Electrical Machines - It 1-14 Synchronous Machines : Alternators 1.11 Types of Armature Windings In general armature winding is classified as, i) Single layer and double layer winding ii) Full pitch and short pitch winding iii) Concentrated and distributed winding. Let us see the details of each classification. 1.11.1 Single Layer and Double Layer Winding If a slot consists of only one coil side, winding is said to be single layer. This is shown in the Fig. 1.12 (a). While there are two coil sides per slot, one at the bottom and one at the top the winding is called double layer as shown in the Fig, 1.12 (b) Tums _ Colt side 1 Con side 2. ‘Slot Conductors (a) Single layer (b) Double layer Fig. 1.12 A lot of space gets wasted in single layer hence in practice generally double layer winding is preferred. 1.11.2 Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding As seen earlier, one pole pitch is 180° electrical. The value of 'n’, slots per pole indicates how many slots are contributing 180° electrical phase difference. So if coil side in one slot is connected to a coil side in another slot which is one pole pitch distance away from first slot, the winding is said to be full pitch winding and coil is called full pitch coil. For example in 2 pole, 18 slots alternator, the pole pitch is n= 18 = 9 slots. So if coil side in slot No. 1 is connected to coil side in slot No. 10 such that two slots No. 1 and No. 10 are one pole pitch or n slots or 180° electrical apart, the coil is called full pitch coil. Here we can define one more term related to a coil called coil span. [Link] Coil Span It is the distance on the periphery of the armature between two coil sides of a coil. It is usually expressed in terms of number of slots or degrees electrical. So if coil spanElectrical Machines - I 1-15 Synchronous Machines : Alternators is ‘n’ slots or 180° electrical the coil is called full pitch coil. This is shown in the Fig. 1.13. Jn’ slots I] 8 ‘Slot No. 1 ‘Slot No.(n+1) ! 180" , i eteces ——ei Fig. 1.13. Full pitch coll As against this if coils are used in such a way that coil span is slightly less than a pole pitch ie. less than 180° electrical, the coils are called, short pitched coils or fractional pitched coils. Generally coils are shorted by one or two slots. So in 18 slots, 2 pole alternator instead of connecting a coil side in slot No.1 to slot No.10, it is connected to a coil side in slot No.9 or slot No. 8, coil is said to be short pitched coil and winding is called short pitch winding. This is shown in Fig. 1.14. For full pitch ‘Stot Stot ‘Slot No Nos Not0 ‘Short Tey Fig. 1.14 Short pitch coil [Link] Advantages of Short Pitch Coils In actual practice, short pitch coils are used as it has following advantages : a) The length required for the end connections of coils is less i.e. inactive length of winding is less. So less copper is required. Hence economical b) Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the sinusoidal nature of e.m.f. Hence waveform of an induced e.m.f. is more sinusoidal due to short pitching. ©) As high frequency harmonics get eliminated, eddy current and hysteresis losses which depend on frequency also get minimised. This increases the efficiency.Electrical Machines - I! 1-16 — Synchronous Machines : Alternators 1.11.3 Concentrated and Distributed Winding In three phase alternators, we have seen that there are three different sets of windings, each for a phase. So depending upon the total number of slots and number of poles, we have certain slots per phase available under each pole. This is denoted as 'm Slots per pole per phase = n/number of phases = n/3 (generally number of phases is 3) For example in 18 slots, 2 pole alternator we have n Big and m= 253 we 5, So we have 3 slots per pole per phase available. Now let 'x’ number of conductors per phase are to be placed under one pole. And we have 3 slots per pole per phase available. But if all ‘x’ conductors per phase are placed in one slot keeping remaining 2 slots per pole per phase empty then the winding is called concentrated winding. Key Point: So in concentrated winding all conductors or coils belonging to a phase are placed in one slot under every pole. But in practice, an attempt is always made to use all the ‘m’ slots per pole per phase available for distribution of the winding. So if 'x’ conductors per phase are distributed amongst the 3 slots per phase available under every pole, the winding is called distributed winding. So in distributed type of winding all the coils belonging to a phase are well distributed over the 'm’ slots per phase, under every pole. Distributed winding makes the waveform of the induced e.m.f. more sinusoidal in nature. Also in concentrated winding due to large number of conductors per slot, heat dissipation is poor. Key Point : So im practice, double layer, short pitched and distributed type of armature winding is preferred for the alternators. mm Example 4.4: Drazw tle developed diagram for full pitch armature winding of a three phase, 4 pole, 24 slots alternator. Assume single layer winding and of distributed type Note : This example will explain all the winding terminologies discussed earlier. Solution: P= 4, 24 slots , 3 phase n = Slots per pole = a =6 m = Slots per pole per phase =Electrical Machines - lt 1-17 Synchronous Machines : Alternators 0° B = Slot angle = er _ 1 6 Full pitch coils are to be used so if phase 1 say R is started in slot 1, it is to be connected to a coil in slot 7 so that coil span will be 6 slots i.e. ‘n’ slots ie. 1 pole pitch. As distributed winding is to be used, both the slots per pole per phase (m = 2) available are to be used to place the coils. And all coils for one phase are to be connected in series. So from slot No.7 we have to connect it to coil slot No.2 and slot No.2 second end to slot No.8 and so on. After finishing all slots per phase available under first pair of pole, we will connect coil to slot No.13 under next pole and winding will be repeated in similar fashion. The starting end R, and final end Rr winding for R-phase are taken out finally. Connections for R-phase only are shown in the Fig. 1.15, Lo» JLos JL» JL os iM of 21 f2el2a}24 All coils per phase in series Fig. 1.15 Developed winding diagram for ‘R' phase Now we want to have a phase difference of 120° between 'R' and 'Y’. Each slot contributes 30° as fi = 30°. So start of Y’ phase should be 120° apart from start of 'R’ ie. 4 slots away from start of R. So start of 'Y' will be in slot 5 and will get connected to slot No.11 to have full pitch coil. Similarly start of ‘B' will be further 120° apart from 'Y' ie. 4 slots apart start of "Y’ ie. will be in slot No.9 and will continue similar to 'R’. Finally all six terminals of three sets will be brought out which are connected either in star or delta to get three ends R,Y and B outside to get three phase supply. The entire winding diagram with star connected windings is shown in the Fig. 1.16.Electrical Machines - I! 1-18 Synchronous Machines : Alternators me KS Anat Star har N Fig. 1.16 Winding diagram for all three phases 1.12 E.M.F. Equation of an Alternator Let 6 = Flux per pole, in Wb P = Number of poles N, = Synchronous speed in r.p.m. f = Frequency of induced e.m.f. in Hz Z = Total number of conductors Zp, = Conductors per phase connected in series Zpn = © as mumber of phases = 3. Consider a single conductor placed in a slot. The average value of e.m{. induced in a conductor do dt For one revolution of a conductor, Flux cut in one revolution Cy conductor =~ Cur mone revowon 6 Per Time taken for one revolution Total flux cut in one revolution is § x P. Time taken for one revolution is £ seconds.Electrical Machines - II 1-19 Synchronous Machines 0 avg per conductor But f= Substituting in (1), Cave per conductor = 2f ¢ volts Assume full pitch winding for simplicity ie. this conductor is connected to a conductor which is 180° electrical apart. So these two em-fs will try to set up a current in the same direction ie. the two emf. are helping each other and hence resultant e.m.f. per tum will be twice the e.m.f, induced in a conductor. emf. per turn = 2 x (e.m-f. per conductor) = 2x (2 fo) =4 £6 volts. Let T,n be the total number of turns per phase connected in series. Assuming concentrated winding, we is can say that all are placed in single 186 —eye slot per pole per phase. So induced Ionductor1 | Conductor 2 [Link] in all turns will be in phase as placed in single slot. Hence net emf per phase will be algebraic sum of the [Link] per turn. — 1 tun — Fig. 1.17 Turn of full pitch coil Average Ep Ty, (Average e.m.f. per turn) = Tyr 4 fo But in a.c. circuits R.M.S. value of an alternating quantity is used for the analysis. The form factor is 1.11 of sinusoidal e.m-f. Average Ey R.M.S. K, = =i for sinusoidal Average RMS. value of Ey, = K, * Average value Ll x4 £6 Toy =444f9T,, volts