Chemistry Project File ~ SaRsham Lamba — Class XU Non-Medical INDEX TOPIC Certificate Acknowledgement _ Introduction Half-Cell and Cell Potential Primary and Secondary Cells Types of Electrochemical Cells Salt Bridge Standard EMF Electrochemical Series O[2|2|N]P | H/o 19/3 F co . |Applications of Electrochemical Cell = = . | BibliographyDon’t PANIC - Positive is Anode, Negative Is Cathode. Cathoge Anode poatvey charged negatively charged fon fon -yt Cation Anion negate postive cncrose Sactrose Electrolyte solutionEEE EEE OO OOO OOOO rr, & Chemistry Project File - Saksham Lamba ~ Class X11. Non-Medical Introduction An electrochemical cell is a device that can generate electrical energy from the chemical reactions occurring in it, or use the electrical energy supplied to it to facilitate chemical reactions in it. These devices are capable of converting chemical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa. A common example of an electrochemical cell is a standard 1.5-volt cell which is used to power many electrical appliances such as TV remotes and clocks. Such cells capable of generating an electric current from the chemical reactions occurring in them care called Galvanic cells. BELECTROCHEMICATCEL Voltmeter Cathode (Reduction) ZnSO, Zn(s) | ZnSO, (aq) || CuSO, (aq) | Cu(s) Anode (Oxidation)Anode loses mass: ¢ metal loses electrons becoming ion: (s) > (aq) * ions dissolve in solution: slowly “used up” Cathode gains in mass: * ions gain electrons becoming solid: (ag) > (s) * metal precipitates: “Plate out” onto cathode meter Silver “eathede 4a The following applies to ALL electrochemical cells Nos” Amol/L copper mol il vitreecoitio’ Salt Brie arate solution ‘containing KNO3 ‘olutionChemistry Project File — SaRsham Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Electrochemical cells generally consist of a cathode and an anode. The key features of the cathode and the anode are tabulated below: Cathode Anode Denoted by a positive sign since electrons are Denoted by a negative sign since electrons Consumed here are liberated here Areduction reaction occurs in the cathode of an tion occurs here electrochemical cell iogD roel licens Electrons move into the cathode Electrons move out of the anode General convention dictates that the cathode must be represented on the right-hand side whereas the anode is represented on the left-hand side while denoting an electrochemical cell. Half-Cells and Cell Potential Electrochemical Cells are made up of two half-cells, each consisting of an electrode which is dipped in an electrolyte. The same electrolyte can be used for both half cells. These half cells are connected by a salt bridge which provides the platform for ionic contact between them without allowing them to mix with each other. An example of a salt bridge is a filter paper which is dipped in apotassium nitrateor sodium chloride solution. One of the half cells of the electrochemical cell loses electrons due to oxidation and the other gains electronsi" - ad Pe Co waco “Ty é weno / ‘oxidation haleaction: ‘eduction haltyeaction: 2n(s) + Zn (aq) +28 Gulag) +26" Cuts) ‘overall eaton:Znis)+CuM"(q)-» Zn(aq) + Cul)Chemistry Project File - Saksham Lamba — Class XII Non-Medical in a reduction process. It can be noted that an equilibrium reaction occurs in both the half cells, and once the equilibrium is reached, the net voltage becomes 0 and the cell stops producing electricity. electrons The tendency of an electrode which is in contact with an electrolyte to lose or gain electrons is described by its electrode potential. The values of these potentials can be used to predict the overall cell potential. Generally, the electrode potentials are measured with the help of thestandard hydrogen electrodeas a reference electrode (an electrode of known potential).Electrolyte Paste Carbon Rod Cathode Mix Negitive Terminal PRIMARY CELL A PRIMARY CELL IS A BATTERY THAT IS DESIGNED TO BE USED ONCE AND DISCARDED, AND NOT RECHARGED WITH ELECTRICITY AND_ REUSED LIKE A SECONDARY CELL IN GENERAL, ‘THE ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION OCCURRING IN THE CELL IS NOT REVERSIBLE, RENDERING THE CELL UNRECHARGEABLE. IEFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY CELL AND SECONDARY CEL! SECONDARY CELE ‘A SECONDARY CELL IS A TYPE OF ELECTRICAL BATTERY WHICH CAN BE CHARGED, DISCHARGED INTO A LOAD, AND RECHARGED MANY TIMES, AS OPPOSED TO A DISPOSABLE ‘OR PRIMARY BATTERY, WHICH IS SUPPLIED. FULLY CHARGED AND DISCARDED AFTER USE,Chemistry Project File — SaRsham Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Primary and Secondary Cells Primary cells are basically use-and-throw galvanic cells. The electrochemical reactions that take place in these cells are irreversible in nature. Hence, the reactants are consumed for the generation of electrical energy and the cell stops producing an electric current once the reactants are completely depleted. Secondary cells (also known as rechargeable batteries) are electrochemical cells in which the cell has a reversible reaction, ie. the cell can function as a Galvanic cell as well as an Electrolytic cell. Primary vs. Secondary Cells Cells are devices that add electrical potential energy to charges moving through them (they add voltage or emf). They do this using chemical reactions in the cell. There are two types of cells: Primary Cells | Secondary Cells Non-rechargeable. Once the cell gives up all its | Rechargeable. Once the cell gives up all its energy, the chemicals cannot react again. ‘energy. the chemical reaction that causes it to lose energy can be reversed by a charger. giving itmore energy to use in circuits Examples: Examples: + Zine-carbon cells. + Zinc-carbon cells + Car batteries + (anything non- rechargeable) Most of the primary batteries (multiple cells connected in series, parallel, or a combination of the two) areanode: cathode: Cd{s) > Cd?(aq) +26- Cu*(aq) +22" > Culs) Overall reaction: Cals) +Cu?*laq) —+ Cd?*(aq) + Culs) (2) Galvanic cel cathode cathode: anode: Cd (aq) + 2e"-» Cals) Culs) > Cu*faq) + 26 ‘Overall reaction: Cd?"laq) + Culs) -» Cals) + Cu*(aq) (b) Electrolytic cellChemistry Project File — Sashiam Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical considered wasteful and environmentally harmful devices. This is because they require about 50 times the energy they contain in their manufacturing process. They also contain many toxic metals and are considered to be hazardous waste. Difference Between Primary Cell and Secondary Cell Primary Cell Secondary Cell Have high energy density and slow They are smaller energy density in discharge and easy to use There are no fluids in the cells There are made up of wet cells (flooded and liquid cells) and hence itis also called as dry cells molten salt (liquid cells with different composition) Ithas high internal resistance Ithas a low internal resistance It has an irreversible chemical Ithas a reversible chemical reaction reaction Its design is smaller and lighter Its design is more complex and heavier Its initial cost is cheap Its initial cost is highChanges chemical e1 ctrical energy into Electrical energy . Chemical reaction. 1. Anodeis-ve 1. Anode ls +ve 2. Cathodeis +ve 2. Cathodeis-ve 3. Spontaneous reaction occurs. 3. Non-Spontaneous reaction occurs, 4, Doesnotrequire external voltage source. 4, Require external voltage source.Chemistry Project File — Saksham Camba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Types of Electrochemical Cells Galvanic Cell: An electrochemical cell in which electricity is produced as a result of a spontaneous reaction. E.g. Batteries, fuel cells, etc. Electrolytic Cell: An electrochemical cell in which a non-spontaneous reaction is driven by an external source of current. Galvanic cell Electrolytic cell > Itis a device to convert chemical energy into > Itisa device to convert electrical energy into electrical energy, chemical energy. > Itisbased upon the redox reaction which is > The redox reaction is non-spontaneous and takes spontaneous. place only when electrical energy is supplied, > Twoelectrons are usually set up in two separate > Boththe electrodes are suspended In the solution or breakers melt of the electrolyte in the same beaker. y ‘The electrolytes taken in the two breakers are Only one electrolyte is taken. different. > The electrodes taken are of diferent materials. > The electrodes taken may be of the same or different materials. > The electrode on which oxidation takes place is called > The electrodes which is connected to the -ve the anode (for -ve pole) and the electrode on which _—_terminal of the battery is called cathode, the other ‘eduction takes place is called the cathode (or +ve electrode Is called anode which is connected to the pole). ve terminal of the battery. > Toset up this cell, salt bridge/porous pot Is used. > No sat bridge is used inthis case. Electrolytic cells are a class of electrochemical cells that use electric currents to facilitate the cell reaction. The chemical reaction that occurs inside such cells is commonly referred to as electrolysis. Electrolytic cells can be used to break down bauxite into aluminium and other components. Such cells can also be employed for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen. 10Close up of salt bridge © 2 So4 © * The ions keep flowing in the salt bridge to keep everything neutral. * Electrons do also travel across the salt bridge. * This decreases the cell’s effectiveness.aes Chemistry Project File — Saksham Lamba — Class XII Non-Medical Salt Bridge A salt- brigade is a U-shaped tube containing concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte like KCI, KNO3, K2SO4 etc. or solidified solution of such an electrolyte in agar-agar and gelatine. An inert electrolyte is one whose ions do not take part in the redox reaction and also do not react with electrolyte used. The function of the salt bridge is to allow the movement of the ions from one solution to the other without mixing of the two solutions. Voltmeter Zinc Electrode Zinc Sulfate Solutioncathode anode cathode ‘ aoe electrolyte ' GALVANIC CELL ELECTROLYTIC CELL Energy released by spontaneous redox reaction is converted to electrical energy. Oxidation half-reaction: Y>Yt+e7 Reduction half-reaction: Ze 2 Overall cell reaction: Y+Z—>Y*+Z" (G<0) Electrical energy is used to drive nonspontaneous redox reaction. Oxidation half-reaction: = 728 Reduction half-reaction: Veter), Overall cell reaction: Yt+Z°->Y+Z(G>0)Chemistry Project File — Saksham Lamba — Class XII Non-Medical Thus, whereas the electrons flow in the outer circuit in the wire, the inner circuit is completed by the flow of ions from one solution to the other through the salt bridge moreover, it helps to maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution is the two half cells. Thus, the main functions of the salt bridge are :- (i) To complete the electrical circuit by allowing the ions to flow form one solution to the other without mixing of the two solutions. (ii) To maintain the electrical neutrality of the solutions in the two half cells. The Assembled Voltaic Cell _-voltmeter wires zine | electrode ~_ ok _- copper : > nati ridge i —~“ electrode > 2nSO4(aq) —__ If there was no salt bridge, charge would accumulate in each of the cells. These accumulations would prevent further reaction and prevent the production of electricity. The salt bridge contains ions that are free to move so they can balance the charges formed. Cations move to the cathode and anions move to the anode.EMF OF A CELL Temperature 25°C (298K) High resistance oF voltmeter Hydrogen gas 1 atmosphere Salt bridge Standard Hydrogen electrode Zinc electrode Catalytic platinum surface 1 mol dm* 1 mol dm? Hr (aq) ions Zn** (aq) ionsChemistry Project Pile ~ Saksham Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Standard EMF of an Electrochemical Cell An electrochemical cell is based on reaction which can be split into the two half reactions: (i) Oxidation half reaction (ii) Reduction half reaction The electromotive force of a cell or EMF of a cell is the maximum potential difference between two electrodes of a cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions. The EMF of a cell is mainly used to determine whether an electrochemical cell is galvanic or not. Standard EMF of the cell: where, Eccu= Electrode Potential of the cell Ecathode = Electrode Potential of the reduction half reaction Eanode = Electrode Potential of the oxidation half reaction According to Nernst Equation, the relation between concentration of electrode and the standard electrode potential can be given as: 13Standard Half Reaction Potential (V) +2.87 +1.67 +1,36 +1.23 +0.80 +0.77 +0.34 0.00 -0.13 -0.44 -0.76 -1.66 -2.36 -3.05 stronger oxidizing agent —> @— \uabe Buronpa: saBuoysChemistry Project File ~ Saksham Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Eee = Ecathode — Eanode 0.059 (M] E=E°- pee nim] where, E = Electrode Potential at non-standard conditions E’ = Electrode Potential at standard conditions n= Number of electrons transferred in the equation [M] = concentration of the metal [M"*] = concentration of metal ion Electrochemical Series Likewise, the standard potential values of different metals are calculated and arranged in the increasing order of the potential, we obtain the electrochemical series. Electrochemical series are essential for the determination of cell potential. It also helps in selecting electrode metals for the construction of a cell. The electrochemical series table shows the arrangement of a few elements based on the increasing order of their reduction potential. Lithium usually has the least reduction potential and fluorine has the most. Hydrogen has a zero-reduction potential, This is because all other elements are compared against hydrogen to obtain their standard electrode potential. 4 Sg i ee oi Is ae ee aesEXTRACTION OF SODIUM METAL BY ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN SODIUM CHLORIDE Down's CELL On passage of electricity a = At Cathode A fuel cell is an electrochemical device tha produce CO cae ee or) Oe rea ee mers combustion ball oe fr ror Pe ec rareChemistry Project File — Saksham Lamba ~ Class XII Non-Medical Applications of Electrochemical Cells e Electrolytic cells are used in the electro-refining of many non-ferrous metals. They are also used in the electro winning of these metals. e The production of high-purity lead, zinc, aluminium, and copper involves the use of electrolytic cells. ¢ Metallic sodium can be extracted from molten sodium chloride by placing it in an electrolytic cell and passing an electric current through it. ¢ Many commercially important batteries (such as the lead-acid battery) are made up of Galvanic cells. ¢ Fuel cells are an important class of electrochemical cells that serve as a source of clean energy in several remote locations.[| ae Chemistry Project ile - Saksham Lamba — Class XII Non-Medical BIBLIOGRAPHY e [Link] [Link] [Link] e [Link] e [Link] 16