO2out = CO2 well-mixed

Q in =Q out =Q
0 = QinCO2in − Qout CO2out − Vk1CO2out + Vk2 (Csat − CO2out )
QinCO2in + Vk2Csat = Qout CO2out + Vk1CO2out + Vk2CO2out
Q CO2in + Vk2Csat
CO2out = CO2 = =
Q + Vk1 + Vk2
1000L / min× 1.0mg / L + 1.6 × 105 L × 4 × 10−3 / min× 10mg / L
=
1000L / min+ 1.6 × 105 L(2 × 10−3 / min+ 4 × 10−3 / min)
= 3.78mg / L
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Summary (no reactions)

( )
N M
d
VCsys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
dt i=1 j=1

for constant volume

( )
N M
d 1 1
dt
Csys =
V
∑Q in,i
Cin,i −
V
∑Q out , j
Cout , j
i=1 j=1

for steady state

N M

∑Q in,i
Cin,i = ∑ Qout , j Cout , j
i=1 j=1

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Summary (with reactions)

( )
N M L
d
VCsys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ Vrk
dt i=1 j=1 k =1

for constant volume

( )1 N 1 M L
d
Csys = ∑ Qin,iCin,i − ∑ Qout , j Cout , j + ∑ rk
dt V i=1 V j=1 k =1

for steady state

N M L

∑ Qin,iCin,i = ∑ Qout , jCout , j + ∑ Vrk

i=1 j=1 k =1

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