Optical fibre

‘’A kilometre of fibre-optic in today’s

world is more valuable than a kilometre of

road

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 INTRODUCTION

Name – Anshika gupta

Class- 12th (B)
Roll no. – (09)
Topic- optical fibre
Subject teacher name- Miss Mamta
Shardul
Class teacher name- Mrs. Vasudha
Trehan
Session-2022-23
School name- Ajmani international
school DELL

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 certificate
This is to certify that Anshika Gupta of class
XII has successfully completed her physics
project on the topic ‘optical fibre’ under the
guidance of Miss. Mamta Shardul (subject
teacher )for the session 2022-23 in partial
fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE).

ROLL NO.________
DATE: ___________

Teacher’s signature Principal signature

_______________ _____________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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I have taken efforts in this project. However,it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and
organisations . I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to my physics teacher ‘ MISS.
MAMTA SHARDUL’ for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project.
I would like to express my special gratitude
towards my school ‘AJMANI INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL .’
I would like to express my special gratitude and
thanks to school authorities for giving me such
attention and time. My thanks and appreciations
also got to my colleague in developing the project.
Teacher’s signature Principal’s signature
_______________ _____________

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 Index
1. Introduction
2. Applications of optical fibre
3. Fibre optic sensors
4. Other uses of optical fibre
5. Structure of optical fibre
6. Principle of operation
7. Types of optical fibre
8. Pros of using optical fibre
9. conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION
An optical fibre is a glass or platic fibre
that carries light along its length. Fibre
optics is the overlap of applied science and
engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibres. optical fibres
are widely used in fibre-optic
communications, which permits
transmission over longer distances and at
higher bandwidths than forms of
communications. Fibres are used instead of
metal wires because signal travel along
them with less loss , and they are also
immune to electromagnetic interference.
Fibres are also used for illuminations, and
are wrapped in bundles so they can be used
to carry images,thus allowing viewing in
tight spaces. Specially designed fibres are
used for a variety of other

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applications ,including sensors and fibre
lasers.

Cross-section of optical fibre

Joining lengths of optical fibre is more

complex than joining electrical wire or
[Link] ends of the fibres must be
carefully cleaved,and then spliced together
mechanically or by fusing them together
with an electrical [Link] connectors
are used to make removable connections.

APPLICATIONS OF
OPTICAL FIBRES
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OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
Optical fibre can be used as a medium for
telecommunication and networking
because it is flexible and can be bundled as
cables. It is especially advantageous for
long distances to be spanned with few
repeaters. additionally, the per-channel
light signals propagating in the fibre can be
modulated at rates as high as 111 gigabits
per second , although 10 or 40 gb/s is
typical in deployed systems.

Transmission through an optic fibre

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Fibre is also immune to electrical
interference, there is no cross talk between
signals in different cables and no pickup of
environmental [Link] armoured fiber
cables do not conduct electricity , which
make fibre a good solution for protecting
communications equipment located in high
voltage communication structures prone to
lightning strikes. They can be used in
environments where exposure fumes are
present, without danger of ignition .
Although fibres can be made out of
transparent plastic,glass,or a combination
of the two,the fibres used in long distance
telecommunication applications are always
glass, because of the lower optical
attenuation.

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 Both multi mode and single mode
fibres are used in communications, with
multi mode used mostly for short
distances ,up to 550m and single mode
fibre used for longer distance links.
Because of the tighter tolerances required
to couple light into the between single
mode fibres, single -mode
transmitter ,receiver, amplifiers and other
components are generally more expensive
than multi-mode components.

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FIBRE OPTIC SENSORS
Fibres have many uses in remote
[Link] some applications, the sensors is
itself an optical fibre. In other cases, fibre
is used to connect a non-fibreoptic sensor
to a measurement system. depending on
the application, fibre amy be used because
of its small size,or the fact that no
electrical poer is needed at the remote
location,or because many sensors can be
multiplexed along the length of a fibre by
using different wavelength of light for
each sensor,or by sensing the time delay as
light passes along the fibre through each
sensor. Time delay can be determined
using a device such as optical -time -
domain reflectometer.

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Extrinsic fibre optic sensors use an
optical fibre cable,normally a multi-mode
one,to transmit modulated light from either
non fibre optical sensor,or an electronic
sensor connected to an optical transmitter.
A major benefit of extrinsic sensors is their
ability to reach places which are otherwise
inaccessible.
An example is the measurement of
temperature inside aircraft aircraft jet
engines by using a fibre to transmit
radiation into a radiation pyrometer
locates outside the engine. Extrinsic
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sensors can also be used in the same way
to measure the internal temperature of
electrical transformers, where the extreme
electromagnetic fields present make other
measurement techniques imposiible.

Other uses of optical fibres

Optical fibre is also used in imaging
optics. A coberent bundle of fibres is used,
sometimes along with lenses, for a
long,thin imaging device called an
endoscope , which is used to view objects
through a small hole. Medical endoscopes
are used for minimally invasive
exploratory or surgical
procedures .Industrial endoscopes are used
for inspecting anything hard to reach,such
as jet engine interiors.

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 Optical fibres in Endoscope

In spectroscopy, optical fibre bundles are

used to transmit light from a spectrometer
to a substance which cannot be placed
inside the spectrometer itself, in order to
analyse its composition.A spectrometer
itself , in order to analyse its composition .
A spectrometer analyses substance by
bouncing light off of and through [Link]
using fibres, A spectrometer can be used
to study objects that are too large to fit

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inside,or gasses,or reactions which occur
in pressure vessels.

Optical fibres used in illumination applications

Fibres are widely used in illumination

applications. they are used as light guides
in medical and other applications where
bright light needs to be shone on a target
without a clear line of sight [Link] some
buildings, optical fibres are used to route
sunlight from the roof to the other part of
the building .optical fibre illumination is
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alo used for decorative
applications,including sign,arts and
artificial Christmas tree.

Structure of optical fibres

The three basic elements of a fibre optic
cable are the core,the cladding and the
coating.
 Core: This is the ligt transmission
area of the fibre,either glass or plastic.
The larger the core,the more light that
will be transmitted into the fibre.
 Cladding: The function of the
cladding is to provide a lower
refractive index at the core interface in
order to cause reflection within the core
so that light waves are transmitted
through the fibre.

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  to 900 microns Coating : Coatings
are usually multi layers of plastic
applied to preserve fibre strength,
absorb shock and provide extra fibre
[Link] buffer coatings are
available from 250 microns.

Principle of operation
Total internal reflection
When light travelling in a dense medium
hits a boundary at a steep angle ,the light
will be completely reflected. This effect is
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used in optical fibres to confine light in the
core .light travels along the fibre bouncing
back and forth off the boundary,because
the light must strike the boundary with an
angle greater than the critical angle, only
light that enters the fibre within a certain
range of angles can travel down the fibre
without leaking out . this range of angles is
called acceptance cone of the fibre. The
size of this acceptance cone is a function
of the refractive index difference between
the fibres core and cladding.

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 Types of optical fibres
Single mode cable
Single mode cable is a single stand of glass
fibre with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns
that has one mode of transmission. Single
mode fibre with a relatively narrow
diameter,through which only one mode
will propagate typically 1310 0r 1550nm.
Carriers higher bandwidth than multimode
fibre,but requires a light source with a
narrow spectral width.
Single mode fibre give you a higher
transmission rate and up to 50 times more
distance than multimode,but it also costs
more.
Single mode optical fibre is an optical fibre
in which only the lowest order bound

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mode can propagate at the wavelength of
interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

Multi -mode cable

Multi mode cable has a little bit bigger
diameter ,with a common diameter in the
50 to 100 micron range for the light carry
componenet . most application in which
multi mode .pof is a newer plastic based
cable which promises performance similar
to glass cable on very short runs,but at a
lower cost.

Pros of using optical fibres

 Extremely high bandwidth: No
other cable based data transmission
medium offers the bandwidth that
fibre does. The volume of data that

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 fibre optic cables transmit per unit
time is far great than copper cables.
 Longer distance: In fibre optic
transmission, optical cables are
capable of providing low power
loss,which enables signals can be
transmitted to a longer distance
than copper cables.
 Resistance to electromagnetic
interference: In practical cable
deployment, it’s inevitable to meet
environments like power
substances, heating, ventilating, and
other industrial sources of
interference .
 Low security risk: Data or
signals are transmitted via light in
fibre optic
transmission .therefore,there is no
way to detect the data being
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 transmitted by ‘listening in’ to the
electromagnetic energy ‘leaking’
through the cable,which ensures the
absolute security of information.
 Small size: Fibre optic cable has
a very small [Link]
instance,the cable diameter of a
single om3 multicode fibre is about
2mm, which is smaller than that of
coaxial copper [Link] size
saves more space in fibre optic
transmission.
 Fragility: usually optical fibre
cables are made up of glass ,which
lends to they are more fragile than
electrical [Link] addition ,glass
can be affected by various
chemicals including hydrogen gas ,
making them need more cares when
deployed underground.
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 Difficult to install: Its not easy
to splice fibre optic [Link] if you
bend them too much,they will
break. And fibre cable is highly
susceptible to becoming cut or
damaged during installation .All
these make it difficult to install.
 Cost is higher than copper
cable: Despite that fact that fibre
optic installation costs are dropping
by as much as 60% a year,installing
fibre optic cabling is still relatively
higher than copper cables.

Conclusion
Fibre optic transmission is widely
used for data transmission and is
increasingly being used in place of
metal wires because of its efficiency
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and high transmission capacity .we
have seen the fibre optic cables
replaced traditional copper twisted
pair cable or coaxial cable. As the
use and demand for great bandwidth
and fast speed ,there is no doubt
that fibre optic transmission will
bring more opportunities and be
continuously researched and
expanded to cater for future
demands.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I ANSHIKA GUPTA of class
XII .I have done this project with
the help of my subject teacher and
friends. I also take the help of
internet and my text book.

I used:
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 Sl arora
 Class 12 NCERT textbook

For finalizing this project

Thank you

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