ELECTRIC CHARGE AND FIELD
Unit I: Electrostatics
Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-
force between two point charges, forces between
multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous
charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a
point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric
field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform
electric fleld. Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem
and its applications to find field due to infinitely long
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and
uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and
outside).
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
ELECTRIC CHARGE
We can conclude :-
i)Charge develop on a glass rod when
rubbed with silk is called Positive
charge.
Ii)Charge develop on a plastic rod
when rubbed with wool is called
Negative charge.
ELECTRIC CHARGE
Positive Charge Negative Charge
• Glass rod • Silk cloth
• Wollen cloth • Amber rod
• Wollen carpet • Rubber shoes
• Wollen coat • Plastic seat
Theory of frictional electricity
Atom is electrically neutral
Conductors and Insulators
Earthing
The process in which body shares its charges
with the earth is called grounding or
earthing.
- Provides a safety measure for electrical ckt.
And appliances.
-Protect human body from getting shock.
Charging by Induction
Charging by Induction
A phenomenon of temporary electrification
of a conductor in which opposite charges
appear at its closer end and similar charges
appear at its farther end in the presence of a
nearby charged body.
Charging of two spheres by Induction
• Two metal spheres on
an insulating stand
• Hold a positively
charged glass rod near
the left sphere,
• Separate the sphere by
small distance by
holding the glass rod.
• Remove the glass rod
• Separate the two
spheres quite apart
Gold leaf electroscope
• It is a device used for
detecting an electric
charge and identifying
its polarity.
Electroscope
Electroscope
Basic properties of charges
•Additivity of charges
If a system contains two point charges q1 and q2,
the total charge of the system is obtained
simply by adding algebraically q1 and q2 , i.e.,
charges add up like real numbers or they are
scalars like the mass of a body.
If a system contains n charges q1, q2, q3, …, qn,
then the total charge of the system
is q1 + q2 + q3 + … + qn.
Basic properties of charges
• Quantization of charges
Quantization of charges means total charge of a
body is always an antegral multiple of basic
quantum of charge (e) i.e q = ne
• Conservation of charges
Conservation of charges means total charge of
an isolated system remains constant.
Methods of Charging
Charging by Friction:
Methods of Charging
Charging by Induction:
Methods of Charging
Charging by Conduction:
Coulomb’s law of Electrostatics
According to this law "The magnitude of the
electric force between two static point charges,
in vacuum, is directly proportional to the
product of the magnitude of the two charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them and acts along the
straight line joining the two charges".
q1 q2
r
Coulomb’s law of Electrostatics
The magnitude of Coulomb's law is given by the expression:
F α q1 q2 and F α 1/r2
Where, F is the force between two point charges,
q1 and q2 are magnitude of charges, r is the distance
between these charges.
F α q1 q2 / r2
F = k q1 q2 / r2
Where k = constant =
Coulomb’s law of Electrostatics
According to Coulomb’s law,
ԑ0 = Permitivity of free space= 8.854 x 10 -12C2N-1m-2
Unit of charge
SI unit of charge is Coulomb(C).
From Coulomb’s law,
If q1 = q2 = 1C , r=1m then
i.e F = N
•One Coulomb is that unit of charge that repel an
equal and similar charge with a force of N
when placed in vacuum at a distance of one metre
from it.
Unit of charge
In CGS system:- Electrostatic unit of charge(esu) or
stat coulomb(stat C )
1C = 3 x109stat C
= 3 x109esu
In electromagnetic CGS system :- abcoulomb or
electromagnetic unit of charge(emu)
1C= 1/10 abcoulomb= 1/10 emu
Coulomb’s law in vector form:
Coulomb’s law in vector form:
Coulomb’s law in vector form:
Law is valid under following conditions:-
Charges must be at rest.
Charges must be a point charges.
Separation be between the charges must be
greater than the nuclear size.
Principle of superposition of forces
Principle state that when a number of
charges are interacting ,the total force
on a given charge is the vector sum of
the forces exerted on it due to all other
charges.
Principle of superposition of forces
Electric field
Electric intensity or electric field strength (E) at a
point is defined as the force experienced by a unit
charge placed at that point.
E = F/q
Electric field
Unit (E) = 1N/1C =1V/1m
Test Charges
A small test charge will
• If the test charge (q0) is large, not significantly
affect it will affect the way the field. charges are
distributed on the charged conductor.
– This would change the field around the
conductor.
• Test charges will always be considered small
enough to have no effect on the field.
Electric field due to system of point charges
Electric field due to of point charge
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES OR
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
• An electric field line is defined as a path, straight or
curved in electric field, such that tangent to it at
any point gives the direction of electric field
intensity at that point. OR
• An electric line of force is an imaginary straight or
curved path along which a unit positive charge is
supposed to move when free to do so in an electric
field.
Properties of electric field lines
• Electric field lines are continuous curves.
• They start from positively charge
and end at negatively charges body.
• Tangent to the electric filed line
at any point gives the direction of
electric field intensity at that point
Properties of electric field lines
•No two electric field lines
intersect each other
•Electric lines of force can pass through an
insulator.
Properties of electric field lines
•Electric lines of force do not pass through a
conductor.
Properties of electric field lines
•Electric field lines are always normal to the
surface of of a conductor
Properties of electric field lines
•Electric lines of force are closer (crowded) where
the electric field is stronger and the lines spread
out where the electric field is weaker.