SCHEME OF ANALSIS OF SIMPLE SALT
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS
Experiment Observation Infernce
1)White 1)May be due to the
[Link] of the salt is noted absence of ions like
Mn2+,Ni2+,Cu2+,Co2+…..
2)Buff colour 2)May be due to the
presence ofMn2+ ions
2. Solubility of salt in water. 1)Insoluble in water 1)May be due to the
presence of CO32- ions
2) Soluble in water 2) May be due to the
presence of NH4+,Cl-
,and NO3- ions.
[Link] of heat:-
1) Colourless gas 1) Presence of NH4+
A little of salt is taken and forming white sublimate
heated in a clear dry test tube. with smell of ammonia
2) Reddish brown colour 2) Presence of Br - or
gas NO3-
3) No characteristic 3) Absence of NH4+,Br-
observation NO3- etc
[Link] test:-
1)Brick red flame 1)Ca2+ present
A little of salt taken in a watch 2) Sr2+ present
glass, [Link] is added ,made a 2)Crimson red flame 3)Ba2+ present
paste and with the help of a glass 4) Pb2+ present
rod show in flame 3)Apple green flame
4)Bluish white flame
[Link] with NaOH:-
Colourless gas with Presence of NH4+
A little of salt taken in a test strong smell of ammonia
tube, add NaOH and warm forming white fumes
with con. HCl
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR SIMPLE SALT
SALT NO :
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS
SL. Experiments Observation Inference
No
1. Action of dil HCl
A little of the substance Brisk effervescence Presence of carbonate
is added to about 2ml of with the evolution of a (CO32-)
dil. HCl taken in a test colourless, odourless gas
tube
CO3 2- + 2HCl → 2Cl -+ H2O + CO2 ↑
No characteristic Absence of carbonate
Observation
2. Action of dil H2SO4
A little of the salt is Smell of vinegar Presence of acetate
rubbed with dil.H2SO4 in (CH3COO-)
a watch glass and the
smell is noted
2CH3COO- + H2SO4 → SO4 2-+ 2CH3COOH(smell of vinegar)
No smell of vinegar Absence of acetate
3. Action of Con. H2SO4. A colourless fuming gas Presence of chloride(Cl-)
1 ml of con.H2SO4 is is evolved which gives
added to a little of the dense white fumes when
salt taken in a dry test a glass rod dipped in
tube. NH4OH (Ammonium
Hydroxide) is show at
the mouth of the test
tube
Cl + H2SO4 → HSO4 + HCl
- -
NH 4OH + HCl → NH4Cl(white fumes) + H2O
Reddish brown gas is Presence of Bromide(Br-)
evolved and solution
turns brown
Violet vapour are Presence of Iodide(I-)
produced
Evolution of brown Presence of Nitrate (NO3-
fumes on strong heating
No characteristic Absence of Cl-,Br-, etc
reaction
4. Action of Con. H2SO4
and paper ball
A little of the salt is Reddish brown vapour Presence of nitrate (NO3-)
heated with con. are evolved
Sulphuric acid and a
paper ball is added
∆
NO3 + H2SO4 → SO42- + HNO3
-
C + 4HNO3 → CO2+4NO2 (brown gas) + 2H2O
No characteristic Absence of nitrate
reaction
5. Action of barium
chloride (Bacl2)
To a little of the salt A thick white precipitate Presence of
solution Bacl2 solution is is formed sulphate(SO42-)
added
SO4 2- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt) + 2Cl-
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS
I CARBONATE (CO32-)
1. To a little of the salt White precipitate Presence of carbonate is
solution BaCl2 solution is soluble in dil HCl confirmed
added
BaCl2 + CO3 2- → BaCO3 + 2Cl-
BaCO3 + 2HCl → BaCl2 + H2O + CO2
2. To a little of the salt White precipitate is Presence of carbonate is
solution an equal volume formed confirmed
of MgSO4 solution is
added
MgSO4 + CO3 2-→ MgCO3 (white ppt) + SO4 2-
II ACETATE (CH3COO-)
1. To a little of the salt Deep red coloration Presence of acetate is
solution 3 drops of confirmed
neutral ferric chloride
solution is added
FeCl3 + 3CH3COO -→ 3Cl - + ( CH3COO)3Fe
(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O —>[ Fe(OH)2CH3COO] ( Deep Red)
2. A small quantity of the Pleasant fruity Presence of acetate is
salt is mixed with about smell is obtained conformed
1-ml of C2H5OH (ethyl
alcohol) & a few drops of
con.H2SO4. The mixture
is heated & poured in to
excess water taken in a
beaker
2CH3COO - + H2SO4 → CH3COOH + SO4 2-
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5(fruity smell) +H2O
III CHLORIDE(Cl-)
1 To little of the salt White curdy Presence of chloride is
solution, a few drops of precipitate is confirmed
dil.HNO3 andAgNO3 formed which is
solution are added completely soluble
in excess NH4OH
Cl + AgNO3 → AgCl (curdy ppt ) + NO3 -
-
AgCl + 2NH4OH → H2O + [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
2 Chromyl chloride Test
A little of the salt is A yellow ppt. is Presence of chloride is
mixed with solid formed confirmed
potassium dichromate
&con.H2SO4. Heat the
test tube & pass the gases
coming out of the test
tube through a solution of
NaOH .If a yellow
solution is obtained,
acidified with acetic acid
and add about 2ml of
lead acetate solution.
∆
Cl + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 2SO4 2-
-
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
lead chromate(yellow ppt)
3-
IV NIRATE(NO )
1. A little of the salt Brown ring is Presence of nitrate is
solution is mixed with an formed at the confirmed
equal volume of freshly junction of the two
prepared ferrous sulphate layers
solution and shaken well.
Then con.H2SO4 is added
carefully to this mixture
along the sides of the test
tube without shaking.
NO3 - + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + HSO4 -
2HNO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 → 3Fe(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(H2O)5NO] (Brown ring)
2. A small quantity of the Dark brown fumes Presence of nitrate is
salt is heated with a few of NO2 gas confirmed
copper chips and evolved
con.H2SO4.
2NO3 - + H2SO4 → SO42- + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 (brown) +2H2O
v SULPHATE (SO42-)
1. To a salt solution BaCl2 White ppt. Presence of sulphate is
solution is added insoluble in excess confirmed
[Link]
SO4 2-
+ BaCl2 → BaSO4 (white ppt) + 2Cl -
2. To a little of the salt A white ppt. is Presence of sulphate.
solution lead acetate formed which is
solution is added dissolved when
heated with
ammonium acetate
solution
SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbSO4 (white ppt) + 2CH3COO -
2-
PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → Pb(CH3COO)2 +( NH4)2SO4
RESULT : The anions of the given salt is--------------------
ANALSIS OF CATIONS
I IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP
1. To a little of the salt 1)No 1)Presence of zero group
solution add Na2CO3 precipitate(Clear
solution solution)
2)A precipitate 2)Absence of zero group
2.
To a little of the salt 1)White precipitate Presence of group I
solution dil. Hcl is added
Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 (white ppt) + H+
2)No white Absence of group I
precipitate
3.
To a little of the salt 1)Black precipitate 1)Presence of group II
solution dil. HCl is added
and the H2S is passed 2)No precipitate 2)Absence of group II
4.
To a little of the salt
1)Gelatinous white 1)Presence of group III
solution add NH4Cl (S)
precipitate/reddish
and excess NH4OH brown precipitate
2)No precipitate 2)Absence of group III
Al + 2NH4OH → 3NH4 + Al(OH)3(gelatinous white ppt)
3+ +
Fe 3+ + 3NH4OH→ 3NH4+ + Fe(OH))3 (brown ppt)
5.
A little of the salt 1)Dirty white 1)Presence of group IV
solution is shaken with precipitate -Or-
NH4Cl(s) and then add flesh coloured ppt
excess NH4OH. H2S is
passed through the
solution
Zn2+/Mn2+ + + H2S → ZnS/MnS(ppt) + 2H +
2)No precipitate 2)Absence of group IV
6. NH4Cl,NH4OH and 1)A white 1)Presence of group V
(NH4)2CO3 solution are precipitate
added to a little of the
salt solution
Ba2+/Ca2+ /Sr 2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3/CaCO3 /SrCO3 (white ppt)+ 2NH4+
2)No white ppt 2)Absence of group V
7.
To a little of the salt 1)white precipitate 1)Presence of group VI
Solution saturated
NH4Cl,excessNH4OH &
Sodium hydrogen
phosphate(Na2HPO4) are
added
2)No white ppt 2)Absence of [Link]
Mg +Na2HPO4 + NH4OH → Mg(NH4) PO4 (white ppt) + 2Na+ +H2O
2+
I ANALYSIS OF ZERO GROUP CATION (NH4+)
1. A pinch of the salt is A gas with smell of Presence of NH4+ ion
shaken well with NaOH ammonia, giving dense
and heated,a glass rod white fumes with
dipped in [Link] is [Link]
shown in the above gas
NH4+ + NaOH → Na+ + NH3 (smell) + H2O
NH3 +HCl → NH4Cl(white fumes)
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR (NH4+)
2. To a little of the salt Brown precipiate Presence of NH4 +ion
solution Nesslers reagent confirmed
is added
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH → [Link](s) + 7KI + 2H2O
Nessler reagent Reddish brown ppt
II ANALYSIS OF GROUP I CATION (Pb2+)
1. To a little of the salt Yellow precipitate Presence of Pb2+
solution acetic acid and
potassium chromate
solution is added
Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 (Yellow ppt) + 2K+
CONFRIMATORY TEST FOR (Pb2+)
2. To a little of the salt yellow ppt dissolves in Presence of Pb2+ is
solution acetic acid and hot water and reappears confirmed
potassium iodide solution as golden spangles on
is added cooling
Pb + 2KI → PbI2 (Yellow ppt) +2K+
2+
III ANALYSIS OF GROUP III CATION (Al 3+)
1. To a little salt solution White gelatinous Presence of Al3+
sodium hydroxide is precipitate soluble in
added drop wise excess NaOH solution
AlCl3 + 3NaOH→ Al(OH)3 ( white gelatinous ppt) + 3NaCl
Al(OH)3 + 3NaOH→ Na3AlO3(Soluble), + 3H2O
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR (Al3+)
2. ASH TEST
A little of the salt is heated blue ash Presence of Al3+ ion is
with 1 ml of Cobalt nitrate confirmed
and 2 drops of con HNO3.
Soak a filter paper in it and
burn into ashes.
2Co(NO3) 2 →2CoO+ 4NO2 + O2
CoO+ Al2O3 → CoO.Al2O3(Blue ash)
IV Analysis of group IV cation (Zn2+ or Mn2+)
1. To a little of salt solution A white ppt is formed Presence of Zn2+
sodium hydroxide is and its gets dissolved in
added drop wise excess NaOH solution
Zn2+ + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 (white ppt) + 2Na+
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 (soluble)+ 2H2O
A white ppt gradually Presence of Mn2+
turning brown
Mn2+ + 2NaOH → Mn(OH)2(white ppt)+ 2Na+
2Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2MnO(OH)2 (Brown)
CONFIRMATION TESTVFOR Zn2+
1. A few drop of potassium White or Bluish white Presence of Zn2+
ferrocyanide solution are ppt is formed
added to a little of the
salt solution
2ZnCl2 +K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6](s) (bluish white ppt)+ 4KCl
ASH TEST Green ash Presence of Zn2+
A little of the salt confirmed
solution is boiled with
2ml of con.HNO3and a
few drops of cobalt
Nitrate solution. Soak of
filter paper in it and burn
into ashes.
Heat
2Co(NO3)2 → 2CoO(s) + 4NO2(g) +O2
CoO(s) + ZnO(s) →[Link](green)
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Mn2+
I Permanganic acid test
1. A little of the given Supernatant solution Presence of Mn2+
solution is boiled with gets a pink colour
2ml of con. HNO3 and a
pinch of lead dioxide.
The solution is diluted
and allowed to stand.
5PbO2 + 10HNO3 + 2Mn2+ → 2HMnO4 (pink)+ 5Pb (NO3)2 + 2H2O
V ANALYSIS OF GROUP V CATION (Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+)
Filtered the group –V white ppt. Dissolved the [Link] hot dil. acetic acid, and
divided in to 3-part
1. To one part of the above Pale yellow ppt Presence of Ba2+
solution , add Potassium
chromate solution
Ba2+ + 2CH3COOH→ (CH3COO)2Ba + 2H+
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4(pale yellow ppt)+ 2CH3COOK
2. To 2-nd part of the White ppt Presence of Ca2+
solution, ammonium
oxalate solution are
added.
Ca2+ + CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ca + 2H+
(CH3COO)2Ca+ (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 (white ppt)+ 2CH3COONH4
3. To 3-ed part of the white ppt Presence of Sr2+
solution add ammonium
sulphate solution
Sr2+ + CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Sr + 2H+
(CH3COO)2Sr+ (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 (white ppt)+ 2CH3COONH4
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR (Ba2+,Ca2+,Sr2+)
1. FLAME TEST.
A little of the Salt is [Link] green flame [Link] of Ba2+
made in to a paste with
2- drops Con. HCl in a
watch glass and [Link] red flame [Link] of Ca2+
introduced in to a non-
luminous flame using a [Link] red flame [Link] of Sr2+
glass rod
VI ANALYSIS OF GROUP VI CATION(Mg2+)
1. To a little of salt
solution magneson Blue ppt is obtained Presence of Mg2+
reagent and sodium
hydroxide are added
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Mg2+
ASH TEST
1. A little of the salt is Pink ash Presence of Mg2+
heated with 1-ml of
cobalt nitrate and 2-
drops of Con. HNO3
,soak a filter paper in it
and burn in to ashes
Δ
2Co(NO3)2(s)→2 CoO + 4NO2 + O2
CoO(s) + MgO → [Link] (pink)
RESULT: The cation of the given salt is...........
REPORT:
The given salt is..............
AISSCE PRACTICAL EXAM 2016-17
Chemistry(043)
Roll no: Max marks:30
I Volumetric Analysis.
a) Prepare M/20 solution o ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt). Using this
solution find out the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
b) Prepare M/20 solution of oxalic [Link] its help, determine the molarity and
strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). (8)
II Identify the cation and anion present in the given in-organic salt-systematically.(8)
III Identify the functional group present in an organic compounds. (6)
VI Project works (4)
V Recorder and viva (4)