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Vector

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Yogender Rawat
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63 views121 pages

Vector

Uploaded by

Yogender Rawat
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© All Rights Reserved
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VECTORS Lans AND VECTORS scalars * :A quantity which has magnitude only and no direct sled scalar. For example, length, mass, temperature, time , speed, ore i‘ myer wer, volume, density, resistance ete. are all scalar quant ties vectors :A quantity which has both magnitude as well as a defint called a vector. For example, force, velocity, acceleration, girection 1s displacement, weight etc. are all vector quantities. nomen! ntum, Magnitude of a Vector : The magnitude or modulus of a ec AB ra ) isthe length measur ed between Aand iS and is denoted by | AB | (or \e ), Thus we see that vectors AB and BA have the same magnitude a they have different directions (opposite). 1yPE OF VECTORS (i) Null Vector or Zero Vector. A vector whose magnitude is z called null or zero vector. In such vectors, the initial and terminal points coincide. Zero vector is denoted by v The length of the null vector is eros 1er0. (ii) Unit Vee called a unit vector. Ge cap’ where modulus) is unity ls tor. A vector whose magnitude ( read as ‘a onerally a unit vector 1s denoted by @ andis @. ©. Obviously, |a| aos la! (iii) Equal Vectors. Two vectors are said to be equal if they have (a) the same length . (b) the same or parallel support (c) the same sense (direction) r > In fig. 1, the vectors @ and . represented y directed line segment AB and EF have equal A length, same support and same sense. Hence, @ . lence, a = . AB = EF E Fig. 1 paw of Addition : Let @ ang ee To define their SUM We take grees tee oN! We draw vector OA parallel to ¢ and 0 er ye ® such that the terminal point A ’ 2 isthe initial point of vector ze. Join 5 " oo the vector OB is defined as the sum ve os @.and 6 andis written as ee, ee OB = OA+AB=a+6 isis known as triangle law of addition and is stated ag follows : yf two vectors are represented by the two s , then their sum is represented by the third Seite ode” 5 , parallelogram Law of Addition : If OA ides of a triangle taken in Side of the triangle taken in + > qprsents a vector @ and OC represents a > > waar b,Where OA and OC are two adjacent esofa parallelogram OABC having a common iitial point O, then their sum a + B is defined wa vector represented in magnitude and direction by diagonal OB of the parallelogram. > > 2 > 2 Thu, OB= OA+OC=a+b This is known as parallelogram law of addition. ft > 37 34 Equivalence of the two laws : By parallelogram law, OB = OA +OC Now, oc = AB [-: Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal] >~ > >» +> OB=OA+AB=a+b This shows that the triangle law and parallelogram law are the Same, "ROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION |. Vector Addition is Commutative le, a a+b =bia. 2 Vector Addition is Associative le, > > @+(b4e) = (a+b)+ c oo’, JAYPEE Marup, An VECI2 1 Vectors. All vectors having the same inj (iv) Coin ial = called co-initial vectors. Thus vectors OA, OB, oc are ©O-initigy tae have the same initial point O “ the, (v) Like and Unlike Vectors. Two vectors are said to be li, have the same direction and unlike if they have opposite direction me thy Note. Equal vectors are always like vectors but like vectors may or mg equal vectors, Nee 5, (vi) Collinear Vectors. Two or more vectors are said to be col) vectors if they are parallel to the same straight line, i irrespective “ magnitudes and directions. In other words, vectors which have the g line of support are called collinear vectors. Thus, three points A, B, C are collinear if AB= m BC, where m ig scalar. ay (vii) Coplanar Vectors. Vectors are said to be coplanar when they lie in the same plane or are parallel to the same Plane, (viii) Negative of a vector A vector & whose modulus ig the = as that of a given cous 2, but whose direction i is opposite to that op @ iscalled the negative of a ? and is written as - a. Thus 3 = 7 (ix) Position Vector. Let O be a fixed point and A be any othe, point, then the vector OA is called a position vector of the point A and is generally denoted by small letters say 7. Here a is said to be the position vector of point A with respect to a fixed point O. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS OF A VECTOR Direction Cosines: Let P(a, 6, c) be any point in space whose position vector is 7. Zz If r makes angles a, B, y with the positive direction of co-ordinate axes x, y, z respectively, then the angles a, 8,7 are called ‘the direction angles of ? and cosines of direction angles i.e,. cos a , cos , cos 7 are called its direction cosines. These are usually denoted by/, m,n, ie., 1 = cos a, m = cos B, n = cos y x Fig. 2 Direction Ratios : Three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines 1, m, n of a vector are known as direction ratios of ! vectors. 5 : m Thus a, 6, ¢ are the direction ratios of a vector if — = b ain Note. Jn general, we have |? + m?+n?=1 buta?+b2+c2 41. 9. Existence of Additive Identity > oz For any vector a, a' 0 O+a-a, where 0 is zero vector. 4, Existence of Additive Inverse exists another vector ~ a suey, the For any vector a , there de dec dreds. - SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS a If a, z be any two given vectors, then the subtraction of ;,._ se defined as addition of -B to Zie,c-B=atl-b) MULTIPLICATION OF AVETOR BY ASCAAR geet given vector and m a given scalar, then the sy., Let @ be any ma is called the product of vector a and scalar m. The product »; such that Te thei (i) the es or length is given by aw |ma I= jm| 1a |. Thus, the length of ma is m times or — _ m times that of @ acconting as mis positive (including zero) or negative. (ii) its support is the same or parallel to that of z. (iti) its sense is the same or opposite to that of z according as ms positive or negative. peo ttialighenton of a Vector by a Scalar @) ma=am @La@szasad (iii) 0.¢ =0= 4.0 (iv) mina )= (mn) a (@) (mena =ma +ng A ers re ee ores Example 1. Ifa is a non-zero vector, find a scalar &, so that Jka | =1. m > Solution. jea|=1 > Ik[| a |=1 ” 1 41a > [kl = o tcf al* Ja] 1 nl > kat. [- Jxpem 2 °°" aan a VECIS > > goonies OM @ = by isittrue that | a |= | ¢ 4 |, is it true that a =+ 6. S a Ry 1 oe |, is it always true mes a = B. = 8 means that blige a and e are ome By spit? of equality of two eens: we have | a |=| 6 |.S0,if a- 6, gust have | @ SH eI. i |el= | | means that the lengths of @ and @ are equal ayttneir directions may an not be the same. In this case, a = 6 ifthe airectior Hence, if | a l=] B i then a =+8. ns are ne and a =-8 if the directions are not same. (iii) When | a l= 5 |, then lengths of @ and @ are equal but their directions may or alice not be the same. So, | @ | = | e | does not —_ always imply that @ =b. Example 3. Prove that — Ca = ae . am ay; oe Solution. Let a= A 3 B > me > > — a =~ AB=BA Fig. 5 > cmt => > -(- a) =- BA = AB=a >. O° Hence, -(-a)=a. i Example 4. ABCD isa parallelogram. If AB = @ , BC = 6 , then > i> a> > 72> > show that AC=a+ 6b and BD=6-a. Solution. Here ABCD is a parallelogram such that > — > > au = id, ang. BC = ei > > > ea AB = DC = @ and BC=AD=-b From AABC, AC = AB+BC [By triangle law of addition\ > > > * AC =a+b Also, from A ABD, c > -> > BD = BA+AD ie > = b = —-AB+BC > > - [-- AD = BC] A a 7 a a ld Fig. 6 =-a+b=b-a samen JAYPRE Mary Weg AT Krample 5. if a An and b BC are two, oer hexagon ARCDEF, find the vectors Ch, pe ae and CE in terms of @and 8. (CBSE Sampi, "pe, Solution. Here ABCDEF is a regular hexagon Such that Ah ” ay Re 2 8 "ng ay AC = AB + BC - a+ . () Since AD |[BC and AD=2BC 4 >» AD = 2BC=28 2) From AACD, » 3» > ab AC, CD = AD Fig 7 > > > »~ 27> => CD = AD-AC = 26 -(a+ b) Wsing dang, we “Il eb-a » 8) Now, DE — BR > : DE = BA = =u Also, EF ||CB cae te » > => > ; EF = CB=-BC=-6 Similarly, FA ||DC and FA = DC > Db > a FA = DC= eet (6) [Using (3)) > > => Also, AE = POeDE 2b - aig eT) [Using (2) > > >> > and ck = CD+DE=(0-a)-e=b-Be. 8) Example 6. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, prove that > > +> >» HX > AB + AC + AD + AE+ AF = 3AD. Solution. Here ABCDEF is a regular E hexagon. tein AC, AD and AE. => Now, AB+AC+AD+AB4+ AP F > > > > > = (AB + AE) + (AC + AF) + AD > - =. > a A =(ED+AE)+(AC+CD)+AD_ ...(1) >_> > > |. AB = ED ; AF =CD) > > 4 Now in A AED, set AD ay Ri and in A ACD, AC +CD = ALO vy ont ‘ pram 1 an ids ent AC + AD+ ABe Av » Ab ’ Ab ‘ Ab * BAD mple 7 (i) Let O be the centre of the remular hexagon pO ar tancan ote cree ee all veo rawn from the octagon to its vertices is the zero vector, — oe (4) Here O i# the centre of the regular hexagon ABOUY gince O ia the mid-point of straight line AD Abe é p Oh--Ob = OA+OD« 6 way / similarly, OB+ OK = 0 (2) rt 0 +0F = 6 (4) Adding (1), (2) and (4), we have > > > > ? , > OA + OB + OC + OD + OF + OF = O (ii) Let O be the centre of regular octagon ABCDEFGH. Since O is the mid-point of straight line AE ae > ~~ > > OA=-OE = OA+OE= 0.11) > Similarly, OB+OF = 0 AZ) > > => OC +OG = 0 AB) a > > and OD +OH = 0 4) Adding (1), (2), (3) and (4), we have > => > > > —> > > > OA + OB + OC + OD + OE + OF + OG + OH = 0 Hence, the sum of all vectors drawn from the centre of a regular octagon to its vertices is a zero vector. Example 8. If D is the middle point of side BC of a triangle ABC, > > > Prove that AB + AC =2AD. c Solution. In AABD and AACD, we have > > > AB+BD = AD A) and => > > AC+CD = AD (2) k (By triangle law ofaddition) Fig. 11 8 ee we have are AB +AC+BD+CD=2AD (3) Bi > — “> ut, BD+CD = 0 i BD and cD are sequal in anc and opposite in directions} — From (3), AB + AC = 2AD. VRC/R —————— —TAYERE MATHIEU gp Keample 9, ABCD isa Cee er i that BA. BC+ CD+DA=2BA, Solution, Hore ABCD is a quadrilateral. Join BD > > > » Now, BA) BC+ CD + DA > > > » =BA + (BC + CD) + DA > > » BA + (BD + DA) ‘ > > > BA + BA =2BA " - > > aA 8 lence, BA + BC 4 CD + DA= 2BA. Fig. 12 Example 10. If AC and BD are diagonals of a Parallelog, ABCD, show that ram (i) AC+BD-2BC ii) AC-BD=2AB >> + > D> Solution. (i) AC + oo = a + as + AD) (AB + BA)» BE + BE BC = AD) 5 0 + 2BC = = 2BC- BD = (ab +BO)- “(BA +AD) (AB BA) + Be ayu (ii) A Fig. 13 " (ab + Ab) + BC- BO le - = 2AB+0 = 2AB. Example 11. ABCD is a parallelogram and P is the point of intersection of its diagonals. If O is any exterior point, then show that So) 6 ee > D OA + OB + OC + OD =40P. Xd Solution. In A OAC, P is the mid-point of AC > > > ‘ OA+OC = 20P —...) LATS In A OBD, P is the mid-point of BD. a& a 7B > > > SS. es Ot OB+OD = 20P __...(2) - we Ve Adding (1) and (2), we have > > > > 14 OA + OB +OC+OD = 40P. re Example 12, If O is any point within A ABC and P, Q, Rare the | mid-points of the sides AB, BC and CA Dhnamenleed prove that + OA + ob +00 - OP +0Q +OR- Solution. In A OAB, P is the mid-point of AB. » > ree al Now, OA + AP OP and OB + BP = OP [By triangle law of additie" ir — wes — Vow Ae addind on uN AP RP. gop ’ OAOR RPL BP ao » » . _ : 1 AP PR MP\ OA) OB © 20P (yy in NOBC, Qis ; rar gamitartys i OBC, Qs the mid-point of H OB + OC = 20Q (2) \oca, Ris the mid-point of CA, in » > > OC + OA =20R (3) 1), (2) and (3), we have Adding ( fee is > > 4 OA + OB + OC) = 20P + OQ + OR) > > > > > >» Hence, OA + OB +0C = OP +0Q. OR. grample 18. Give the geometrical significance of the relation > > > gebiels- Ol: | » » > » Solution. Let OA~ a and AB~ b . Complete the parallelogram > > . 5 anc. Then Oc b and CB= a From \ OAB, we have al ig 15 + 3 > OA + AB = OB >> > > a+b =OB oA) From A OCA, we have > — > OC +CA = OA | -~23> 4 > b+CA =a : > >> ' > CA =a-b 2) >> »~ > Now, if ja+b|=|a-b|, then \0B| = \CA| => OB=CA ‘Thus, the diagonals of parallelogram OABC are equal. i Hence, OABC is a rectangle and therefore OA | OC ie., vectors @ and are perpendicular. _ Example 14, Prove that the lines joining the mid-points of the it sides of a quadrilateral form a parallelogram. Solution. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. Let P, Q, R, S be the mid- bants of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. ~ Now, PQ = PB+BQ > Also. SR Fig 17 = PQ and sR are “ara and equal. Similarly, we can show ha Sp and RQ are paraliel and equal. Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram —_ EERCISE FOR PRACTICE wid 3 og anenfina 15 bl~22 | and 102 i a s 2 are the Mavetid represented by the sides of a triangle taken Nn L 2 order, then prove that 2 + t + 70 3. OPQRS is a pentagon, Prove that @ Oi a Gi + 80 a i) OP 08+ + PQs + + la-90R vectors @ ond B, prove that | a 4 Bislal[e| 4, For any tw! 5. Ifthe sum of the two vectors is a unit vector, show that the magnitude of their difference is 3 6. Show that the sum of three vectors, determined by the medians of a triangle, directed from the vertices is 7er0. 1, 15,6,0. POSITION VECTOR The position vector (P.V,) of a point A with respect toa fixed point, say O, is a vector OA The fixed point is called the origin. To express a vector in terms of position vectors of its end points. O, Let the position vectors » Let AB be the given vector and the origin be A B (P.V.) of A and B be a and } respectively, then >> > > OA« a and OB» b. Now, by triangle law of addition, ~» > > OA + AB = OB Fig. 18 RS. gf VECH | AB = OB - OA = B. al BB = Position vector of Posi Thus, any vector can be expressed ag tion Vector of A, te ti (Position vector of terminal Point )~ (Position vector of initial moo SOLVED EXAMPLES vo le 1. The positio; = pa -e M Vectors of four Points A, B, C, D are op--2a +4» BC = 8a +b, DA=-2 37. Solution. Here position Vector (P.V.) of As ie PV. of B = B, PV. of C = 30 497 and PV. ofD= 92 _ ah Now, AC = PV. ae Pv. ofA an = (8a +26) (a)= 2a 428 DB =PY. of B- PV of D ton 36) )=-20 448 BC = =PV. of [Link] = (Sa +2b)- o 3a aoe and DA aa of Pv. of D e og 3b) a ap eee 2. The position vectors of A, B,C areda - 88, a 2 +88, and — 4 + +8 respectively. Find the Mews AB, BC, AC i in terms of @ and iB Also, verity that AB + BC - AC, Solution. Here P.V. of A = 4a -3b , PV of B= renys [Link] =-5a+8 AB =P.V. of B~P.V. of A = (a +3b)-(4a-3b)=-30 +68 BC =[Link] [Link] B and = (-5a +b)-(a +3b)--6a -26 AC =PV. of CPV. of A =(-5a +b)-(4e -3b)=-90 +4B Now, AB+BC = (-3a +66)+(-6a -26) AAVHEE NATURA LTE VR! " » » pa idb © AC » » » ab he © AC () Show that the patate having position ,, 3) ae: a ¢ and la ° are collinear, *eton, (ii) Show that tho three pointe With Position veg, ab 4e and - 1b +100 collinear, or B. C be the points with position Veetoy | Hence, Kvample $ ae ' aos Be, e abs ges ya Solution. “a Lot A, aa 19d Bey a eat ry and 1a -¢ ” respectively ay =P. ofB-PY. ofA ea 126+ ge)-(-24 +96 +8) > ase |= ic i Also, Be ahah of C ~ hy B= Te - Bal +28 432) = a - 2b - ae 280 - b- 2e) 2) From (1) and (2) we have 2AB= BC. AB and BC are pul vectors, But B is a point common to AB and > Be Therefore AB and Be are collinear vectors. Hence, points A, B and C are collinear. a . : ie, > > o> (ii) Let A, B, C be the points with position vectors a - 26 +3c, « é » = Qa + 3b - de and —76 + 10c respectively. AB = aBY. fB5 RY. of A =(e +30 ~4e)- (a 26 4Se)= 2 +50 Te « > and BC = P.V. of C-P.V. of B= (- 7b + oe )- Qa +38 ~4e) > > » > > —»> = -2a-10b +14¢ = -%a +56 -Te) (2) From (1) and we have - 2AB=BO. Ab and Be are parallel vectors. But B is a point common to AB and BC: 6 > ; AB and BC are collinear vectors, Hence, points A, B and C are collinear. '- 32> > Example 4. a,b, c,d are the position vectors of the four distinct points A, B, C, D respectively. If ‘ - P » . . a then show that ABCD is a parallelogram, eo otto Ivisgiventhat bog.” d vd pv of B-PVAAEPV fC py [ oD An pe / AB =DC and AB I De tay h hr jjence, ABCD is» parallelogram Pa io a EXERCISE FOR = ee ition vectors of A, B, © i ; ee and Dare a, 6.20 +36 and 2-26 sespectvel’ Show that the vector DB 38) <7 ang age. ai? 4, show that the three points having position vectors a - 2b «3c. > > > 9a + 3b +2c and ~8a -130 are collinear 4, ABCDis a ‘parallelogram Let a, 0,2 be the position vectors of the vertices A,B,C respectively. Find the position vector of D ANSWERS 2733 c-bt+a cOMPONENTS OF A VECTOR IN TWO DIMENSIONS A A Ina co-ordinate plane XOY, let i and j be the unit vectors along the positive directions of x-axis and y-axis respectively and Pix, y) be any point in the plane. Draw PALOX and PB1 OY. Y Then by definition of co-ordinates, A A QA=xandOB=y. Also i and j are unit vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. > A > A OA = xi and OB=yj > 3 > > 3 Now, OP = OA+AP=OA+0B A 4 axit+yj Fig. 20 this form of a vector is called its ae form. Here OA and OB are called components of oP along 3 x-axis and y-axis respectively. Thus component of oP along x-axis is Af and along y-axis is a. Position Malet of point P with reference to O is given by OP (or 2 Peat type VEC/15 = a pa = (xg — Hy) E+ (92 = 1) 5 + (ze -z)h quantities (%q - ¥3) 2 — Y) and (z, — z,) are called the scalar ghe > ents of vectors PQ along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively and on! ra a A a! it: (oa - yy) F322 - z,)k are called the vector components of we | > pa: une 43 TUDE OFA VECTOR MW ES de of a vector PQ, where coordinates of P and Q are The magnitu' : — x) and (Xp V2» 2) respectively is given by (pv (ry IV = : ; : |PQ| = (ee - 41) +2 =)" + (2-4) In particular, if P(O, 0, 0) and Q (x, y, z) are the two points then > a & and | PQ| = yx? +9? +27, where ? is the et wt 2. pas Ets +? ’ position vector of the point Qand x z, y i zh are called the vector components . of r- Remarks : = For a vector in two dimensions, the magnitude of vector PQ, where coordinates of P and Q are (x,,y,) and (xp, yq) respectively . is given by | PQ| = \ (x2 =x)? +2 7) - - A A 2 If @ 2a,)+a,)+a3hand B = bf + by j + by, then v (ay +4)! + (ay +p) I + (@s +bg)h. L > a+ nN 3. If =a a+ a, p+ a, & and m is any scalar, then . a A ma = (ma)? + (may)} + (ma3)k 4. Twovectors @ = a, Seagft a, # and B= by Pt beh + bs k are equal if and only if their components are equal : te,, iff a, =),; a, = by and a, = 63. Vector joining two points : If P(x, 9 21) and Q(x, ¥2, 29) are any two points, then the vector joining the points P and Q is PQ and is given by > Aa a a PQ = (x2 - 1)? + (yg — WI + Za —Z)R and magni > agnitude of PQ = (x2 — x1)? + (Ye - 94) + 2-21) sy. N VBC/AM4 JAYPEE MA Here x, y are called the scalar components of ? and xt called vector components of 7 along the respective axis, a Also OP? = OA? + AP? = x? + y2 op = yx? +9? |OP| = yx? ty, COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR ALONG THE AXES (Vector Joining Two points) In a co-ordinate plane X' XOY, let i, ; be the unit vectors along ne and y-axis respectively. Let PQ be a vector in plane XOY whose j initial poi, is P(x,,y,) and terminal point is Q (x2, ¥9). " > A 4 Then, PQ = (x,-%,)i+(y2- MJ The quantities (x, -x,) and (y)—y,) are called components of vecto; of > A PQ along x-axis and y-axis respectively. The quantities (x, - x.) j and > (Yo - 1) ; are called component vectors of the vector PQ. COMPONENTS OF VECTORS IN THREE DIMENSIONS In a three dimensional rectangular co-ordinate system a => let ‘ jand & be the unit vectors along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. > Let PQ be a vector in space where co-ordinates of P are (x1, 92) and co-ordinates of Q are (%, Voy Z)- =~ a > > 2 Now, PQ = PR+RQ x M R > > 9 and PR = PM+MR Fig. 21 > > > XH PQ = PM+MR+RQ > Also, PM = (ty - x); > A> MR = (9) ~y4)}; RQ=(zp -2)h a —$—— THEM A, vee TIOS OF AVECTon 2 DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RA CTOR Np OF COMPONENTS . Sak be any vector Then the sealar , Let a ay th ae ds ‘Man, rat ecto 3 of a vector yf vector a ar the directtor , pe Hy, Ay, Ay 7 Thus, direction ratios of @ are 1 Ay by > A d r i Gita, j r Ito a,then @ : it vec le’ / Ifwe take unit vector paral ; Ja| ya; rat, Ee 7 2 fea, a i el to vector a vector a i.e., components of untt vector parallel to vector a are the dirmen, . ad cosines of a > —_—— «SOLVED Pe Example 1. Find the vector PQ joining the point P and Q ani find | PQ | for the following : (i) P(-1,-2); Q(-5,-6) (ii) PCO, 2); Q(5, 3) \HB 2010) (iii) PO, 1, 5); Q(- 1, 2, 3) (iv) P(2, 3, - 1); QC, 2,- 1) (v) P(3,-1, 7); Q(4, - 5, - D. (voi) P(6 i -25+3A);Q(B14+3) 428) Solution. (i) The given points are P(- 1, - 2) and Q(-5,-8) Here x,=-1, x)=-5, y,=-2, y=-6 > PQ = (x) — 41) b+ (yp -H)d A A =(-5-( Dp i+{-6-C Vl A A \ » -(~54+)i+(-642)j =-4i-4/ > Aliter : PQ = Position vector of Q — position vector of P A A A A ERE Gp yen oop) aces! a Also, 1PQ| 4v2 Ve ay? ay? \16 + 16 - 132 i) The given points are P(O, 2) ang 65, 3) VECNi il , 13 PQ = (5-01 4G 98 5}, 3 Pe fi Ee Oe le 5rr 38. iii) The given points are P(Q, 1,5) and Qe1 2, 3) Here #0 ORNs ta Saas ~> PQ =(x,-x ae +()- -»,) , +, -2)h =(-1- oF +(Q— v>} +(3- 5), A Aliter : A OA ati PQ = Position vector of Q - Position vector of P =Ctsofah sf. ~ 04 of Also, | PQ l= PQ = (P42) 8 B-(abs3)- b= en CoP eae. (iv) The given points are P(2, 3-1) and QQ, 2,-1) bo, [PQ] = CIP ea? Visi a. (v) The given points are P(3, — 1, 7) and Q(4, - 5, — 1) +> PQ Also, | PQ | . (vi) PQ = Position vector of Q — Position vector of P an nw “a A nN A i—5)-2)-(30- F472) nN age er 1244)? +8)? = Viv16 +64 = VBI =9. A OA An A A =(50 435 42h)- (61-27 43h) =~ 24 4+5j-k. AD A » A a \ a 4 > Example 2. lf a =31 -2j +k, b =2i-4j+k, find |a-2b|. : > Solution. Here a ee a-2b uw A A a ol _ =2p-apek Bi-2j+k, b=21-4) A AA 8) -2) 4k) 220-47 +h) hn BieGie ke (cae +a? = jf +3641 = V38. VIC JAYPEE Many, Example 3. Find the sum of the vectors; @ 4 t > (A Do b ste c i-6j-Tk. Nop, Solution. Let ? be the sum of the vectors @, 8 and 2 i Rh en Por Bid ah aR A Meet AT eb d gs J 1 I-24 DPE 24 HP +445 7yh 4 A S0t 4) 42k = ~4p 2h. Example 4. (i) Find a unit vector parallel to the vector Why Find the unit vector in the direction of the ais ' Ctor a:? i rj L2k. WNozen Solution. (i) The unit vector parallel to vector > (ie., in the direction of a vector z ) is given by > A A nw Here, a ~ He deah ial < ios f the Example 5. (i) Find a unit vector parallel to the 5¥” : A NA A AN A vectors 3i -2j +k and -2i+j-3k. (di) Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of th? a-204 2j-5R and b- 2t A oA Jj+3k. : solution. (i) Let @ = 30-2). hand Pe -204 9-38. i 7 represent the sum of the vectors @ and i. then rae eee (P27 +d 4234 9 3% =@-29?2+C2+nfsa—gh-3_ $28 > [ye re. i = = Prt =yl? +1? +2) = fisted a V6 > > = The unit vector parallel toa + 6 ie., ? is given by a r 1 3 AeA = ——= —(i-j-2k). 17] v6 “~ “A A > (ii) Here @= 27+27-5k and B= 274 )43h Let 7 represent the sum of the vectors @ and Be then > Pate 8 = 2+ +24y P4548 — =4at+3)-2% [P| = (4? +3? + 2)? = 29 The unit vector in the direction of ? is given by —s = Pete Latasp-2d 17] 29 49,3 9 2% ~ Yes * * Ye? Joa” > a a = a a Example 6. (i) If a =3i-5j and 6 =27+3), find a unit vector parallel to the vector a +20. ee, ae “ (i) Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector a — 25+3¢c, if? avs A fas +f, b=F+R and ealee. = A Solution. (i) Here @ = 3) -5j and 6 =2¢ +3) = A eS 2428 = (8P-5f)+ 227 43/)=72 + j > > > = i |a+28 | = (49+1=V50 = 5V2 | H : > => ©nce, unit vector parallel to the vector a +26 cat JAYPEE wate, S ATi , AAD AA C8, (ii) Here a= i+ j, b= /+% and c= i-k = > >? A A AON 7 Now, a@—2b+3c¢ =(i+j)-2Aj+k)+Hi+k) A . A -(143)i+0-Dj+(2+3)8 24) > iat) = faci? = = | @-26 +3e| = ¥47+CI" +1 = 16 +141 eT . > Hence, unit vector in the direction of the vector a — 2B +32 > > G-20+38e 1 gd a a ee ee jo 2b scl Example 7. (i) Find a vector in the direction of the Vector ~h4 23 that has magnitude 5. (ii) Find the vector in the direction of the vector - i-2j-a4 that has magnitude 7. (HB 213, | Solution. (i) Let @ = —?+2J . The unit vector in the direction | ane ja] [-t+2J] the given vector a is given by | Hence, the vector in the direction of @ and having magnitude 5 | A 1 A A —A oh =50=5,— (i +2j)=- V5 i+ W5j- v5 4 a (ii) Let @ = — 72427 +2k Hence, the vector in the direction of @ , having magnitude 7 A A LD 7a = Tete ag+ ee. : the ; of Example 8. Calculate the modulus and the unit vector ws A (ACA A A A ° 6k sum of vectors £+4j+2k,3i-3j-2k and -21-2J A 1 > » 5} Solution. Let @ =i+4j+2h, G=33-3)-24 VEC/21 i Ee ee ee IE IIE vcs! Beazer. drew Sum a Bt C= (148-204 (4-3 42) + (2-24 OA 2p 435 46R Modulus = | @+ 0+ ¢ |= (499436 = /49 =7 ee > > > Ase. the Wot vector in the direction of a + 6+ c¢ > > > a+bece en A A = | (Qi+37+6). kvample 9. the position vector a ofthe point (5, m) is such that 2 \- 138, find the value of n. solution. Here @ isthe position vector of point (5, n) > as a@ =5it+ny [ey = oeen acca > 13 = (25 +n? te fa | =73) 169 = 25+n? [Squaring] n2=144 > n= 12. aw aw aw haample 10. Write the direction ratio’s of the vector i +2j +3 k aud houce find its direction cosines. s A oA ; Solution, Let a= )+2) +3k be the given vector. Now, the direction ratios of vector are the components of the vector. 7 Direction ratios of vector a are < 1, 2, 3>. >. Now, unit vector along @ (or parallel to a )is given by > A a eset enareecey = Tel V1+4+9 v4 Lee ane R soe i to Jt Via‘ Via" V4 Now, the components of 2 e., unit vector parallel toa) are the ‘Wection cosines af the vector a Vio, direction cosines of @ are < ee _ Via’ Jaa" Vie _ “= ATIC, i JAYPEE Mary EM, VEC/22 | Example 11. Prove that the following points are Collin (i) (-3, 5), (- 2, 3) and (4, - 9) (ii) (3, - 2, 4), (1, 1, 1) and (- 1, 4, - 2). (iii) (2, 1, - 1), (3, - 2, D Se 4,- 3). nk (iv) (2343) +5%), (2 +23 +3h) and (77 —f), (CBsexy vo, Solution. (i) Let A (- 3, 5), B (- 2, 3) and C(4, — 9) be the given os « Position vectors ofA, Band Care ~ 3745 j, ~2743 and 4/ 9 respectively. AB = Position vector of B — Position vector of A Aa a A reds a = (-21+3j)-(C37+5j)=i-27 and AC = Position vector of C - Position vector of A a = (470-9))-(-30 45) A > =7)-14p=70 ~29)=7AB ~ > Thus the vectors AB and AC are either parallel or collinear, But Ais a point common to both the vectors. Hence, the points A, B and C are collinear. Gi) Let A(3, -2, 4),B 1, 1, 1) and C1, 4, — 2) be the given points, [Link] A = 87-23442, PV. of B= ta Pah and PV. of C =~? +4} 2h. Now, AB = PV. of B~P.V. of A A AA A ee = (i+ j+h)-(87~2}44)) nN A A =-2i+37_3% ~ AC = PV. of C_ PV. of A EN = C144 jah) (3} 2) 44h a AA A AB =~ 414+6j-6h=-9- 97437 3%) 22AB > = -. AB and AC are either parallel : int A is common to both the vectors. Pi or collinear. But point Hence, the points A, B, C are collinear. . > Aliter. AB=|AB|=|-22 437 98 =\C2° 32 aca? pee mC “VE 2048? 4-3)? = E959 = fB . yo VEC/23 f5. BC =|BC| 1+3j~3R| = (22 43? +03" 3)? = = tr905 - is 7 =|CA|=[41-6) +68] ~ fA? +6) +6? = 16s 36036 ~ V8 - 298 From (1), (2) and (3), we have AB+BC = 22 + 22 - 222 - CA li A,B, C are collinear (and B lies between A and C). (iii) Let A(2, 1, - 1), BUS, ~ 2, 1) and O(1, 4, ~3) be the given points. A AN [Link] A=2i4j)-h, [Link] B-3¢-2/ 48 wi [Link] C= fs 4j-9h > Now, AB =P.V. of B-P.V. of A A AN oA RA = (31-27 +k)-(2i4j-k)= i -3j+2k > AC =P.V. of C-P.V. of A A A ON A AL A A oA ag = (1447 -3k)-(2i4j-k)=-i+3j-2k | A A OA > i -(-1G -3j + 2k) =(- 1) AB | 4 > AB and AC are either parallel or collinear. But point A is common to both the vectors. Hence, A, B, C are collinear. . A LAA (iv) Let PV. of A = -2i+3)+5h, A A PV. of B= 742/43 and [Link] C= 7-8 - > Now, AB =P.V. of B- PV. of A tn Aon =(1 +2) +8h)-(-27 +3) 45k) h A A =3i-j-2k > BC = PV. of C-P.V. of B A = (TP- BC 25 498) rt =6)-2)-4h=2(8i - j- 2k) > > BC = 2AB Thus, Ab AB and BC are parallel or collinear. But point B is common to "AB ana Be BC. Hence, A, B and C are collinear. : VEC/24 JAYPEE MATH EY, Example 12. The position vectors of the Points A, p ANC ty A A ALA A OA OA AA ‘ - 4i437-k,5i+2j42k,2i-2j-3kand 4;j ~47 sah Show that lines AB and CD are parallel. TeePRetin, | Solution. We have, | nw Nw PV. of A= 47433-2, PV. of B= 52409, 54 4a Se A a P.V. of C = 2i-2j-38k, PV. of D= 4¢~4},.99 AB =P.V. of B—P.V. of A A w nN, n nN NA = (i 4+27+2k)-(47 +37 ~—h) nN nw An =P 74+38k and CD =P.V. of D-P.V. of C A A A A A a = (4-47 +3k)-(2i-27-3h) A A nw nw nw Xn. =21-27+6k=2i —- 7 +3hk) > > CD = 2AB > > Thus, the vectors AB and CD are parallel. Hence, lines AB and CD are parallel. Example 13. (i) A(1, 1, 1);B(2, 5, 0), C(3, 2, - 3) and D(1,-6,-1)are the vertices of a quadrilateral. Show that AB || CD and 1 = —CD. AB = 5C (i) If AQ, - 1, 3), BS, 5, - 6) and C(4, 1, 0) are the vertices of the > > triangle, show that | AB|=3| AC |, | Solution. (i) The given vertices are A(1, 1, 1), B(2, 5, 0), (3, 2,-3)a Di, -6,- D. | [Link] A= 24 f4h, PV. of B= 2745), | A A A PV. of C=37+23-3%, [Link]=1-6j-# | mA A AA AB = (27 4+5))-C 4p 4a p44p—8 Fi = A A ® ok CD = (7-~67-2)-(@i+2)-3h) --20-8/ 1? Aw -> =- 2 +4F-%)=-2aB = ~> Thus the vectors AB and CD are parallel y a eee (0S. ——$—___ VEOH wt? » | ye Also. | AB | 9° nt -|- het 1 [abl =) 2! D] AB= CD. (ii) The given vertices are A(2, -1, 3), B(8, 5, ~6) and C4, 1,0) SA OK A PV. of A= 21-3 43h, PV. of B= 8) 45/64 A A ni PNOFC EAT 4G > AA A AB = (81 +5)-6h)—(27— 49h) =6/46)-9h > SN AD ao AC = (41 + j)-20—j'+32) ef 40? ah) eS = | AB| = (36 +3681 =3V4+449 3/17 > Eee al JAC| =V44449 = J17 > 4 Hence, |AB| = 3] AC]. Example 14. If A (2, 1, 3), B(2, - 3, 4), C(- 1, 2, 7) are the three > > points, then find a point D such that | AB |= 51eD| and AB || CD. Solution. The given points are A(2, 1, 3), B(2,— 3, 4) and C(— 1, 2, 7). Let D(x, y, z) be the required point. A NN OA Ss ©. Position vectors of A,B,C and Dare 2i+j+3k, 21-3) 44k, A OA A A nA : ~t+2j+T7k and xi+yj+zk respectively. > A AN A A A Now, AB = (27-37 +48)-(20.4j 43h) =-4p +h : DR and GD = (xb yp 4z2k)—C t+ 2) +72) : A A = (x+Dit(y—-2) j+(2-TDk 4 > Since | AB| = 31001 and AB || CD (Given| : ih ~4pak = haenisy-aF+e-08) = zed ig Yo 4g 2272 2 > 2 2 x=-1, y =-84+2=-6,2=2+7=9 Hence, the required point D is (- 1, - 6, 9). JAYPER MAT) ti 8. Rrample 15. (i) 'fthe fodttten ae vertices ot ay ‘ang, are Ak eve aR, B abi afrh MTA show agin triangle is equilateral. (ii) If A, B, C have position vectors (2, 0, 0), (0, 1, 9) and (9 show that A ABC is isosceles. 0, ») Solution. (i) We have, AB = PY. of B-P.V. of A 4 A A = (P43, +R-G 42) 482) = i+j-ak BC =P.V. of C—P.V. of B “A A AW, A = GPa p2k-ahrapek = 2,2 CA =[Link] A-PV. of C =(P42)43%)-() 4) 422) Now, AB = |AB| = Vivi+4 = 6 =|BO| = jIv4e1=J6 =|CA| = fasts =J6 Sides AB, BC and CA of the triangle are equal. Hence, AABC is equilateral. ~2rapih 7 SF > (ii) Let a, b and c be the position vectors of the points A, B andC respectively. Then > A> A> A a4 =2i,b=j,c=2k ~> A A AB =P.V. of B-PYV, of A= j- at=-2ts} A BC = =PV. of C-PV. of B= 22 f= Paak CA =[Link] A- PV. of C= 27-28 > > AB + BC +CA e(- ata Pee fa oh4e) 2h) a> = C2497 40-1) H(2-Wk= 0 . ABC is a triangle. oe! AB = |AB]= (2)? v1? = 6 7 9 9 = |BC]= 1? 29 — Ys NS : . = ICA] /2? 4 (2)? — Vg Since AB = BC, therefore AARC is isosceles, - Viney wa ee sarranms . pape ES Ai dhe hoaitton veetorg at the vertion A, u, G anal Dd ‘ tritatornal are : ipa % ge ' aj h, “ ; qe i ' 5 ' bk and a Sak respoctiv oly, then show that ABCD is a square, vyitf , \ Cn caw dions, Hore PV of Aw Fi Fabs PV Bs ah aapek : \ \ \ py ot & 1b 18a, PVof De apeapi gk > AW | DV of BE PV. of A A eA \ \ ( Bbhrdgaky-G Tyke -siva)} > BE & PVoof C- PV. of B \ \ \ \ NN A A \ Erb VBA HQ tage Moi + srak CY = PV. of D- PV. of CO A \ A \ \ \ \ \ Qeray1rb-(— Fr bF tbh) Si - 387 DA = PY. of A~ PY, of D LNA » \ \ N OA A = rer ky Qi reQjr+bb=s-F-f-4h > i Now, [AB = fea)? ys? = v8 ~ 82 > no : we] = Vaya? = fis .3V2 > aaa a - JOD] = Ja? 13 = vi8 = 8V2 > ee = a WDA] = vont p+ 4? = V8 = 8v2 > >» > > JAB] = [BC] [CD|=|DA| = AB=BC~ CD DA > Also, AC = PV. of C-P.V. of A c ‘ “ A A a ae Pr oPBd—(ha Pe Maer pa ak ‘i oo ena Ga JAC] = fem a2 4a? = v4 1 16416 = V36 = 6 and : : BD = P.V. of D-P.V. of B A Nw nw “a =P aPsBR-C2rrapeh=4ai—-2p ear ‘ open a ee = IBD] = ya? +e aaa? = 16 +4 +16 - J36 - 6 JAC] =|BD] = AC=BD are wees all tho four sides of the quadrilateral are equal and its diagonals © equal, Honeo, ABCD is a square. components are 7 } and 4 i along x-axis and y. axis repo Solution. Hore the initial point is A (5, 6). Let the t Buy). -> Aa a Then, AB = (x —5)i #(y-8)/ termina, Thus the vector component! of AB along x-axis = (4 _ 5); | vectors component of AB along y-axis = (y — 6) j } Now, it is given that the vector components of AB along x. -axig 8 ang y-axis are — 7 ? and 4p respectively. & x-5=-7 => x=-2 and y-6 =4 > y=10 Hence, the co-ordinates of the terminal point B are (- 2, 10) Example 18. Find the co-ordinates of the tip of the PO8ition -> vector which is equivalent to AB , where A = (— 1, 3), B = (-2,1), aes 4 Solution. Let O be the origin and OP be the vector equivalent to Be > Then oP =x 7 + yp and P(x, ¥), the tip of position vector OP , is the required point. Here A=(-1,3)andB=(-2, 1) y A oA PV. of A = -i +3) nn and P.V. of B= -2t4+ 7 AB = P.V. of B-P.V. of A a4 A oA =-2t4+j-(-i+3)) A A =-7i-2j N OP = AB a ete P(x, y) A " A oA => xityj =-i-2j Fig. 22 = x=-1l and y=-2 valent!” Hence, the co-ordinates of the tip of the position vector equivalen > AB are (- 1, - 2). ad its a Example 19. Let PQ bea vector whose magnitude is 8 u™ . it makes an angle of 60° with x-axis. Find the components ° along x-axis and y-axis. KS Jution lore. PQomnakes an angle of 60° with yaxis so! » Magnitude of the component of PQ along x-axis > | PQ |] cos 60° | (8 x | 4 units > ‘Yhe component of PQ along x-axis is | 4, gainee co8 BO" is positive, tho direction of this component is along OX. > Ayn, PQ makes an angle of = 80° with y-axis. » Magnitude of component of PQ along y-axis > | PQ | feos 30°) | 8 cos 30° V3 2 8 AV3 units Fig. 23 The component. of PQ along y-axis is +43. Yince cos (~ 30°) = cos 30° is positive, the direction of this component is along OY. Example 20. Find the magnitude of component of the vector AB where A is (1, 0) and B is (6, 0) along the direction y = —x in the increasing direction of x. Solution. Lect O be the origin. y 2 n ad Clearly, AB = (6-1)81(0-O)j = 4% > > |AB| =4 units and AB acts along OX. > _ Now, AB makes an angle of 315° with the directed line y = — x in the direction of x-increasing. Also, cos 315° = cos (360° — 45°) cos 45° = = >0 v2 Magnitude of required component > | AB || cos 315° | (4 x | = 2/2 units Fig. 24 v2 Since cos 315° > 0, the direction of this component is along OC, ie., the line y =~ x in the direction of x-increasing. ‘lon, " il. 12. 12, . Find the vector PQ in terms of 1, 7.4, joining the : oS . Given @ =. 3h rdf, B=d7 45), ec . Find the unit vector parallel to the sum of vectors @ = . The three vertices A, B, Cofa parallelogram ABCD are (- 2, >; . Write the direction ratio’s of the vector @ = i + . Show that the points P(2, 6, 3), Q(1, 2, 7) and R(3, 10, 10. Points py Lo 5 so, find the magnitude 12, ‘. QU, 1,5). Also, find the ie , ~ oe -1 +34 ;compute (i) a+28 Wi)a+b+e (i ar20-2 oe SA . Finda unit vector in the direction of vector a = 27 + Sy +k. : > A A . Find a vector in the direction of vector @ = 7-2) that has magnitude; Units hea Qisazl 5k a > A A A b=it+Qjr3k. fae was . . If a, b are position vectors of the points (1, — 1), (- 2, m); find the Vaheoty for which @ and B are-collinear. »— 1), (3,0),(1,-9, respectively, Find the co-ordinates of vertex D. A oA Jj-2k andhence calculate its direction cosines. ~— Ware collinear, Prove that the points whose position vectors are given by a: Bros i, on A A aA A ; b=i-3j-5k, ce =38i-47-4k form a right-angled triangle. Show that the four points A(6, — 7, 0), B(16, -19, - 4), C(O, 3, - 6) and > > D(2, ~ 5, 10) are such that AB and CD intersect at the point P(1, - 1,2). Wa =T42743R and B=2044) 5% represent two adjacent sides ofa parallelogram, find unit vectors parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram. ANSWERS Tapeh; Ve a a x Ran . () Bt 4 lay (i) 127 iii) 674 23 AA TA WA 34 64 ar tae tak 4. jr i-=y) & itt) vis ia” Vita i 6 To m=2 1. (-4,-3) 1 <1, 1,-2>; <~=,-=,--L> V6’ V6’ V6 1 gi46j-28); ee sod_at) ~(3 R); = (i+ Qj — head vegeta: yscrons ————— zy cTION FORMULA SE To find the position vector of the pment joining two given points in the se proof. Let O be the origin (a fixed point) and @ and & VBC/31 Point which divides the line ratiom:n,. be the > >» : =a and OB- 6. Let r pethe position vector of the point C which divide: pe 's AB internally in the ratio mil AC _m At _¢ __$ ts ier CB on + ane a ir = a nAC =mCB b > ad Also, AC and CB are in the same direction. Oo > — Fig. 25 nAC = mCB +) > ea ~ > -> But AC = OC-OA=r a ae > > —> -> and CB = OB-OC: b- +r .. From (1), we have -> > > > n(r oa) =m(b-r) > > > - = KP AG = mb~ms > > > > > > > > mrinr=mb+tna => (m+n)r=mb+na > > 7 mb+na Cor. 1. Mid-point formula. If C is the mid-point of AB, then m =n ie. C divides AB in the ratio 1:1 and hence the position vector of the mid- point of A and B is given by ~ > +~ > P akiasthb_ arb "Val 2 > Cor. 2. If C divides AB externally in the ratio m:n; then -> > > “a “> na-~mb mb-na ree mn m-n n, rt u SSS = soiven EXAMPLES —————— Example 1. (i) Consider two points P and Q with position vectors Yi > 2 a : ru = 8a — 26 and 0a + a + b. Find the position vector of a point whi, ich divides the line joining P and Q in the ratio 2:1 (a) internally and (b) externally. INCERT) VEE ___JAYPEE Matiiey % ee Gi) Find the position vectors of the points whi internally and externally in the ratio 3: 4, the join o¢ i divig, ie Poin a:ib,&a- b. (iii) Kind the position vectors of a point which divig, ny 8 the jo, of points with position vectors $i +2j—k and af 9 my ey respectively in the ratio 2: 3 internally and externally, y+ Solution. (i) (a) When the point R divides the line joining P ang the ratio 2: L internally, then Qin 4 b) 1.(3 ; 2. +1.@a Position vector of R SEC 201 (b) When Rt divides the line joining P and Q in the ratio 2: 1 then external, — : > > Position vector of R= b-a, (ii) Let A. and B be the given points with position vectors 7 7 i. and > > 2a — b respectively. Let P and Q be the points dividing AB in the ratio 4 internally and externally respectively. Then using section formula, we have Position vector of P = > > jai} > > == (10a + 6) uf > > ~~ > 3(2a - b)-4(a + b) 3-4 > > - > a 20-7) gaa, a u Position vector of Q (iii) Let A and B be the given points with position vectors A nA i S : ni 42j)-hand ~i 137 14k respectively. Let P and Q be the points dividing AB in the ratio 2:3 internally and externally respectively. Theo using section formula, we have Ay han A oa : P43) 44h) +381 + 25-9 Position vector of P = ee eee 243 a = a + 2 jek 5 5 A Aa A ee . h-2(-i +3j+4h) Position vector of Q = : — owe A A 1li-1lk. VEC/33 ‘ind the position vector of a point R which divides gxample 2.F : > > jine joining two points P and Q, whose position vectors arc i e >» 2? d > > tively (2a 4 6) and (a - 36), externally in the ratio 1 : 2. esPe a that P is the mid-point of the line segment RQ. Ms 5 i (CBSE 2010; NCERT | solution. Here R divides the line joining two points P and Q, whose : > > > 3 jon vectors are respectively (2a + 6) and (a + 36), externally in the sii pos! 9, Then by section formula, patio Ls eu 1(a —3b)-2(2a +) Position vector of R= ie (a +5b)+(a Now, mid-point of RQ = rs > => _ 4a +2b 2 Hence, P is the mid-point of line segment RQ. > > = 2a + b = Position vector of P Example 3. Find the mid-point of the vector joining the points paps3)+4k) and Q(4i4j-2h). (NCERT| Solution. Let a and = be the position vectors of P and Q respectively. Then a =2043+4h and 6 = 47+} -2h Let R be the mid-point of the join of PQ a+8 i (ahaapvak+is j- 2h) *. Position vector of R " 2 2 Paap e2k 90.09. % = SEMESTER = sir ai ek. ote 4. Show that the points A(I, - 2, - 8), B(G, 0, - 2) and , 3, 7) are collinear and find the ratio in which B divides AC. (INCERT} a ae Let «, 8, ¢ be the position vectors of the points »~2,~8), B(5, 0, — 2) and C(11, 3, 7) respectively Gs hia? 8h, Ca=50-2h, ¢ = 1p 43p4Th Let B divides AC in the ratio k : 1 internally ~~ \ ! JAYPER May a MAH ALE +37 + 7A UE 9) 2 Position vector of B i !-2; 8h) While Bk-24 Thag, kit) kil Rye im > But position vector of B= 51 ~ 2k Ging, A A oA me ‘7 1-2k Tk-8 => = k+l 2 Solving each of these equations, we get k = 3 Thus, for k = ; , the point of division coincides with point B, Hence, the points A, B and C are collinear and B divides AC internally in the ratio - :1 ie, 2:3. _Example 5. If P and Q are the mid-points of the diagonals AC and BD respectively of a quadrilateral ABCD, then prove that > > > > >» AB + AD + CB+CD = 4PQ- Solution. Here ABCD is a quadrilateral and P and Q are the mid. points of diagonals AC and BD respectively. 1 - Oo) Let a } o a be the position wectors of A, B, C and D respectively. Then au Dd) position vectors of P and Q are = and > -> 6 is respectively . - Ala) Bo) PQ =P.V. of Q-PV. of P Fig. 26 | (> >) > 22 eeelig.g 23 om 2 | { 2 \ > > > +» 4 = s Now, AB+AD+CB+CD =(8-2)1(d-2)+(B- 4) — > a 2b42d-2a-2¢ =2(brd-a-°) 1 [16 4d-2-0)]- 4pQ. (using) _ mple 6 Prove that the line joining the mid. spouts of the kee mot a triangle is parallel to the third side and half of it. wt ABC be a triangle such fe = VEC ion. | ; win are the mid-points of its sides Ala) ii zis respectively. Leta, b, c bethe ypand! vectors of the vertices A, B and C anen * sly. Then poe vectors of D and meectivelY, 7 D E 31 and a4 ¢. respectively. pare 7 2 5K =P.V. of B- P.V. > * now, DE ° nui Be) ae) 2.3 Fig. 27 a fea ba: BC = i(e - b= Ley. of C-P.V. of B)= 5 a M DE || BC. ee ae a Also, DE = |DE|=5|BC|=> BC 2 2 Hence, DE || BC and DE= $ BC. Example 7- Using vectors, prove that if a pair of opposite sides ofa quadrilateral are equal and parallel, then it is a parallelogram. Solution. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral and let the position vectors of Ay leebt ps 2 vertices A, B, C and D be na 6, c and a respectively. Since it is given that a pair of opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equaland parallel, i.e., AB=DC and AB ||DC > ~ - — AB = DC DO) cc) > 2 > > b-a=c-d ee > 2 ad atcz=b+d = ) A(@) B > > > -> i * da +e) = 504d) Fig. 28 mig P.V. of the mid-point of AC = P.V. of the mid-point of BD i.e., the “points of diagonals AC and BD are coincident. Thus, the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other. Hence, ABC) is a parallelogram. = Example 8. Prove that the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect other if and only if it is a parallelogram. ite a n2tution. Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Now, we have to prove that Sonals bisect each other. Let the position vectors of the vertices A, B, Cand yy oy Doe | a,b, ¢ and ad respectively. ach VECI36 Since ABCD is a parallelogram, therefore AB =DC and AB ||DC oem Dd) =D >> > > > 2 b-a=c-d | a + . | > ogee e Ala) he Mb 1? > 12 Fig. 29 > =(b+d) ==(a+ec) 2 2 -. P.V. of the mid-point of BD = P.V. of the mid-point of AC Thus, the mid-points of diagonal AC and BD are coincident, Hence, diagonals of parallelogram ABCD bisect each oe Conversely : Let ABCD be a quadrilateral such thatits diagonals); each other. Now, we have to prove that it is a parallelogram, bisa Since diagonals AC and BD bisect each other “. P.V. of the mid-point of AC = P.V. of the mid-point of BD > 3 > > (a+c) _(b+d) = ———- = 2 2 > 3 UO > ate =bid wl) 232 FO 2 b-a=c-d > 3 > AB = DC . AB =DC and AB ||DC >z- 34 8S > Again, from(1), d-a=c-—b ~> > > AD = BC M AD=BC and AD ||BC Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram. - Example 9. Show that the sum of three vectors determined by the medians of a triangle directed from the vertices is zero. | Solution. Let ABC be a triangle and let the Na) 25 > position vectors of vertices A,B,C be a, b and c respectively. Let D, E, F be the mid-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. Then position vectors F E Pi 27me7[ 8O > > of D, E and Fare 27° + ay a+b 0 : : : : Bi) D respectively. Fig. 30 VEIT ans aoncetnnatneeeemmene REL ap BE cr > . > > , , i “fee jens! ‘| 2 2 y _ > eta . Sib c-Ratora ah +a+b-20) > Q . Hence the result. ivample 10. Show that tho straight line joining the mid-points rtwo non-parallol nidos of a trapozium is parallel to the parallel ial and half of their sum. m Solution. Lot ABCD be the given _ CO > -> > ? trapezium and let a, 6, ¢ and d bo the ‘ octorn of the verticos A, B,C and D position v roupoctively, Lot P and Q bo the mid-points of AD and ING renpoctively Then tho position vectors of P i I bre ase i and Q are 2 and 3 rospoctively. Fig. 31 > > Since DC is parallel to AB , therefore there exists some positive scalar > ~ DC = mAB P.V. of C—P.V. of D = m(P.V. of B~ P.V. of A) muuch that > > > > > (e ~d) =m(b-a) wl) > Now, PQ = P.V. of Q- P.V. of P B if oe i > o> > > | | d ge ~a)s(e-d)l 2 1? > >» = 9!“ b —a)+m(b- a) (Using (1)) 1 2 _2)-1 ums aB ES —~a)=—(m4 gi" +1)(b- a) 2 m +2) PQ | Thus PQ in parallel to AB. Now, since AB is parallel to CD, therefore “also parallel to CD. VCS - — Also, from (2), we have PQ= = (AB) m(AB) 1 (AB) _ DC 1 AB : : 2 bene AB4 DC a W Thus, PQ Hence the result. = EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE — 1. Find the position vector of the point See divides i and Aerng nly the ratio 2: 3, the join of points 2 c -3 bi and 3 z -2 x 2. Find the position vector of a ae ae ee the Hine joining '6 pointy and Q, whose position vectors are(? + 25 = h) and (— 2 + 7 4 hy Teapeety in the ratio 2: 1 (i) internally and (ii) externally. 3. Prove that the medians of a triangle meet in a point. | 4. Prove that the lines joining mid-points of the adjacent sides of a form a parallelogram. quadrilaterg 5. Show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if itg diagonal, bisect each other . : ANSWERS w> 13- lA ans i 27 -2 bob are teap ih W-90 3h, 5 SCALAR (OR DOT) PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS Let @ and e be ‘any a vectors and let 6 be the angle between the direction of — Gand 8. Then the scalar product of @ and bis | denoted by a. 8 andis defined as Ca 2 @.6=|a||b |cosd, where |@ | =aand| 6] =6. From the above definition, itis obvious that a. 6 is a scalar quanti since | @ |, | B | and cos @ are all scalars, a. b is also called dot produ and read as a dot b. The product @.8 is Positive, negative or zero according a5 ° * acute, obtuse or right angle. Some Remarks : 1. Length of a vector as a scalar product. Let @ be 2ny then the scalar product of ¢ with @ is given by > SS > > mi : a.a=|a||a | (cosine of angle Sena : : between @ and a) a a|cos0®° =|? ? jal lal lal lala |e [2 (cosoe tl d and in this case, we > > y if a= orbs é, then 6 is not define aS . >_> = -j _b =0, then either a = 0 or bo Occ a, e o=% bee oe oy > 4.J£ a and b are two non-zero vectors, then @.6 = 0 if and only a and 2 are perpendicular to each other (ie., 8 = 90°), Mu >> > > 5.1f6=0, then a.b =|a| ||. Inparticular, ¢.¢ = Ja [2. >> >,,? ¢.1f0=n, then a. b =-|@| |b |. In particular, @(-2) =-|¢@ |2. 7. Angle between two vectors is given by cir >> cos 0 = 2 => = cos! a.b [ay1B| [ale > 8. If @ and 6 are like vectors, then 6 = 0 > a ane > b =|@||B| cos0=ab. g.1f @ and B >> > ‘ are unlike vectors, then 0 =7 b= |a| al cos m =— ab. > 10. If @ and & arc orthonormal (i.e., perpendicular) ‘then 6 = oi > 22 =ab cos 5 = 0, which is the condition of perpendicularity of two vectors. 11. If : h. R are three unit vectors along three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes, then OD = 1.1. cos 0°=11=1. AA Similarly, jij =1 and &.k =1 Also, ae 11. cos 2 =1.0=0 AN AA AN Similarly, }.2 = 0, 8.0 =0, 3-1 =0, %.J =0, i.k =0 SEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT . The scalar product of two vectors is the product of the modulus of cither vector and the projection of the other in its direction. i +> a ae eae a.b = | a | (Projection of 6 on @) 2 > Bz =| B | (Projection of @ on b) vy” on JAYPER MATH, A THEM ATI. i hy > : Projection of 6 on a= > Projection of @onb = PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT Property I. The scalar product of two vectors is COMM Utative jn. ; @, 2D 2 O @ and v are any two vectors, then a.b = b.a. Property II. The scalar product of two vectors is associative With respect to scalars i.e., if @ and rf are any two vectors and Misa As scalar, then \ >> >> > > (ma).b = m(a.b) = a.(m,b) Property III. The scalar product of two vectors is distributive with ‘ ~ ee ee to addition i.e., if a,b,c are any three vectors then Pid 2F Pb + ce a. +a.c Property IV. If @ and B be two vectors, then. > > > > > a.b =0 © a=0 or 6=0 or ANALYTICAL FORM OF SCALAR PRODUCT Let the vectors a and e be defined as > A > als. 7 a a @t+a,j+ag,k and A A A A A A =(GQ)i +a, j+agk).(b,i +b, 7 +bgk) > A A A a b= brit by j tbh Then, a. B= AN AN AN = ayby(i. i) + ayby (ij) + aybg(i.k) A AN An + gby(F. 1) + dydy(J J) + dgbg(j-F) AA AN + aiyh,( Rei) + agby(h.j) + agbsll-®) 7S Hence, a. b =a,b, + a,b, + agb, ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS If 6 is the angle between two vectors | 7 | @=a,i+@,)/+a,4 and B = bb + by jp tdyh then 2? FO 2 a.b =|a|| 6 |cos@ oe See eer VEC pes = — — we >—> Also. ab = aby + agby + agb, {From eq. (1) above| >» abit agby + @ydy= | a || 6 [cos 0 ab, + Agby + agb. cos 0= —+ 1+ Ayby + daby Ja |} o| > Sas pes See a 2 2 2 3 7 Now, la] = yay" +a," +a," and | 6 | = Jo? + b, + b; a,b, + cos 0= abi 4 | Apbs = abs + +b + ro mater’ «ay pe ag jp Hay h = Mb, E+ Dy P+ bh) = a, = by, Gy = Abyag= Ab, => Sh = G2 =SB=, bby bg 2.1f a is perpendicular to B, then 6 = 90°, @.B =abcos90°=0 = a,b, + ayb, + ayby = 0. )os ————:=SOLVED EXAMPLES —_———a Example 1. Wf @ =34-3+2k, B=? -3k,¢ =? +23, then find >> > > @) a.b Gi) b.e Git) | a | (iv) (@ + Be @) (@+26).0 = > Solution. Here a = Bi - f+ 2k, b = ?-38 and © = P+2p i) 2.8 = 3t-f+2h.G-3® = (3)(1) + (110) + (2-3) = 3+ 0-6 =-3, ii) Bie = G-3b. G42) = (1)(1) + (0X2) + (30) = 1+04+0=1. (ii) Ja] = /32+C12)+(2)? =/9+1+4 =V14 (wv) 4B = hf 2b+G-3b x = (B+1+C14+0) +2-Hk=470-F-R 4B .2 = aP-F-D.P 42h = (4\(1) + © 12) + (100) = 4-2 4 0=2. (wv) aa = ah-f+2B+20-3h a VECH2 JAYPEE Mary Eun a a A = (8+2)1+(-14+0) 7 +(2-6)3 = 57 -p-4k Gob Gr an ah (BHD) +10) + 41-3) =5 404 19 t . a A % Example 2. (i) If a=i+f+2k, be 3is2} 4 a os » fing (a +36).(2a - b) Gi) If a =7 + 27438, B--294 42 and e= Bad > A> yO SD »fing (a+ 6).¢ and e.(a+ b). Are they equal ? Solution. (i) Here a = 2+ )4+22 and B= 3hsar p @438 = (47 +28) 4800429 f = (1492 +(146)}4(2- sh = wobsr) 4 and 1 2d -B = ahs fa2k—@).29-f =(2-3)24+2-2)7 +44 yea —~ Pa 58 Hence, (a +38).(@@ ~ B) = 00? +77-2). 94.52) = (10\- 1) + (70) + (~ 118) =-10+0-5=-15, (ii) Here aa hapa Bebe 20.48 Ce p-ahah @sb= Baap a8 + 2p +4) =(140)¢+(2— 2)7+(844)b= fark (@+d).2= Os1b.G 294% = DQ) + OK 2) + (1) =14047=8 ..U) and C8 + B= CaF [Link] = (1) + 2X0) + (17) = 1404728 (2) -. From (1)and(2), (a+ 8).¢= 2.12 +8), ee Find the angle between the following vectors: @ @ets 2p+2k; B=}-23 +2k i) @=2t+3}-48; P2392) (ii) @=7-F; B=FsR (iv) @=t+2348 3 Ba-2p+ak @) @=20-33+8; B=349_ 28 Solution. (i) Here rs ay oT of sah 5 on tS > > a s a.b=(i4 ape aky. ap ah) =(1)(1) + (2)(— 2) + (2(2) -4144=1 ja ley 144+4= 9 =3 and| b |= fi+4+4 = /9 =3 Let 6 be the angle between a and 6. Then >> coger ese a4 wal Pana 3 jaye) 8x % 1 Hence, @ = cos"! (2). (ii) Here Qaats3ap-4h; B= 30-23 2B = (28) + (8-2) + (— 40) = 6-6 + 0=0 |@ |= 449416 =/29 and [6 | = J9: Let 6 be the angle between a and B. Then cos 8= = 0=cos 90° 0 | 29 J13 Hence, 8 = 90°. (ii) Here “@ = b-f; B= F48 2B = a0) +E 0) + (0) =-1 |e) =/ivi=V2 and |B |= f1+1=V2 Let @ be the angle between @ and 6. Then >> cos 6 = 08 et - 3 =~ cos 60° > >, rane) v2 = cos (180° — 60°) = cos 120° Hence, 6 = 120°. (iv) Here @ =*+2f4+3% and Bb =-2p+4k 2.8 = AO) + Q- 2) + BNA) = 0-4 + 12=8 [a2 =ji+4+9-Vi4 and |B | = 4 +16 = 20 Let 6 be the angle between @ and 6. Then a ng 8 “8x8 8) cos 0= —~ "AT Jap Y14x20 V36 pate] Hence, @ = 1 {& cos”? 35° om *s VEC44 JAYPRE MATH, ~ A Cg ix) a SN Nap fb A (v) Here = 2-37 4h; B= ba f_oh > @.b =X) +(-3)(1) + 2)=2-3-9. |@|=/4+9+1=ViF and | P| = ie > Let 8 be the angle between @ and 6. Then 2.8 -3 >> Z||B) vie ve leds g cos 0 = -3 Hence, @ = cos-! [ze] =m-cos-! Example 4. (i) Find the value of ‘a’ so that the angle between e TT the two vectors / + and t-prak may be (3) : > Gi) If @= P427-32, Be 3h - a. 2k 3 calculate the angle between 2¢ + e and @+28. > Aa - Solution. (i) Let @ = 14% and b = : ~> ~Frof Gb = G72) feck) 1 04,-4., |@| = JP P= and [8] = yl? + (Ay +a? = fa? 42 Here the angle between vectors @ and B is given to be 7 >> Now 6 a.b tT a+1 > Pere > os, >= [a8 Saya a2 1 a+1 ———_ > 5 = Jou = \Xe7+3) = Xe+1) 2 \2(a? +2) va > 2a? +2) = 4a +12 > 202 +4 = 4(a?+1+20) > 2a? + 8a = 0 => Yl(a+4) = 0 >a=0,-4 Hence a=0 or a=-4 (ii) Let ne 204+ =a040% 3h r@h-p-2h an An = 51+3}-8h ‘ and V = 2e2P 2409-3 oa03- 3-28) = 1)-TRe7P 407-78 a Ss , yo be the angle between wand oo Then y+ wow con 0 ro? Jujbed Now uo ~ (eA Wh Oy tho (HHT A OSO W T BO HO OF Jul in? ow Ce | wl eh Voce fav v4 Jon 1 ois Jon Joe 98 14 con O s Hence, 0 = Cow F- 4 Kxample 6.) If A, 8, © have position vectors (0, 1, 1), (3, 1, 5), ? " (0, 3, Bs respoctively, then show that A ABC is right angled at C. Gb) Find the angle A of the triangle whose vertices are M0, <1) 2) BGS, 1, 4) and C66, 7, 1). Solution. (b) Sere AO, 1, 1), BOS, 1, & and C(O, 3, 3) are the yortices of A ABC. / n , “ Be =O Wi a G4 Bk = ai +27 2k we > , , ‘ r h CA © 0 OFF D+ Dh =O0r- 2) nnd Now. [Bel = ve w% 2% Cat forded V17 POA | = Jot emt tem vara ve ave We > 9 A LRN OD pt and BOCA =( Ba eas 2ky(Or- 2j- 2k) + (30) 4 2-2 4-2 WO dH a= O We > > _ [Link] 0 cos ( 0 cos 90° peyycay ¥)7 22 [BC ||CA| ‘a % > C = 90° ee Hence, AABC is right angled at Cc (ii) Hore AO, — 1, — 2), BOS, 1, 4) and C5, 7, 1) are the vertices of i AAKC, 4 ; , 7 aA oh. oh. ef TE AB =(3-0b +0409 (44 2)k = Bt + 2p Br ‘ft and AG (ODA HU EDR = BEB, OBE Now, {abl = Jo. 4 +36 = V49 7 Tt VRCMG _IAYERE ATHEMA Thy 66109) lye 72 : lac] = y » > on An an AB. AC 2(37 127 +6k).(57 187 4 3k) = (3X5) + (20(8) + (63) = 15 + 16 + 18 = 49 > > AB. AC 49 cos A = a ere SE ane a> [ABI] Ac] 7% 72 il = cos 45¢ v2 2 Hence, A = 45°. Example 6. (i) Find the value of A so that the Veet Org a BAP+ap4 ah and B = ey are Perpendicular to og Ach other. (HB 2013 5 (ii) Find the real value of A so that the vectors @ = ? +ahy? f and 6 = 2¢+2% are perpendicular. LEB 2019) (iii) Find the value of A so that the vectors @ = Re ap +h and B = Ai - 5p 12k are perpendicular to each other, (iv) Find if the vectors 5e 29 R and ji it 5k orthogonal. J = Solution. We know ae ae vectors @ and & are Perpendicular or orthogonal to each other iff @. Te 0 ay — @ Here @= i0+3742% and 6 = F439 are perpendicular to each other. > 2.b=0 > (0433428). 343) = 0 => 2.-34+6=0 => A=-3. (ii) Here @ = Ge ak and The ans aR are perpendicular to each other. . > a.b =0 . +5 i [Link]+aB = 0 > 24+04+72=0 = 2=-2 Hence, there is no real value of }., however }. = +i v2. (iii) Hore @ = 7-7.5+3% and B= 4-5 742% are porpenti cular to each other. = 7.6 bn A = (1-17 + BRAT ~ BF 4 2k) > (1A) + (— 2X 5) + (3X12) " ° ™ ae en’ : VINA A+5i4+6=0 > BAW 20 10 5 A : 7 (io) Try yourself | Ans. 4 . > a 4 prample 7. @) Wf a = BF Ff SR and B= 7a} oh, thon > show that me vectors a+b and at are orthogonal. |NCHRT| > n ia =? (2s 3k, b = diaz hand ¢ «= 3245, gnd 2 so that a + Ae is perpendicular to ¢ . | AICBSK 2009 C | . NA ; Solution. (i) Here a =50 J 32 and rs «7 vad oh > > a Aa A a+b = BrAVriC-1siBP 10 8 Bh = 62127 BR @-b = 6-Di+(-1-97 46 31 Hh ny A OA = 47 4p 02k >» > > Now, ( @ +b) and ( @ — b) willbe orthogonal, if > > (@ +b).(a ~b)=0 > (6042) Bk). 47-47 428) =0 > (6) (4) + (2)(- 4) + (— 8) (2) = 0 > 24-8-16=0 > 0 = 0, which is true Hence the result. - > . (ii) Here 2 = 24 ape 3k, b= - 742542 and e=3h4 j A i @+av a aw Ps 2p 4 Bk + aM ii: 2j+k) it GQ -avye +(24 27 +B 40K Now, (a4 2B) is perpendicular to ¢ if (@4+20).2 =0 = (1 — 2B) + (2 + 2A) (1) + (3 +4) (0) = 0 i 3-3A+2+20+0 = 0 > -24+5=0 => 2=5. Example 8. Find the value of 4 so that the two vectors ran 3p a nN Jo and 47 +6) 4.8 are (a) parallel (b) perpendicular to each other. [CBSE 2003) JAYPEE MATIN vEcts — - (2) (4) + (3) (6 6) +(-1) A) = 8+18-A= 0 => A=26. > Example 9. (i) Find the proees of the vector} _ pon the line represented by the vector t+ a: (NCERT: CBSE 201 en a (ii) Find the scalar projection of a= 2 jh o ‘ a p-ape+k. (HB 2010) (iii) Find the scalar projection of vector @ = 27+3}s9) on the vector Batsaprk. (NCERT| (iv) Find the value of 4 when the scalar projection of face rae +3448 on v =27 +6743 is 4 units. ad Solution. Projection of vector @ on vector b = an || (i) Let @ = coy and 6 = ey >> Projection of 2 on 3 = ane _o ou @ oie!) rie 2 (ii) Here @ 2c Rak and B = ae >> Projection of aonb ob (2)(1) + (-A-2) + MA = {o| Jl+4+1 _24+24+1_ = 5 ve V6 — > (iii) Here a = at +3p + 2k and 8 = Paoper >> "Projection of @ onb) = 222 _ efasps ah. Praie a \2| Jager (2)(1) +(3)(2) +(2)()_ 246+? yi+441 V6 ean ee VECAO = 10, 10¥6 By6 ae ye > (io) Here @ = hitjt 4k and $= ap 1 6f t 3h Horn ee Now, projection of aonb=4 [Given] eu ~~ ai || (A) (2) + (1) (6) + (4) (8) _ 4 = 2A+18 2 4 +3649 = S 2.418 = 28 => 2%W=10 > AH=6, Example 10. (i) The dot-product of a vector with vectors 4 Aw Cae : = A _bhy 2i+7j and i+ j +k are respectively - 1,6 and 5. Find th vector- (ii) The dot product of a vector with the vectors a Spe gh, i+ 3j-2k and 20+ }'+ 4% are 0, 5 and 8 respectively. Find the vector. [CBSE Sample Paper 2010, 03| ee Ae a ee ere Solution. (i) Let a =3i -5k, Beater ectap ek l t the - a SN required vector be r = xt +yJ +2k, >> A A A Now, Peel > (xb +yp+zh).8? - 52) =-1 > (x) (3) + (y) (0) + (2) (- 5) =- 1 > 8x - 52 =- +) Again, PB=6 = (ube ypezh)(2e+7)) =6 => (x) (2) + (y) (7) + @) (0) =6 > 2x+ Ty =6 +(2) ml FP euk are ypt zh).(t4 ne d) =5 > (x) (1) + (y) (1) + (2) (1) = 5 > xty42=5 +(3) Multiplying (3) by 5 and adding to (1), we get 8x + 5y = A wl) Solving (2) and (4), we get y=0, x=3 Putting x = 3 in (1), we get z= 2 Hence, the required vector is af+2k. eee) (ii) Let 4 Pah, Bolsa; 22 and c= 204) 44k. Lot rs ep en ‘ Yj +2zk be the required vector. Vee so Now ohne aes hye 4 zk). 17-32) x(I)+y.() +2 (3) <9 F X+y-82 =9 Again, rib b> abeypeede3f-28 =5 i z (x) (1) + (”) (3) + @) (2) = : x+3y-22 =5 , 8 and roe 82 & PeyS+e.20+ P44) 28 “ (x) (2) + (vy) (1) + (2) (4) = 8 Wwt+yt+4ze =8 +603) Solving the above equation we get x=1, y=2, z=. Gt a Hence, the required vector is i + 2j + R. Example 11. (i) What will be the angle F between 2 and ? it there is a set of three vectors @, 8 and @ such that bs =O and|a|=3,|6|=6and|e| =7. [AICBSE 2009, 7 a > a (jf a+ Bi e- 0 and|a| =6,|5| =5,|e| =7, find the > -> angle between 6 and c. oH => Solution. (i) Here @+b+ 2=0 > > a . a+b=-c > (24 B).(2+B)=C 2).C 2) “> ja+bP=|ePr > PePi [OP ree. b =e > 2¢.8=|eP-jeP-|eP . 2/@||Bloose=|eP-|eP-18P, where 0 is the angle between a and e rio >.5 rs leP |@P-|@P _49-9-25 15 1 > cos@ = aoee Se eee eee 2]al|e} 2x3x5 30 2 Ilence, 8 = 60°. (ii) Here ope C > Bie = isi > (B+ 2.8 + = (2). @) > > z > [b+ ePalef?

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