Module 9
The Normal Distribution
Prepared by:
EDWARD B. PESCUELA
Instructor
“Most people use statistics like a drunk man uses a lamppost; more for support than
illumination”
― Andrew Lang
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
MODULE 9
The Normal distribution
Introduction
The normal distribution is the most important probability distribution in statistics because it fits many
natural phenomena. For example, heights, blood pressure, measurement error, and IQ scores follow the
normal distribution. It is also known as the Gaussian distribution and the bell curve. The normal distribution
is a probability function that describes how the values of a variable are distributed. It is a symmetric
distribution where most of the observations cluster around the central peak and the probabilities for values
further away from the mean taper off equally in both directions. Extreme values in both tails of the
distribution are similarly unlikely.
Before each activity, fast facts and discussions are given to help you understand the concepts and
processes involved as well as to solve problems in each activity. The activities will be done individually.
Answers in every assessment must be written or encoded on a short bond paper following the given
format. Please do not forget to write your significant learning experience at the last part of your output. The
submission of Module 9 outputs will be on May 4, 2021. If you have queries, you may reach me through
FB Group Chat during our scheduled date. Thank you and have fun!
Format
Name: ______________________________________ Year & Section: ________________
Date: _______________________________________ Instructor: Mr. Edward B. Pescuela
MC Math 13: Elementary Statistics & Probability
Module 9: The Normal Distribution
Pretest/Exercise1/Activity 1
1.)
2.)
3.)
My Significant Learning Experience
In this module, I have learned that …
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
.
_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Objectives
At the end of the week, the pre-service teacher (PST) should be able to:
1. discuss the properties of a Normal Distribution
2. identify distributions as symmetric or skewed
3. apply concepts and principles of normal distribution to real life problems
Normal Distributions
A normal distribution
Point of
inflection
− +
Three members of the family of normal distributions
Distribution #3:
Normal with a mean of 80
and a standard deviation of 5
Distribution #1: Distribution #2:
Normal with a mean of 50 Normal with a mean of 80
and a standard deviation of 10 and a standard deviation of 10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
General Notation
X is N( , ) means that the variable or characteristic X is normally
distributed with mean and standard deviation .
Example 1 IQ Scores
Problem
Let the variable X represent IQ scores of 12-year-olds. Suppose that the distribution of X is normal with a mean of
100 and a standard deviation of 16—that is, X is
N(100, 16). Jessica is a 12-year-old and has an IQ score of [Link] would like to determine the proportion of 12-
year olds that have IQ scores less than Jessica’s score of 132.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Since the area under the density curve corresponds to proportion, we want to find the area to the left of 132 under
an N(100, 16) curve. Sketch this curve and show the corresponding area that represents this proportion.
IQ Scores have a
normal distribution
with mean 100 and ()
standard deviation 16
area to the left of 132 = ?
68 84 100 116 132
IQ Score
How to Calculate Areas under a Normal Distribution
DEFINITION:
X−
If X is N( , ) , the standardized normal variable Z= is N (0 ,1).
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
DEFINITION:
The z-score or standard score for an observed value tells us how many standard deviations the observed value is
from the mean – that is, it tells us how far the observed value is from the mean in standard-deviation units. It is
computed as follows:
X−
Z= = number of standard deviations that
X differs from the mean
If Z > 0, then the value of X is above (greater than) its mean.
If Z < 0, then the value of X is below (less than) its mean.
If Z = 0, then the value of X is equal to its mean.
Example 2 Standard IQ Score
Problem
Recall the distribution of IQ scores for 12-year-olds—normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 16.
(a) Jessica had a score of 132. Compute Jessica’s standardized score.
(b) Suppose Jessica has an older brother, Mike, who is 20 years old and has an IQ score of 144. It wouldn’t
make sense to directly compare Mike’s score of 144 to Jessica’s score of 132. The two scores come from
different distributions due to the age difference. Assume that the distribution of IQ scores for 20-year-olds
is normal with a mean of 120 and a standard deviation of 20. Compute Mike’s standardized score.
(c) Relative to their respective age group, who had the higher IQ score—Jessica or Mike?
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Solution
132 − 100
Jessica's standard score = = +2.
16
144 − 120
Mike's standard score = = +12
. .
20
Thus, relative to their respective age groups, Jessica has a higher IQ score than Mike
Example 3
Finding Proportions for the Standard Normal Distribution
Problem
Finding proportions under a normal distribution involves standardization and then finding the corresponding
proportion (area) under the standard normal distribution. Let’s first work on finding areas under a standard normal
N(0, 1) distribution.
(a) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the left of z = 1.22. Sketch a picture of the
corresponding area and use either Table 3 page 825 or your TI-84 to find the area.
Solution
Using TI:
(b) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the right of z = 1.22.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Let's Do It! 2 6.2More Standard Normal Areas
(a) Find the area under the standard normal distribution between z = 0 and z = 1.22. Sketch the area and use
Table E or your calculator to find the area
( )
0 Z
(b) Find the area under the standard normal distribution to the left of z = -2.55. Sketch the area and use Table
E or your calculator to find the area.
( )
0 Z
(c) Find the area under the standard normal distribution between z = -1.22 and z = 1.22. Sketch the area
and use Table E or your calculator to find the area.
( )
0 Z
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Let's Do It! 3 6.3IQ Scores
We will continue with the model for IQ score of 12-year-olds. In answering the following questions, remember to
use the symmetry of the normal distribution and the fact that the total area under the curve is 1. It may also be
very useful to draw a picture of the area you are trying to find so you can establish a frame of reference (for example,
should it be larger or smaller than 50%?) and see the way to approach getting the answer. If you will be using Table
II, you will need to first compute the corresponding z-scores.
X = IQ score (12-year-olds) has a N (100, (16 )) distribution.
(a) What proportion of the 12-year-olds has IQ scores below 84? Sketch it.
()
52 68 84 100 116 132 148
IQ Score
(b) What proportion of the 12-year-olds has IQ scores 84 or more? Sketch it.
()
52 68 84 100 116 132 148
IQ Score
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
(d) What proportion of the 12-year-olds has IQ scores between 84 and 116? Sketch it.
()
52 68 84 100 116 132 148
IQ Score
Example The Top 1% of the IQ Distribution
Problem
Recall the N (100,16) model for IQ score of 12-year-olds. What IQ score must a 12-year-old have to place in
the top 1% of the distribution of IQ scores?
(a) Draw a picture to show what IQ score you are trying to find.
(b) What percentile do you want to find for the IQ distribution?
(c) Find the percentile using Table E in reverse or your calculator.
Again it may be helpful to draw a picture:
()
The area to the left is 0.99
100 ? IQ Score
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Many calculators have the ability to find various percentiles of a normal distribution. The TI has a built-in
function called invNorm under the DIST menu. You must first specify the desired are to the left, then the
mean and the standard deviation for the normal distribution. The steps for finding the 99th percentile of
our N(100,16) distribution are as follows:
To use Table
3 in reverse
manner,
Step1:
standardize the score X.
Step 2: find the Z score on the margins that will corresponds to the area 0.99.
Finally equate step 1 to the value of the Z in step 2 and solve for X.
x− x − 100
z= = = 2.33
16 .
x = 100 + (2.33) 16 = 137 .28
A 12-year-old must have an IQ score of at least 137.28 to place in the top 1%.
Let's Do It! 4 6.7Freestyle Swim Times
The finishing times for 11–12-year-old male swimmers performing the 50-yard freestyle are normally distributed
with a mean of 35 seconds and a standard deviation of 2 seconds.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
(a) The sponsors of a swim meet decide to give certificates to all 11–12-year-old male swimmers who finish
their 50-yard race in under 32 seconds. If there are 50 such swimmers entered in the 50-yard freestyle
event, approximately how many certificates will be needed?
(b) In what amount of time must a swimmer finish to be in the “top” fastest 2% of the distribution of
finishing times?
Let's Do It! 5 7 Hours per Week
According to a study, men in the US devote an average of 16hrs per week to house work. Assume that
the number of hours men devote to house work is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 3.5.
a. Suppose that the lower 10% of men on the distribution devote fewer than x hours per week. Find
the value of x.
b. Suppose the upper 5% of men on the distribution devote more than x hrs per week. Find the
value of x.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
Let's Do It! 6 Middle portion of the normal distribution
If one-person household spends an average of $40 per month on medications and doctor visits, find the
maximum and minimum dollar amounts spent per month for the middle 50% of one-person household.
Assume that the standard deviation is $5 and that the amount spent is normally distributed.
Evaluation
Answer the following problems below.
Assessing Normality
Many times in statistics it is necessary to see if a set of data values is approximately normally
distributed. There are special techniques that can be used. One technique is to draw a histogram
for the data and see if it is approximately bell-shaped. (Note: It does not have to be exactly
symmetric to be bell-shaped.)
The numbers of branches of the 50 top libraries are shown.
1. Construct a frequency distribution for the data.
2. Construct a histogram for the data.
3. Describe the shape of the histogram.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
4. Based on your answer to question 3, do you feel that the distribution is approximately
normal?
In addition to the histogram, distributions that are approximately normal have about 68%
of the values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% of the data values fall
within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and almost 100% of the data values fall within
3 standard deviations of the mean. (See Figure 6–5.)
5. Find the mean and standard deviation for the data.
6. What percent of the data values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
7. What percent of the data values fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
8. What percent of the data values fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean?
9. How do your answers to questions 6, 7, and 8 compare to 68, 95, and 100%, respectively?
10. Does your answer help support the conclusion you reached in question 4? Explain.
Reference
Bluman, Allan G. Elementary Statistics: a step-by-step approach / Allan Bluman. - 8th ed.
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: Table Values Represent AREA to the LEFT of the Z score.
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-3.9 .00005 .00005 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00003 .00003
-3.8 .00007 .00007 .00007 .00006 .00006 .00006 .00006 .00005 .00005 .00005
-3.7 .00011 .00010 .00010 .00010 .00009 .00009 .00008 .00008 .00008 .00008
-3.6 .00016 .00015 .00015 .00014 .00014 .00013 .00013 .00012 .00012 .00011
-3.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
-3.4 .00034 .00032 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
-3.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
-3.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
-3.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00084 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
-3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100
-2.9 .00187 .00181 .00175 .00169 .00164 .00159 .00154 .00149 .00144 .00139
-2.8 .00256 .00248 .00240 .00233 .00226 .00219 .00212 .00205 .00199 .00193
-2.7 .00347 .00336 .00326 .00317 .00307 .00298 .00289 .00280 .00272 .00264
-2.6 .00466 .00453 .00440 .00427 .00415 .00402 .00391 .00379 .00368 .00357
-2.5 .00621 .00604 .00587 .00570 .00554 .00539 .00523 .00508 .00494 .00480
-2.4 .00820 .00798 .00776 .00755 .00734 .00714 .00695 .00676 .00657 .00639
-2.3 .01072 .01044 .01017 .00990 .00964 .00939 .00914 .00889 .00866 .00842
-2.2 .01390 .01355 .01321 .01287 .01255 .01222 .01191 .01160 .01130 .01101
-2.1 .01786 .01743 .01700 .01659 .01618 .01578 .01539 .01500 .01463 .01426
-2.0 .02275 .02222 .02169 .02118 .02068 .02018 .01970 .01923 .01876 .01831
-1.9 .02872 .02807 .02743 .02680 .02619 .02559 .02500 .02442 .02385 .02330
-1.8 .03593 .03515 .03438 .03362 .03288 .03216 .03144 .03074 .03005 .02938
-1.7 .04457 .04363 .04272 .04182 .04093 .04006 .03920 .03836 .03754 .03673
-1.6 .05480 .05370 .05262 .05155 .05050 .04947 .04846 .04746 .04648 .04551
-1.5 .06681 .06552 .06426 .06301 .06178 .06057 .05938 .05821 .05705 .05592
-1.4 .08076 .07927 .07780 .07636 .07493 .07353 .07215 .07078 .06944 .06811
-1.3 .09680 .09510 .09342 .09176 .09012 .08851 .08691 .08534 .08379 .08226
-1.2 .11507 .11314 .11123 .10935 .10749 .10565 .10383 .10204 .10027 .09853
-1.1 .13567 .13350 .13136 .12924 .12714 .12507 .12302 .12100 .11900 .11702
-1.0 .15866 .15625 .15386 .15151 .14917 .14686 .14457 .14231 .14007 .13786
-0.9 .18406 .18141 .17879 .17619 .17361 .17106 .16853 .16602 .16354 .16109
-0.8 .21186 .20897 .20611 .20327 .20045 .19766 .19489 .19215 .18943 .18673
-0.7 .24196 .23885 .23576 .23270 .22965 .22663 .22363 .22065 .21770 .21476
-0.6 .27425 .27093 .26763 .26435 .26109 .25785 .25463 .25143 .24825 .24510
-0.5 .30854 .30503 .30153 .29806 .29460 .29116 .28774 .28434 .28096 .27760
-0.4 .34458 .34090 .33724 .33360 .32997 .32636 .32276 .31918 .31561 .31207
-0.3 .38209 .37828 .37448 .37070 .36693 .36317 .35942 .35569 .35197 .34827
-0.2 .42074 .41683 .41294 .40905 .40517 .40129 .39743 .39358 .38974 .38591
-0.1 .46017 .45620 .45224 .44828 .44433 .44038 .43644 .43251 .42858 .42465
-0.0 .50000 .49601 .49202 .48803 .48405 .48006 .47608 .47210 .46812 .46414
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: Table Values Represent AREA to the LEFT of the Z score.
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .50000 .50399 .50798 .51197 .51595 .51994 .52392 .52790 .53188 .53586
0.1 .53983 .54380 .54776 .55172 .55567 .55962 .56356 .56749 .57142 .57535
0.2 .57926 .58317 .58706 .59095 .59483 .59871 .60257 .60642 .61026 .61409
0.3 .61791 .62172 .62552 .62930 .63307 .63683 .64058 .64431 .64803 .65173
0.4 .65542 .65910 .66276 .66640 .67003 .67364 .67724 .68082 .68439 .68793
0.5 .69146 .69497 .69847 .70194 .70540 .70884 .71226 .71566 .71904 .72240
0.6 .72575 .72907 .73237 .73565 .73891 .74215 .74537 .74857 .75175 .75490
0.7 .75804 .76115 .76424 .76730 .77035 .77337 .77637 .77935 .78230 .78524
0.8 .78814 .79103 .79389 .79673 .79955 .80234 .80511 .80785 .81057 .81327
0.9 .81594 .81859 .82121 .82381 .82639 .82894 .83147 .83398 .83646 .83891
1.0 .84134 .84375 .84614 .84849 .85083 .85314 .85543 .85769 .85993 .86214
1.1 .86433 .86650 .86864 .87076 .87286 .87493 .87698 .87900 .88100 .88298
1.2 .88493 .88686 .88877 .89065 .89251 .89435 .89617 .89796 .89973 .90147
1.3 .90320 .90490 .90658 .90824 .90988 .91149 .91309 .91466 .91621 .91774
1.4 .91924 .92073 .92220 .92364 .92507 .92647 .92785 .92922 .93056 .93189
1.5 .93319 .93448 .93574 .93699 .93822 .93943 .94062 .94179 .94295 .94408
1.6 .94520 .94630 .94738 .94845 .94950 .95053 .95154 .95254 .95352 .95449
1.7 .95543 .95637 .95728 .95818 .95907 .95994 .96080 .96164 .96246 .96327
1.8 .96407 .96485 .96562 .96638 .96712 .96784 .96856 .96926 .96995 .97062
1.9 .97128 .97193 .97257 .97320 .97381 .97441 .97500 .97558 .97615 .97670
2.0 .97725 .97778 .97831 .97882 .97932 .97982 .98030 .98077 .98124 .98169
2.1 .98214 .98257 .98300 .98341 .98382 .98422 .98461 .98500 .98537 .98574
2.2 .98610 .98645 .98679 .98713 .98745 .98778 .98809 .98840 .98870 .98899
2.3 .98928 .98956 .98983 .99010 .99036 .99061 .99086 .99111 .99134 .99158
2.4 .99180 .99202 .99224 .99245 .99266 .99286 .99305 .99324 .99343 .99361
2.5 .99379 .99396 .99413 .99430 .99446 .99461 .99477 .99492 .99506 .99520
2.6 .99534 .99547 .99560 .99573 .99585 .99598 .99609 .99621 .99632 .99643
2.7 .99653 .99664 .99674 .99683 .99693 .99702 .99711 .99720 .99728 .99736
2.8 .99744 .99752 .99760 .99767 .99774 .99781 .99788 .99795 .99801 .99807
2.9 .99813 .99819 .99825 .99831 .99836 .99841 .99846 .99851 .99856 .99861
3.0 .99865 .99869 .99874 .99878 .99882 .99886 .99889 .99893 .99896 .99900
3.1 .99903 .99906 .99910 .99913 .99916 .99918 .99921 .99924 .99926 .99929
3.2 .99931 .99934 .99936 .99938 .99940 .99942 .99944 .99946 .99948 .99950
3.3 .99952 .99953 .99955 .99957 .99958 .99960 .99961 .99962 .99964 .99965
3.4 .99966 .99968 .99969 .99970 .99971 .99972 .99973 .99974 .99975 .99976
3.5 .99977 .99978 .99978 .99979 .99980 .99981 .99981 .99982 .99983 .99983
3.6 .99984 .99985 .99985 .99986 .99986 .99987 .99987 .99988 .99988 .99989
3.7 .99989 .99990 .99990 .99990 .99991 .99991 .99992 .99992 .99992 .99992
3.8 .99993 .99993 .99993 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99995 .99995 .99995
3.9 .99995 .99995 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99997 .99997