Presented For:

The Vibration Institute, February 17th, 2007

By:
Stanley R. Bognatz, P.E.
President
 Our customers often seek help achieving precision alignment of their
critical machinery when standard alignment techniques do not provide
satisfactory operation.

While helping them achieve the simple goal of good hot alignment,
we ve identified many mechanical issues using Optical Alignment
( OA ) that were not intuitive to those involved, and were not previously
solved using vibration analysis or other techniques.

We would like to share some OA background with you, and how we

apply OA to optimize shaft alignment and eliminate machinery
problems.

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 How do we define the (mis)alignment of two machine shafts?

Parallel misalignment: coupling rim offset between two shaft centerlines

Angular misalignment: coupling face deviation from parallel
Combined the usual field condition .

Combined Misalignment

Angular (Face) Misalignment

Parallel (Offset) Misalignment

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 How accurate do we need to be? What factors might you consider?

More Critical: Less Critical:

High speed (=> 1,800 rpm) Low speed (< 1,800 rpm)
Rigid couplings Geared Couplings
Disc-pack couplings (for offset) Flexible Couplings
Short coupling spans Long coupling spans

What criteria do you have?

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 The Alignment Tolerance Chart ties speed, coupling span, and misalignment in
the horizontal & vertical directions together to assess alignment accuracy.
2.0

Shaft deviation is
1.8
calculated for each side
of the coupling (h & v) 1.6

2
and plotted as a SHAFT = h v2
SHAFT DEVIATION (MILS/INCH)
1.4
DEV. P.T.
function of speed to 1.2

determine if alignment 1.0

is required.
0.8

We can see that at 0.6

REALIGNMENT REQUIRED

3,600 rpm, deviation

0.4
much beyond 1 mil/inch ACCEPTABLE

should be realigned. 0.2

VERY GOOD

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
SPEED (RPM / 1000)

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 So, once again: How accurate does our alignment need to be?
To muddy the water just a bit more:
What is the point in setting a cold shaft alignment within 0.002" if adjacent
bearing housings move 10 20 mils (or more!) in different directions due to
thermal growth and static deflection?
If we set a perfect cold alignment, with the shafts collinear, it is a sure bet
that thermal growth and static deflection will ruin our alignment when the
machine is operating.
This is where Optical Alignment will provide significant improvement in our
operating (hot) alignment accuracy.

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 OA - The use of high-precision optical instruments (jig transits, sight
levels, alignment telescopes) and special tooling to measure the
relative alignment of machinery.

OA can help us answer these Applications of OA include:

questions with high accuracy: Align bearing & seal bores
Is it straight? Align diaphragms
Is it level? Set rolls parallel
Is it plumb? Level base & sole plates
Is it square? Check flatness
Align & level machine cases
Measure thermal growth
Measure static deflection

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 What advantages does optical equipment have for determining Is it Straight,
Level, Plumb & Square?
Measurement flexibility horizontal; vertical; axial; bores; casings; split-
lines; diaphragms; rolls; baseplates; soleplates; foundations; rolls; etc.
Many measurements quickly
References (Benchmarks) allow absolute comparison of components
Easy to setup in multiple locations around any machine
Easily portable
Excellent repeatability between surveys
Excellent accuracy

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 Several essential pieces of gear
comprise a typical OA kit:
Jig transits; alignment telescopes
Precision Scales
Scale Levels
Invar Kit
Tripods
Tubes
Cross-slides
Mounting Hardware / Tooling
Benchmarks
Tool kit

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Brunson 76-RH Jig Transit key features & functions:
Main Telescope: 30X magnification;
focus 2 to Infinity (and beyond)
Main scope sweeps horizontal & vertical planes
Fine-motion tangent screws for adjustment
Cross Telescope: 45X magnification; provides
sights at precise right angles to the main scope
Coincidence Level: precision leveling (1 arc-sec)
Optical Micrometer: offset measurements (0.001 )
Extreme Accuracy - bearing runout < 0.000025
Calibration can be verified on-site for every job

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The coincidence level system is the key to the jig transit s accuracy.

Vertical tangent screw on transit subtly tilts the

telescope to dead-level the line of sight.
When viewed through the turret, both ends of
the coincidence level bubble are optically
folded and brought together, side-by-side,
using a 2.5X mirror path.
The human eye is very good at evaluating
coincident patterns and can detect the tiniest
deviation from level.

How sensitive is this system?

We can easily detect 1 arc-sec of tilt
1 arc-sec = The width of dime viewed from 1 ¼ miles away
In practical terms, 1 arc-sec = 0.0013 (1.3 mils) at 17 feet

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Optical Mics and Scales provide the means to make measurements .

The mic uses a drum

graduated in 0.001
increments to act as a
vernier when reading
scales
For example, after
sighting a scale between
17.4 and 17.5 , the mic
is adjusted to move the
reticle to 17.4, and the
amount moved is read
from the drum, 0.040 ,
This gives a reading of
17.440
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 A little bit more sophisticated than the
old wooden ruler
Hardened tool steel
Matte white surface
Glare reducing top-coat
Various sizes, 3 , 10 , 20 , 40
Graduated in inches and tenths
Accuracy +/- 0.001
Varying tic spacing for different
sight distances
0.004 (closest)
0.010
0.025
0.060 (farthest)

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 Invar comes in various lengths, and is
assembled as needed to mount
scales in the desired line-of-sight.
Invar s extremely low coefficient of
thermal expansion makes it perfect
for consistent measurements in any
machinery environment. Compare
growths of a 5 rod over a 30°F T:
Aluminum: 0.024
Steel: 0.017
Invar: 0.001 !!

Tolerance: +/- 0.0003 per tube, std.

Total stack-up error per kit +/- 0.001

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 Stable bases are critical for reliable
data. Quickset s Hercules tripods
have proven rock solid, light weight &
portable.
The tripod s elevator lets us adjust
scope height, and tubes allow us to
reach high locations.
Cross-slides provide lateral move-
ment to let us buck-in the instrument
to a desired line-of-sight.

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 Internal alignment of
crankcase bearings
(bore alignment)

Alignment of gearbox
bearings to extruder bore

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 Establishing parallel gearbox
bearing bores

Setting parallel roll position (&

heights) in paper / steel mills

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 Plumbing columns / surfaces;
measuring horizontal deflection

Leveling; checking flatness;

measuring vertical deflection

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 The measuring of horizontal and vertical
movement forms the basis for determining how
machinery moves from off-line to running
conditions.

By measuring how each bearing in a machine

moves, we can determine exactly how the cold
alignment should offset to produce an accurate
hot alignment when operating.

This movement is sometimes referred to as

OL2R , but most folks lump it into the term
Thermal Growth .

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 Thermal Growth is often just considered to be the Vertical change in bearing or
shaft position due to temperature changes ( T) in the machine casing, bearing
supports, and foundations.

Movement due to T can be easily calculated. For steel, a coefficient of

thermal expansion of {6.8 x 10-6 in / in / °F} is typically used.
For example, a bearing pedestal 30 tall that was 45° hotter when the
machine was running would grow by:
(6.8x10-6) x 30 x 45 = 0.0092 , or 9.2 mils (not too bad )

But, if the T were 150°F, the change would be:

(6.8x10-6) x 150 x 45 = 0.0459 , or 45.9 mils
hmmm so much for our cold alignment

Do you know of any machines operating 50° or more above ambient?

What effect is that T likely having on the alignment?

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 The Thermal Growth on the previous slide only considered vertical calculations.
This is how many machinery OEMs derive their cold alignment offsets. And
while it is a good starting point, it is only part of the equation.
We should also consider the horizontal bearing housing movement. Machine
casings will often show equal horizontal thermal expansion on both sides of a
bearing due to casing symmetry. However, many (most?) machines also exhibit
static deflection due to the effects of torque transmission.
Other issues such as grout deterioration, pedestal or foundation flexure, and
soft-foot will compound both the horizontal and vertical movements seen while
operating.
It is easy to see how our good, cold alignment can quickly become
unacceptable while the machine is operating. This is where Optical Alignment
can provide us with the measurements to properly align the machinery.

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Case Study #1 A Tale of 2 Boiler Feed Pumps
Or, One of these things is not like the other .

Machinery Configuration Customer Problem:

Motor: 3,585 rpm ; 4,500 HP Poor reliability on #1 BFP inboard pump seals
Cplg: Disc-Pack (~6 months)
Pump: 11 Stage; 2030 gpm; 7520 hd.

V-B
H-B BM-2 BM-4

2 Motor 4 6 Pump 8

1 3 5 7

H-A
BM-1 BM-3
V-A
V-C
Diagram showing dowel-pin measurement points (1,2,3, etc.),
benchmarks (BM-x), and jig-transit locations used.
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 Case Study #1, continued
Alignment Study Results #1 BFP Vertical Data
The pump pivoted very nearly about the outboard pedestal, causing the inboard
bearing to go upward, likely due to pipe strain, thus loading the bearing & seals. The
inboard bearing moved upward 0.023 , while outboard went down 0.017 . The motor
moved upward 0.002 on the outboard bearing, 0.013 inboard. This required the
motor to be set nearly 0.060 high on the outboard bearing, and 0.032 on the inboard
bearing. Not your typical motor alignment .

As-L
eft H
ot

As-
Lef Vertical
Col t
d Alignment
As-Found Hot
Data
As-Fo Pu
und C mp
old Ho
tP osi
ton

Pump Cold Position

Dowel Pin
Motor #1 Boiler Feed Pump Foot Centerline

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 Case Study #1, continued
Alignment Study Results #1 BFP Horizontal Data
The motor outboard bearing moved 0.005 to the right, while the inboard bearing
moved right 0.013 . The pump outboard bearing moved about 0.004 right, while the
inboard bearing was essentially steady. This required the motor to be offset to the left
to achieve reasonable horizontal alignment. The motor was found to be bolt-bound
and could not be moved to the ideal position.

20"
0.020"

As-Left Cold
Pump - Hot/Standby
Horizontal
As-Foun Pump-Hot/Full Load Alignment
d Cold
Data
A s - Fo
und H As-Left Hot
ot

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 Case Study #1, continued
Thermal Growth Results #2 BFP Vertical Data
The motor and pump demonstrated much more typical responses, although the pump
was found to grow more significantly than the pump vendor had anticipated for this
center-hung design. Final vertical motor alignment required removing 0.010 from all
feet, which was performed at a later date.

Remove 0.010" from all motor feet

As-Left Hot

iton
As-Left Pump Hot Pos
Cold Vertical
Alignment
dcp Data
ot
dH
-F oun Pump Cold Position
As
d
Col
nd
F ou
As -

Dowel Pin
Motor #2 Boiler Feed Pump Foot Centerline

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 Case Study #1, continued
Alignment Study Results #2 BFP Horizontal Data
Unlike #1 BFP motor, this motor moved 0.006 to the left at both bearings. The pump
showed a similar twisting motion as #1 BFP, but was more pronounced. This resulted
in the motor needing to be offset 0.025 at the outboard bearing, and 0.016 at the
inboard bearing. Once again, not your typical alignment ..

20"
0.020"

ot Pump-Hot/Full Load
eft H Horizontal
A s- L
Alignment
d
Col old Data
Left dC
As- o t Fo u n Move inboard motor feet 0.008-0.010" to right
dH As-
F oun (as viewed looking motor to pump)
As -

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 Case Study #1, continued
Conclusions
The two otherwise identical boiler feed pumps, mounted only a few feet away from
each other, required significantly different cold alignment offsets to produce acceptable
alignment while operating at full-flow conditions.

The required offsets, especially on #1 BFP, were far outside the values recommended
by both the OEM and a pump repair specialist that was on site.

Following realignment to the required position, and re-adjustment of the inboard bearing
seal, the #1 BFP ran without alignment-related seal problems for over 18 months. #2
BFP was later realigned and has run very well.

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 Case Study #2 Large Turbine-Generator
Rigid couplings & short bearings spans need
attention .

Machinery Configuration Customer Problem:

Turbine: 3,600 rpm OEM set alignment during outage. High vibration
Coupling: Rigid, rabetted-fit and seal rubbing experienced during startup.
Generator: 75 MW Orbital & shaft centerline data analysis confirmed
the measured misalignment.

V-H V-G V-F

BM-4
BM-2 V-E
4D
6SL 8D BM-6
2D 10D 11
HP IP LP Generator
9D 12
1D 5SL 7D BM-5
BM-1 3D
V-D
BM-3
V-A
V-B V-C
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 Case Study #2, continued
HP to LP Turbine As-Left OEM Alignment
Coupling faces were left open 0.013 (13 mils) on the bottom, placing bearing #1 at
0.104 above the coupling, and bearing #2 about 0.010 high to the coupling. No
significant offsets were used.

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 Case Study #2, continued
LP Turbine to Generator As-Left OEM Alignment
Coupling faces were left approximately fair, with no significant offsets.

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 Case Study #2, continued
Alignemnt Study Results
We found 0.065 growth at bearing #1 (turbine front standard), with 0.050 at bearing
2. Bearings #3, 4 and 5 showed 0.020 , 0.019 and 0.015 , respectively. The cold
coupling and combined hot alignment data are shown below. Note high bearing metal
temperatures of 190° at bearings #1 & #4.
Bearing Metal
Temp. = 190°

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DATA

Bearing Metal
Temp. = 148° Bearing Metal
Temp. = 161°
Dy n am
ic Align Bearing Metal
me n t a
t 75 MW Bearing Metal Temp. = 183°
Load
Temp. = 190°

As-Left Cold Alignment 4/24/06

HP/IP TURBINE LP TURBINE GENERATOR

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 Case Study #2, continued
Conclusions
To normalize bearing loadings, we recommended the following shim changes (shown in
green below):
Bearing #1: no change
Bearing #2: + 0.025 Customer has yet to make any changes,
Bearing #3: +0.010 and has since had fluid-induced instability at
Bearing #4: no change bearings 2 and 3, and mechanical problems
Bearing #5: - 0.025 at bearing 1.

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DATA

Prop
osed
H ot Ali
gnm
ent
Dynam
ic Align
ment a
t7 5 MW
Load

As-Left Cold Alignment 4/24/06

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 Case Study #3 Process Compressor Train
High speed requires high precision .

Machinery Configuration Customer Problem:

Turbine: MHI; 4,831 rpm; 27,000 HP High 1X-filtered vibration on LP compressor since
Couplings: all disc-pack water induction event. Misalignment & unbalance
LP Cmpr: Elliott 60M81; 4,831 rpm suspected.
Gearbox: MAAG
HP Cmpr: Elliott 29M6I; 11,047 rpm

H -A H B M -1 H B M -3
13 15
9 11 HP CMPR
E 3 5 7
1 LP C M P R .
G B -201 TURB. GB 2 9M 6I
11 ,04 7 R P M
HORZ. 4,83 1 R P M 14 16
10 12
2 4 6 6 0M 8I 8

H -B H B M -2 H B M -4

V B M -1 V B M -2
V -A 13 15
V -C V -B HP CMPR
9 11
3 5 7
1 LP C M P R .
G B -201 TURB. GB 2 9M 6I
11 ,04 7 R P M
VERT. 4,83 1 R P M 14 16
6 0M 8I 10 12
2 4 6 8

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 Case Study #3, continued
Alignment Study Results
Using prior cold shaft-alignment data and measured thermal growth data, the results
below were obtained. While this graph is busy , we can see the hot offsets present at
each side of each coupling. Shaft Deviation values were calculated for each coupling,
and are shown on the Misalignment Tolerance Graph on the next slide.

y 2006
ent - Ma
Alignm HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT DATA
D y namic

nment 2002
As-Left Cold Alig

Dynamic
Alignmen
t - May 20
06
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DATA
As-Left Cold Alignment 2002

U7-201 TURBINE C7-201 LP COMPRESSOR C7-202

MHI 8CL-9 ELLIOT 60M8I N7-201 HP CMPR
SPEED INCR. ELLIOTT 29M6I
MAAG G-40

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 Case Study #3, continued
Results LP CMPR / GBX 2.48

2.0

1.8
HP CMPR / GBX

1.6
2 2
SHAFT = h v
DEV. P.T.
SHAFT DEVIATION (MILS/INCH)

1.4

1.2

1.0
TURB / LP CMPR

0.8

REALIGNMENT REQUIRED
0.6

0.4
ACCEPTABLE

0.2

VERY GOOD
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
SPEED (RPM / 1000)

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 Case Study #3, continued
Conclusions
Significant misalignment was found on the LP Compressor to Gearbox coupling, and
was suspected to be a major contributor to LP Compressor vibration. The large
horizontal offsets caused a 1X crank-effect across the disc-pack style coupling. This
contributed to the residual mass unbalance in the rotor, and caused unacceptably
high vibration. Significant misalignment was also found on the HP Compressor to
Gearbox coupling.

Alignment changes were recommended to the customer, but the site has yet to shut
down the process to allow corrections to me made.

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 Case Study #4 Generator & Exciter
High stiffness coupling sensitive to
offsets .
Machinery Configuration Customer Problem:
Generator: 850MW; 1,800 rpm High 1X-filtered vibration on exciter bearings
Coupling: large disc-pack prompted alignment & vibration study.
Exciter: 2-bearing; 1,800 rpm

V-E

BM-8 BM-6
BM-2
BM-4 H-B
8 6 4 2
LP-B Generator
Exciter V-B
7 3 1
5
BM-3 H-A
BM-1
BM-7 BM-5
V-A

V-C
V-D
© 2007 M&B Engineered Solutions, Inc. Optical Alignment, Thermal Growth 37
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 Case Study #4, continued
Alignment Study Results
Using a 0.007 parallel offset alignment, as supplied by the customer, and adding the
thermal growth for the generator and exciter bearings, we have the hot alignment
shown below. It was interesting to note nearly equal vertical thermal growth on the
generator and exciter bearings.

HOT ALIGNMENT
HOT ALIGNMENT

COLD
GENERATOR (STATIONARY)
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DATA

GENERATOR 1,800 RPM EXCITER

(PARTIALLY SHOWN)

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 Case Study #4, continued
Shaft Centerline Data
Proximity probes were used to gather vibration and shaft centerline data from the
generator and exciter bearings. During startup from zero to 1,800 rpm, the shaft at
bearing 8 (exciter-end of generator) moved upward 0.010 and to the right 0.003 .
Bearing 9 (drive-end of exciter) moved up 0.003 toward bearing center.

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 Case Study #4, continued
Shaft Centerline Data
Data from bearing 10 showed the shaft moving up only about 0.0015 , and slightly to
the left, about 0.0005 .

Note:
For counter-clockwise rotation (viewed
from generator to exciter), we normally
expect the shaft to rise and move to the
right due to the lubricating oil forming a
wedge in the lower-left quadrant of the
bearing beneath the shaft. As the shaft
rotates, this wedge creates direct and
quadrature stiffness components that lift
and push the shaft toward the lower-right
bearing quadrant.

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 Case Study #4, continued
Alignment Study Results
When we add the shaft centerline movement within the bearings (due to oil wedge
effects) to the hot alignment, we arrive at the dynamic vertical alignment conditions
shown below. The rotors appeared to be well aligned, with only a 0.003 offset at the
coupling in the vertical direction.

DYNAMIC ALIGNMENT DYNAMIC ALIGNMENT

HOT ALIGNMENT
HOT ALIGNMENT

COLD
GENERATOR (STATIONARY)
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DATA

GENERATOR 1,800 RPM EXCITER

(PARTIALLY SHOWN)

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 Case Study #4, continued
Conclusions
The rotors appeared to be well aligned, with only a 0.003 offset at the coupling in the
vertical direction. Horizontally, we did not have thermal data, but cold alignment and
dynamic offsets also yielded less than 0.003 total offset.

The customer indicated the large disc-pack coupling was not loosened during the last
alignment check. Due to its size, it will have an impact on the exciter s alignment
readings, especially any offset readings at bearing 9.

We have recommended a coupling inspection, including runout checks of all hubs, and a
re-check of the cold alignment with the disc-pack bolts loosened. This will allow an
accurate indication of the exciter shaft alignment. Soft-foots checks of the exciter frame
will also be performed to reduce frame foot vibration.

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Thank You Any Questions?