NASA-CR-195486
AIRCRAFT
EMPENNAGE DETAIL
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
421S93ADPT2-2 April 15, 1993
AE421/03/DELTA David Lesnewski Russ M. Snow Lisa M. Combs David George Roxanne Paufler Schnieder Athousake to:
Submitted
Dr. J.G. Ladesic
(NASA-CR-195486) AIRCRAFT EMPENNAGE STRUCTURAL DETAIL (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical 56 p
N94-24969 DFSIGN Univ.) Unclas
G3/05
0204231
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
List of Figures List of Tables. Project
.................
....... ............................
.........................
ii
iol
............................................................................... ..........................................................................
m 1
Summary
Description
of the Design Tail Assembly ....................................................... ................................................... 3 3 4
Vertical Horizontal Tailcone Loads
Tail
Assembly
Assembly
..............................................................
and Loading Vertical Horizontal Tailcone Tail Assembly ....................................................... ................................................... 5 6 7
Tail
Assembly
Assembly
..............................................................
Structural
Substantiation Tail Assembly ....................................................... ................................................... 8 15 17
Vertical Horizontal TaUcone Manufacturing Vertical Horizontal Tailcone Weight
Tail
Assembly
Assembly and Tail
..............................................................
Maintenance Assembly ....................................................... ................................................... 23 23 24 25 26
Tail
Assembly
Assembly
..............................................................
Summary
...........................................................................
Conclusions
....................................................................................
Appendix
List of Figures
Structural
Substantiation
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Stringer Vertical Spar
cross
Section
............................................................... Section ............................................
9 12 13 17 19
Stabilizer Cross
Cross Section
Flange
.......................................................
Tailcone Tailcone
Cross
Section
..............................................................
Stringers
......................................................................
,u
!!
List of Tables
Summary
of Critical
Detail Parts
1.1 Vertical 1.2 Horizontal 1.3 Tailcone
Tail ................................................................................................ Tail ........................................................................................... Assembly ......................................................................................
1 1 2
Structural
Substantiation
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
Vertical Buckling Spar
Tail
Skin
Characteristics
.......................................................
8 8 9 10 10 10 11 17 18 19 19 20 20
Results
....................................................................................
Results Tube Mount Results Tail
........................................................................................... Results Results ............................................................................ .............................................................................
Torque Tube Hinge Vertical Tailcone Stringer Shear Skin
........................................................................................ Fatigue Section Analysis ............................................................ ............................................
Cross Force Flow
Characterisitics
Calculations
................................................................
Results
.............................................................................. ........................................................................ Part # 2 .........................................................
Margins
of Safety
Taiicone Axial
Characteritics Results
Stress
...............................................................................
qJoqJ
111
[Link] Stringer Margins of Safety...................................................................
20
[Link] [Link]
Horizontal Tie Down
Tail
Characterisitcs
........................................................
21 22
Margins
of Safety ............................................................
Weight [Link] Weight Summary ................................................................................ 25
iv
1.0
PROJECT
SUMMARY
The purpose withstand statement simple by the structure meet
of this project loads rain,
is to provide defined humidity,
an empennage Part
structural
assembly specified
that will in the a
the operational of work i.e. snow,
in FAR tiedown
23, as well as those etc.
forces
The goal is to provide forces produced
yet durable by the should tail
lightweight surfaces
structure through and the
the will transfer most efficient
the aerodynamic load path and provides a summary to the repair.
airframe.
The
be simple loading and
cost-effective criteria.
to manufacture The structure
All structures stiffness detail =
or exceed
fatigue
for necessary of the critical
and ease design
of maintenance.
The following
tables
represent
parts.
Components
fm_ (psi) Vertical Tail Assembly
M.S._
Page Number
Spar Hinges Skin
Stringer
5059 4938
.16 2.75 3.83 4.33 2.09
9 10 8 12 13
Buckling skin Stabilizer
479 2222 8139
Rudder Vertical Stringer
Table
# 1.1.1:
Vertical
Tail
Assembly
Stresses
Components
fm_ (psi) Horizontal Tail Assembly
[Link]
Page Number
Skin Hinges Front Rear Ribs
Panels
350 4938
.7 2.75 .05 .25 1.01 Tail Assembly Stresses
15 15 16 16 16
Spar Spar
3900 1800 1546 Table # 1.1.2: Horizontal
Components
fro. (psi) Tailcone Assembly
[Link]
Page Number
Stringer Skin Tie Down Table # 1.1.3:
102.3 5817 25000 Tailcone Assembly
.04 .17 23.5 Stresses
20 19 23
2.0
DESCRIPTION
2.1
Vertical
Tail
The vertical proper load airfoil on the shape surface
tail assembly under of the The
provides
a lightweight limit loads.
stiff structure The aerodynamic torsion flat and
that will maintain
the
the applied skin that tail
load is a distributed bending skin and moment brake at the formed
provides, assembly
shear uses
fuselage spars
interface. fastened
vertical type
wrapped and rivets
with aircraft been tail beaded assembly consists
rivets.
All sheet
metal panel
are 2024-T3 the
Aluminum. rib weight. The
The skin has The vertical
in order has of two been
to eliminate designed
buckling, removal
and reduce for ease
for
rapid
of repair.
fuselage The These installed tube
interface
spar mounted a fillet
castings, between plates.
that bolt to the fuselage the vertical The vertical skin, tail and the tail
bulkhead. empennage. can be
fuselage are
interface secured
skins using AN
provide
366DF632 by simply rod, and
nut
assembly
or removed the control
in minutes, push-pull plastic
unscrewing unbolting contains supplied
the fillet the mount
unbolting from
the torque the fuselage tail position
from
castings
bulkheads. light. These
A tip mounted and
housing
a rotating
beacon
and white
all fasteners
are vendor
and approved.
2.2
Horizontal
Tail
The FAR Part
horizontal 23. This
tail assembly structure places
was designed
using
the loading distributed
conditions
specified
in
a an aerodynamic
load on the skin surface,
that produces shear and bending moments at the fuselage interface. The structure is composedof front and rear spars, four ribs, hingesfor the trim tab and elevator assembly, and attachment plates at the interface. No lighting is required on the horizontal tail assembly. The spars and ribs will be riveted together using universal rivets that are aircraft certified. The control surfaceswill then be attachedfollowed by the final phaseof skin wrapping. This
mind. All The parts horizontal used tail structure tail assembly the was designed with maintenance independently assembly are and ease from vendor of removal in tail. and
can be removed horizontal tail
the vertical supplied
to manufacture
certified.
2.3
Tailcone
Assembly
The tail cone (one a way The aluminum
assembly frame),
for the Viper skin and
aircraft,
consists
of thirteen assembly
stringers, is designed
6 frames is such frame.
casting
rivets.
The tailcone fuselage
as to join the main of both and from the main horizontal the point
fuselage fuselage
and the main and
and tailcone will then
on one large
skins
tail assemblies will then The first
be riveted to the first
to the frame. three frames
The vertical beginning part which
tail assemblies of the tailcone.
be attached frame is going
to be a cast
aluminum
due to the strength
requirements.
It will have
a small
hoop molded
to into the bottom down in height
will act as a tie down. the second
The stringers frames.
at the tailcone However, the cross
will be stepped sectional stringers area
in between
and third
of the stringers
will be maintained to the cast frame
by increasing by L-shaped
the thickness. brackets.
The rearward
will also be attached
3.0
3.1.1
Loads
Vertical
and Loading
Tail Section
The loads This load
in the vertical a shear
tail are a result load Vy, bending
of the distributed moment
load acting
on the surface. component M z. The The
will provide
M x and a torsional force acting
The distributed chordwise load paths
load can be represented of this force these forces
as a 393 Ib resultant
at the MAC. case.
location to react
will vary according and moments
to the gust or maneuvering spar flanges
are the skin,
and spar
webs.
V_ = 393 Ibs
Mx =
6428
in-lbs
M z = 2468
in-lbs
3.1.2
Rudder
The rudder by a point reacted through load
also has a distributed This
load that acts at the MAC externally and spar by the hinges web.
and can be represented and torque tube. It is passes
of 160 Ibs.
is reacted
internally the middle
by the skin, hinge.
spar flanges
The majority
of the load
The hinge
reactions
are as follows.
EM=0
EF=0
R_ = 28.25
Ibs
R 2 = 82.3 Ibs
R 3 = 49.7
Ibs
The torque
tube
reacts
a torsion
of 191.9
in-lbs.
The
shear
flow
in the skin
is assumed
to react
the entire
torsion
M z.
q = T/2A
= 6.38
Ibs/in 5
The spar flanges are assumedto react the entire bending moment M x.
Mx = 3006
in-lbs
The spar
web
is assumed
to react
the entire
shear
Vy.
Vy = 160 Ibs
3.2
Horizontal
Tail
Assembly
The Viper stabilizer horizontal
horizontal
tail assembly provides the spare
has two major a Ioadpath
parts,
the elevator loads Each
and horizontal created by the
structures. tail structure,
The skin while
for the torsional moment.
react the bending which
of these
structures
are composed conditions, load, B, was using located located the same
of ribs, spars, A and B, specified
skins
and fasteners, 23.
were analyzed A, the
using
the two loading distributed for condition were analyzed
in FAR Part
For condition psf, while psf.
resultant load loads
at .56c was calculated at .25c with methods
to be 78.98 of 39.98
the resultant of these
a magnitude
Each
described
in the vertical
tail assembly
loading
section.
Using inertia
the height
of the airfoil This value
and an initial
thickness
of t = 20, the results
moment were
of
was determined.
was then iterated to be t= 0.20 using respectively. See horizontal
until acceptable clad 2024-T3 The front spar
obtained. The front
The skin thickness and rear spars
was determined
Aluminum. has both drawing
are .55 _/nd .14 in thick __ .......) ..... __1' portion for reinforcement.
an inboard for reference
and outboard figures.
tail assembly
All spars
are C-channels. 6
3.3.
Tailcone
This
analysis
is divided
into two
categories:
1. 2.
Bending Torsion
The first the fuselage tails,
topic
discussed The case
is the bending. is produced lift on each
It is assumed
that all bending
is reacted and
by
stringers.
bending 100%
by the lift on the horizontal lifting surface. This results
vertical
with the worst is reacted
being
in a moment Ibs. being This the
My, which is multiplied cabin
by the axial
loads
in the stringers. at each section,
The total with
lift is 1152.9 case
by the length These
of the fuselage
the worst
interface.
moments
are as follows:
M_ = (Lift
x Arm)
= (1039.5)(128) = 133056 in-lbs
= 47572
in-lbs
Mz = (444.6)(107)
The worst 100%/65% fuselage.
case
torsional
load tail.
occurs This
with
100%
lift on the
vertical
tail and the length
a of the
lift on the horizontal The torsion is solved
is a uniform equation.
load throughout
in the following
Mx = 0
630*29
- 409*29
+ 444.6*26
= 17954
in-lbs
4.0
STRUCTURAL
SUBSTANTIATION
4.1 4.1.1
Vertical Rudder
Tail
Assembly
The following tube and hinges area
tables
and calculations under
substantiate listed
that the skin, in section
spars,
webs,
torque
will not buckle of discussion
the loadings tail skin.
3.0 of this to carry
document. all of the
The first torsional beaded
is the vertical buckling
The skin is assumed
load M z. Panel in order to reduce
is the criteria area.
used for substantiation.
The skin has been
the panel
Skin
319.2 Table
478.8 4.1.1: Vertical Tail Skin
38.0 Characteristics
118
Buckling
fcrit M'S'LL M'S'uL
(psi) 2311 6.24 3.83
Table
4.1.2:
Buckling
Results
Spars
I'LL fULT fcrit [Link]
[Link]
(psi) Stringers I 2906 796
(psi) 4358 1193
(psi) 5059 N/A .74 46.7 .16 30.8
I We_s Ili
Table
4.1.3:
Spar
Results
=:::==::E=
Figure
[Link]:
Stringer
Cross
Scetion
The torque is riveted rivets. to the
tube root
provides
the external The
reaction critical
to the torsion stress in bearing
M z. The tube stress
mount
rib of the rudder.
due to the
Torque
fLL fULT
Tube [Link] [Link]
(psi) 2317
(psi) 3475 Table 4.1.4: Torque lube 9.9 Results 15.4
Tube
frivet fsheet
Mount [Link] I ]
J
M.S.u L
(psi) 429
(psi) 1147 Table 4.1.5: 14.6 Results 9.4
Tube
Mount
The approximately the load,
hinges
react
the shear on the center
V_. The hinge,
resultant therefore
of the distributed it is assumed
load
acts the majority of
directly is used
to carry
and
for substantiation.
Hinges
fbrg LL ft.o.
[Link]
M.S.u L
(psi) 4938
(psi) 823 ladle 4.1.6: Hinge 4.61 Results 2.75
10
Fatigue fLi_ (psi) fmax (psi)
Analysis fm (psi) f,._. (psi) fa,t (psi)
Torque Skin
Tube
2317 319 6584 Table
1186 157 3292 4.1.7: Fatigue
527 72.5 1496 Analysis
-105.3 - 14.5 -299
632 87 1796
Hinges
The fa,, results Michael Niu, to assure
were
checked
with figure
15.4.5
in Aircraft
Structural
Analysis
by
proper
lifetime.
11
4.1.2
Vertical
Stabilizer
The vertical analyzed for shear webs,
stabilizer flow and
will be shear
in the skin, stress
in the spar spar section with flanges.
axial
in the at a
Analysis the
is performed tail
where
vertical This
interfaces of Figure Section [Link]: Vertical Stabilizer Cross
the fuselage. shear and
is the area moment.
greatest
bending
Shear
Flow
Shear thickness.
stress
is found
by dividing
the average
shear
flow
in the skin
by the skin
fsh_r = 417
psi
The criterion beading,
for substantiation panel area.
of the skin is panel The beads are spaced
buckling. three
It is necessary inches apart.
to utilize
to reduce
fc,t = K_E(t/b) ^2 = 2222
[Link] =
psi
4.33
12
Spar
Flange
Stress
The flanges, flanges.
bending
moment and skin.
Mx is reacted The flexure
by the idealized is used
stringers
composed the axial
of the spar stress in the
stiffeners
formula
to determine
fz=
[-(l_Mx
+ [Link])y
+ (lxM _ + Ix_Mx)X]
IxI_ - In ^2
fzm= = 2629
psi
Figure Axial Buckling
[Link]:
Spar
Flange
Cross
Section
The worst therefore
case
for axial for these
stress
is on the forward
spar.
The critical
stress
will
be evaluated
stringers.
fcrit = _2EI/12A M.S. = 2.09
= 8139
psi
Stringer
Fatigue
Analysis
Sin= = fLL*.5 = 3668 S m = fLL/4.4 = 1667
psi psi
Using stress falls
figure below
15.4.5
from
Aircraft limit,
Structural meeting
Design
by Michael
C. Niu, the stringers
the endurance
our service
life criterion.
13
Spar
Web
Shear
Analysis
The shear psi. From
stress
in the spar web that reacts margin of safety was
the shear calculated
load V_ was found to be 11.9.
to be 1965
this the ultimate
Spar
Mount
Casting
The front bolts. The four
and
rear spar
mount
castings, three inches
bolt to the fuselage apart stress in a square is bearing
bulkheads pattern. stress,
with
AN4
bolt holes
are spaced load.
It is assumed which is located
that each
bolt shares
the same
The maximum
in the aft casting.
fb_ = P/Dt
= 2509
psi
M.S.t1L = 4.31
14
4.2
Horizontal
Tail
Assembly
The axial stresses.
horizontal Analysis
tail assembly was performed if this portion under
was analyzed at various
for shear sections
flow
in the skin, the
ribs and
for
including
interface
with the ribs skin As the
fuselage. and hinges
The objective would
of the analysis the Ioadings similar listed
was to assure in section
that the spars, 3.2 of this report. tail,
not buckle
horizontal calculations
tail calculations will be repeated.
are extremely
to those
of the vertical
not all
Shear
Flow
The loads
over
each
panel
were
assumed
to be average.
fcn_ = 350
psi
fyield
595
psi
[Link]
T =
.7
The Ks values Michael to supply determined spar
were
determined
using
figure failed
15.4.6,
in Aircraft
Structural was
Dynamics increased edge panels The
by to .025 were front an
C. Niu. a higher using
At t = .02 the panels tolerance similar
and thus
the thickness
for manhandling. analysis, with
The shear
in the leading 15.4.7 rear
the exception section
of figure whereas the
in Niu.
has both
an outboard
and an inboard were
spar has only
outboard
portion.
The results
satisfactory.
The elevator in parts horizontal
and
rudder
were
designed
simultaneously
to provide
for consistency to the
and maintainability. stabilizer by means
The elevator of two hinges.
is composed Refer
of four ribs and is attached tail assembly
to horizontal
drawings
15
for detail
geometry.
The
values
determined
for elevator
are shown
below.
fcri, = 409
psi
fyield
-'_
750 psi
[Link]
T =
.83
The horizontal reasons. 1. 2. 3. Ease Ease Ease
tail is bolted
to the fuselage
in the same
was as the rudder,
for several
of Maintenance of Purchasing of Removal Repeated Parts
At the interface,
the horizontal
tail will be bolted
to the fuselage
using
a casting
and
bolts.
Fatigue
Analysis
Consideration statement will meet of work. the twenty
was given The following year service
to the service calculations life and
life of the horizontal substantiate
tail structure
as per the tail assembly
that the horizontal level.
exceed
the endurance
Sm_ = 17500 Sm= 7940
psi psi
According criterion.
to figure
15.4.5
in
Niu,
the
horizontal
tail
assembly
meets
the
endurance
16
4.3
TaUcone
This analysis
is divided
into three
categories:
1. 2. 3.
Buckling Buckling Tie down
of the
tail cone
skin
of the stringers forces
21.5IN.
7
The buckling [Link] cross first topic tail cone an discussed skin. idealized is Figure tailcone Figure [Link]: Tailcone Cross the #
of the represents
4
5
section.
Section
The forces, shear
following flow and
table
summarizes
the
values
used
to calculate
shear
loads,
stringer
buckling.
ly
(in ,4)
(in ^4)
I r, (in ^4)
_:,, (in)
As (in ^2)
Vy
(Ib)
Vz (Ib)
Ks
r (in)
27.19
18.12 Table
.032
.112 Tailcone
-1040
444.6 Section
[14.1 Characteristics
881
10E6
# [Link]:
Cross
17
Stringer
Force
Calculations
Pn' =
1 [(IyVy-I_zVz)y I_I_-Iyz ^2
+ (IzVz-IyzVy)z](Af)
Pfl'
-29.22
Ib/in ^2
Table
[Link]
summarizes
the stringer
force
calculations.
Stringer Forces (Ib/in ^2)
Stringer Force # 1
Stringer Force # 2
Stringer Force # 3
Stringer Force # 4
i|
Stringer Force # 5
-29.22
52.51
57.83
29.22
52.51
Table
# [Link]:
Stringer
Force
Calculations
Shear
Flow
Calculations
qout =
Pf'
qt. + qo + ql + q2
thus, q4 - 29.22 q5 = 52.51 + q3 + q4
ql = -29.22 q2 = 52.51 q3 = 57.83
_ET = 2Aiqi
where
T = 17954 the shear
in-lb calculations and the torque page. equations, the shear flow can
Combining be calculated
flow
and are
depicted
on the following
18
Shear Flow (Ib/in)
Stringer #0
Stringer #1
Stringer #2 I
Stringer #3
Stringer #4
124.1 Table
-67.97 # [Link]: Shear
- 15.46 Flow
I Results
42.37
71
j59
Shear
Buckling
fm_LL
(psi) 3878
f,'L
(psi) 5817
font
(psi) 4777
[Link]
[Link]
.232
.17
Table
# [Link]:
Skin
Margins
of Safety
The following stringers. general Refer description.
calculations [Link],
describe for a
the buckling
characteristics
of the
tailcone
to figure
q 1 5 1 q2
Table following used and
[Link],
located
on the the values loads, moments
page,
represents the axial
q5
to calculate buckling
loads.
q4
Figure [Link]: Tailcone
q3
Stringers
19
Iy
k
(in ^4)
lyz
My ^4)
E (psi)
A (in ^z)
L (in)
I (in
'4)
(in ^4)
(in
(Ib-in)
(Ib-in)
5.3
155.3
47572
133056
10.6E6
.112
137
.015
Table
# [Link]:
Tailcone
Cross
Section
Characteristics
Axial
Stresses
f = P/A +
[-(I_M z + IyzMy)y + (IyMy + IyzM_)z]A r
IyIz-Iy_ ^2
Table
[Link]
summarizes
the axial
loading
results.
Axial Stress (Ib_n ^2) Stringer # 18420 -8366 6580 17679 18420 8366 -6580 17679 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8
Table
# [Link]:
Axial
Stress
Results
Axial
Buckling
fm_LL (psi) 18420
fUC (psi) 27360
fen, (psi) 21240
[Link]
[Link]
.143
.04
Table
# [Link]:
Stringer
Mar_ins
of Safety
2O
Stringer
Fatigue
Analysis
fLL = 18420 Fyield = 45000
psi psi
fUL
---- fLLmax
1.5
_L
= 27630
psi
EILT
--
60000
psi
f_L--_L__._.Fyield
f_ULT -<_.._F
ILT
thus, fm_n = f,_g = fLL/4"4
Lax -" .5 fLL
">
_ea,
= 4186
psi psi psi psi
f--ma, = 9210 "> "> f--mi.= -838 L, = 5024
fmi. = "fma_ + 2f,,g fa,t = _-:-fmf J 2
Using the stringers
figure
15.4.5,
form
Aircraft
Structural before
Design failure.
by Michael
Niu, determines
that
will function
for 107 cycles
Tie Down The critical cases Straight are defined headwind
CLmax
as; + 10 (Elevator
(
Lift on H-Tail)
2. 3. Case # 1:
0 elevation, 0 elevation,
More
lift on the V-Tail)
90 (Drag Tail
on V-Tail)
Lift on the Horizontal
z*
ao
CL
(flJs ^2)
i| i
(ft) 31.1
(slug/ft .00238
^3)
0o3 I
' z obtained
3.86
lrom IIg. _.1_$
2n
PUnaamentals
.723
176
Of Aerodynamics
Table
[Link]:
Horizontal
Tail
Characteristics
21
Case
# 2:
Lift
on the
Vertical
Tail
The calculation as case # 1. LVT. = 381
of the lift for the horizontal
tail, follows
the same
procedure
Ibs
Case
# 3:
Drag
on the
Vertical
Tail
CD = 2.0
(flat
plate) D
OvT = .5"19"V^2"S*C DVT. = 1092 lbs
Shear
Stress
fm_,LL (psi) 681
fUL (psi) 1091.5
Fsh,r (psi) 25000
[Link]
[Link]
35.7
23.5
Table
# [Link]:
Tie Down
Margins
of Safety
22
5.0
5.1
MANUFACTURING
Vertical Tail
AND
MAINTENANCE
The Aluminum sections
vertical sheet.
tail The
section vertical
of the
Viper
PFT rudder spars. method.
is manufactured and The dorsal ribs, fin made
largely use of flat
from
2024-T3 skin are with
stabilizer, sheet metal formed is bolted
wrapped metal,
over
brake using rivets. from
formed the
sheet
manufactured MS20470DD castings used bolts, made
hydropress
The entire
assembly through
is fastened
The assembly 355.0-
to the fuselage Aircraft quality
bulkheads
spar attached type bolts are and
T3 aluminum.
AN designation to the control
in the hinges are provided from
and at the bulkhead by inspection the horizontal plates. tail.
mounting
points.
Access
systems
The entire
vertical
tail assembly
is easily
removed
independently
5.2
Horizontal
Tail
The horizontal both ribs
Viper's stabilizer,
horizontal elevator,
tail trim
was
designed
for ease
of production. The front To alleviate
The
skin
of the
tab are flat wrapped. methods. brake
and rear spars stress
combine
the brake will be
forming notched
and the flat wrapping and manufactured by
in the ribs, the The
forming bulkhead for
and
hydropressing.
horizontal from
tail assembly All was
will be attached and rivets to
to the fuselage are aircraft
structure structural
with spar made integrity. for ease The of
castings. tail
bolts
quality, from
horizontal
designed
detach
independently
the
empennage
23
maintenance. ease
In accordance, The
their are access systems
panels
available
for maintenance the final skin
[Link] wrap.
of production.
control
will be attached
before
5.3
Tailcone The
Assembly Viper used tailcone will consist of thirteen stringers, will be .032 .063 2024-T3 and The 6 frames 2024-T3 and aluminum skin. for ease material
The material of purchasing. has been will be cut
in all but five of the stringers stringers designs from are made as durable, sheet stock from
Aluminum, The
The five in several brake and
Aluminum. easy to use.
proven and
lightweight aluminum.
The stringers intersection formed three into a
formed
frame
at the
of the tailcone into a flange frames, leg-in
fuselage and
will be notched then contour
appropriately and welded
for the stringers, at the and then ends. pressed
brake The other
in shape
rolled
due to their type The shape. tailcone
reduction
in size
will be cut, notched
formed
will
be assembled
by
first
using assembly,
an
L-shaped
bracket
to rivet
the
stringers This that
to the frame. assembly
Then
the stringer-frame be attached main
will be flat wrapped fuselage. will
and riveted. to note internal at the down in
tailcone the
will then
to the main body stringers,
It is important be equal marry to the together
external
dimensions
of the
dimensions interface. height
of the tailcone In addition, additional
stringers
so that the ends between
of the stringers
the five space
stringers
frames tailcone.
A and B, will be stepped
to yield
in the rear of the
4.4
Production
Assembly diagrams depict the production assembly order.
The following
24
IFOLDOUT FP, lV_ A
FOLDOUT
FRAME
I
J
I
I
_J
$C_. Sy
_j[!:
I
j i--I 1
I
!
TAJ
FOLDOUT FRA_E ASSEMBLY
I .......
I
HORIZ_TAL i I TAIL
CONE
1
STABILIZER ISTRINGERS I
i
i
ELEVATOR
SPAR,' BULKHEADS
SKIN
RIBS
RIBS
SKIN
CONTR_ BELLCR/
___ I MOUNTS I
MOUNTS
TRIM TAB
i INTERFACE]
l
TAIL VERTICAL
1
I
1
[ RUI_I]ER
1
SPARS
CDNTRDLS BELLCRANK:
--[LIGHTING
6.0
WEIGHT
SUMMARY
WEIGHT OLBS)
COMPONENT
Vertical Skin Spars Ribs Castings Torque Fasteners Total
Tail
Assembly 8.6 3.9 1.0 2.0
Tube
.14 1.0 Tail Assembly Weight 16.64
Vertical
Horizontal Skin Spars Ribs Castings Fasteners Total
Tail Assembly 14.8 4.2 1.0 2.0 1.2 Assembly Weight 23.2
Horizontal Assembly
Tailcone Skin Stringers Frames Castings Bolts Rivets Total Total and
61.1 2.8 7.5 1.5 Nuts .04 14.8 Tailcone Empennage Assembly Weight Weight 87.74 127.58
Table
[Link]:
Weight
Summary
25
7.0
CONCLUSION
The the loading tie down performed control
goal of this design criterion outlined
project in FAR
is to provide Part 23.
an empennage loading
detail
design
that
meets snow, was the all
Additional humidity
criterion Fatigue
include; analysis
forces
of 120 mph
and resistance life
to rain, years. easy weight
and ice. interest While could
to assure surfaces have
a service been
of twenty for
In the
of maintenance, the design meets
designed
removal. reduction
requirements, iterations.
further
optimization,
through
be performed
in later
26
APPENDIX
FOLDOUT FRAME
f FOtDOUT FRAIvl_
04 03 02 01
ITEM
Ul_ I_
01 01 01 01
QTY
SMII_
TIP
ASSY, ASSY, STAB, ASSY,
DESCRIPTION
421S9303D234 421S9303D232 ASSY, 421S9303D233 421S9303D231
PART#
RUDDER VERTICAL DORSAL
UNIVERSITY EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX XXX
+ ,01 H-,001
SIZE B TITLE
DATE 4-16
SCALE 1/20
DRAVN RUSS ASSY,
BY SNOV
i/2
VERTICAL TAIL DRAVING NO, 421S9303D230
SHEET Ol
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09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Ol
ITEM
40 40 173 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol
QTY
MACHINE NUT
SCREW
AN526DD-632-6 AN366DF-632 MS20470D]]-4
PLATE
RIVETS DORSAL FILLET RIB SKIN (FRONT) (R) (L) SKIN
421S930311294 421S9303D295 421S9303D296 421S9303B297 421S9303D298 42139303]]299
PART #
INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE DORSAL
DESCRIPTION
IIINDISlgN _ UNLESS _ _CIF"II_ i,'_[_C'21
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX + ,01 SIZE B XXX + ,001TITLE
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gATE 4-16
SCALE i/I0
DRAWN RUSS
BY SNOW
i/2
DORSAL FIN ASSY, DRAWING NO, 421S9303D231
SHEET 01
FOLDOUT
FRAME
@ @ @
I
// // / /// ,11 III III ill /// //J
NEITE=
VERTICAL NOT SHOWN
STAB, FOR
IS BEADED CLARITY
EVERY
F_DOUT
FRAY""
18 17
03 Ol
HINGE
ASSY, SPAR SKIN CASTING
421S9303D248 421S9303D247 421S9303D246 AN4-20 AN363-428 AN960-XC416 AN4-14
REAR REAR BOLT NUT WASHER BOLT
16 15 14 13 12 II i0 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Ol
ITEM
O2 02 08 08 06 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 02 Ol Ol Ol 02 02
QTY
FORWARD RUDDER AFT
SPAR
CASTING RIB
421S9303D245 421S9303D244 421S9303D243
INTERFACE RIB
INTERFACE
FORWARD L,E, SIDE AFT TIP SKIN SKIN SPAR RIB
INTERFACE
RIB
421S9303D24_ 421S9303D241 421S9303D240 421S9303D238 421S9303D239
FORWARD AFT SPAR
SPAR STIFFENER SPAR STIFFENER
421S9303D237 421S9303D236 421S9303D235
PART#
FORWARD
BESCRIPTInN
][Link]$1"ON I"OLER/U_E$ UNLSS [Link] SPEC]FIE9
EMBRY-RII)DLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX
,01
,
IN,
I
+ ,001
SIZE B TITLE
DATE 4-16
SCALE I/I0
DRAWN RUSS ASSY,
BY SNOW
+_ I/8
VERTICAL STAB, DRAWING NO, 421S9303D233
SHEET 01
[Link]' Fp,AMF-
08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Ol
ITEM
Ol Ol 136 Ol Ol Ol 02 02
QTY
RUDDER TORQUE RIVET L,E, SKIN TORQUE SPAR SPAR SIDE
RDFIT RIB TUBI-_-
42139303D255 421S9303D254 HS20470DD-4 421S9303D253
TUBE
HDUNT
421S9303D252 421S9303D251
STIFFENER SKIN
B;i_'ICRIPTIDN
42139303D250 i42139303D249
PART#
IIINEN._311N TIIER_NCr_ tlNL_ UTHERVISE _MECII_
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY D_,YTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX XXX
+ +
,01 SIZE B ,001TITLE
DATE 4-16
SCALE 1/10
DRAWN RUSS
BY SNOW
_+ i/2
DRAWING
RUDDER ASSY, NO, 421S9303D232
SHEET Ol
08 07 06 05 04 03 02 Ol
ITEM
Ol 01 01 18 18 01 01 Ol
QTY
AFT
LENS
MOUNT LENS
421S9303D259 421S9303D258 421S9303D257 AN366DF632
FORWARD AFT NUT LENS PLATE
MACHINE FORWARD POSITION ROTATING
SCREW LENS LIGHT BEACON
DESCRIPTION
AN526DD-632-6 MOUNT 421S9303D256 B-1943-4 157-0001-R
PART#
II_ TaLERA;WN_ UNL_ IIIN_ S;MICIFI_
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX __+,01 SIZE B ,XXX + ,001TITLE
DATE 4-16
SCALE I/3
DRAWN RUSS
BY SNOW
_+ 1/P
DRAWING
TIP ASSY, FJO, L21S9303D234
SHEET Ol
FOtJ)OUT FRAME.
---IIA
--I
I tF II II II II II tF II II U --/ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -------/ I I I I I I
I I I I I
I /
_OtDOUT FRA.M_
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ITEM
5 1 2 5 1 2 4 1 2
LEADING LEADING SKIN RIBS REAR HINGE
EDGE EDGE
RIB SPAR
AL AL AL AL
2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3 2024-T3
,025 ,075 ,025 ,025 ,14 ,025 ,025 ,25
SPAR ASSEMBLY RIBS SKIN CASTING
AL AL AL AL
421S9303D248
ELEVATOR ELEVATOR ATTACHMENT
295 RIVET 8 BOLTS 8 WASHER NUTS 8 QTY
mLE]_CES SPEGm_E_
MS20470DD-4 AN4-14 AN960XC416 AN363-C428 MATERIAL OR PART #
DESCRIPTION
UNLE_ _
EMBRY--RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX XXX
+ ,01 SIZE IRATE |SCALE IDRAWNBY B 14Z15/93 I/I0 DAVE PAUFLER + ,001TITLE
HORIZONTAL TAIL DRAWING NO, 421S9303D263 ASSEMBLY SHEET 10F 2
i/2
FOLDOUT
FRAME
SECT
B-B
SECT
C-C
FOLDOUT FRA[v_E
SECT
A-A
NOTEI
RIGHT IMAGE
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER OF THE LEFT HORIZONTAL
WILL BE MIRROR STABILIZER SEEN
HERE,
DINI
"II_
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX __+ ,01
,XXX +
SIZE
,001 TITLE
DATE 4115199
SCALE 1/10
TAIL
DRAWN BY DAVID PAUFLER
ASSEMBLY
HORIZONTAL
_+ 1/P
DRAWING
NO,
421S9303D24863
SHEET
2OF2
25 24 23 22 21 20
8O 160 8O 01 01 01
RIVETS SCREWS NUT SKIN SKIN SKIN PLATE PANEL PANEL PANEL A B C
MS AN
20426 526-I
AN 366-] 421S9303 421S9303 421S9303
FOLDOUT
F_
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 I0 09 08 07 -DD-4 _D632 )F632 06 O5 04 03 02 O1
ITEM
_EN_
Ol 01 01 02 01 O2 01 01 01 O2 02 01 01 01 01 Ol 01 2565 8
QTY
TDUD&WCE3
SKIN SKIN
PANEL PANEL
]] E
421S9303D17
|
421S9303D16 421S9303D15 421S9303D 421S9303D 421S9303D 421S9303D 421S9303DI0 421S9303D09 421S9303D08 421S9303D07 421S9303D206 421S9303D205 421S9303D204 421S9303D203 421S9303D202 421S9303D201 MS20470DD-4 STRIP MS20470DD-4
PART#
ACCESS STRINGER STRINGER STRINGER STRINGER STRINGER STRINGER STRINGER
PANEL 2,8 5 4,6 3, 7 1 3A 2A, 4A IA, 5A
14 13 12 11
STRINGER FRAME FRAME FRAME FRAME FRAME FRAME RIVETS A B C D E F
REINFORCMENT
DESCRIPTION
EMBRY-RIDDL.E AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX ,XXX
+ +
,01 SIZE B ,001TITLE
DATE 4-16 TAILCONE
SCALE 1/10
DRAVN BY ATHOUSAKE
ROX,
ASSEMBLY S1H_)FT3
_+ I/2
DRAWING
NO, 421S9303D233
E
t
0 0
.2,
POf..DOUT FRA_e?_
@
A C
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
XXX
i TITLE
SIZE _SCALE B
1/10
DRAWN BY [ ATHOUSAKE
RDX,
TAILCDNE ASSMEBLY ]]RAWING NO, 421S9303D233
SHEET RF 3
FOLOOUTFRAME
I:'-E
A SECTI
A-A
B SECTION
B-B C-C
EMBRY-RIDDLE AERONAUTICAL UNIVERSITY DAYTONA BEACH FLORIDA
,XX + ,01 XXX + ,001 1/P
SIZE DATE]SCALEIDRAWNBY 4-16 I/I0 ATHBUSAKE B TITLE TAILCUNE ASSEMBLY DRAWING NU, 421S9303D99
RE]X,
S3HEET 3 OF
