VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

"Jnana Sangama" Belagavi 590018

A mini project on

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555 TIMER

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of bachelor of engineering in electrical and electronics.
Submitted by
UDAY CHANDRA N C (1AY20EE029)
YASHWANTH T P (1AY20EE031)
SUHAS PRAKASH (1AY20EE028)
SOURABH PRANESH (1AY20EE026)
AKKI KOTRESHA (1AY20EE005)
Under the support and guidance of

Mr. KARTHIK S
Assistant professor

Department of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya technological university Belagavi

Soldevanahalli, Bengaluru – 560107)

 ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of a task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and without whose
constant guidance and encouragement, success would not have been possible.
I am grateful to my institute Acharya Institute of Technology with its ideas and inspiration
for having provided us with the facilities, which has made this Seminar a success.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. R PRAKASH, HOD, Dept. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, AIT, for his valuable guidance and support.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Internal Guide Mr. KARTHIK S,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AIT, for his valuable
guidance, encouragement and suggestion which helped me a lot in the completion of the
Technical Seminar.
Finally, I express my sincere thanks to my Parents, all teaching and non- teaching faculty
members, well-wishers and Friends for their moral support, encouragement and help
throughout the completion of the Technical Seminar.

UDAY CHANDRA N C
(1AY20EE029)
YASHWANTH T P
(1AY20EE031)
SUHAS PRAKASH
(1AY20EE028)
SOURABH PRANESH
(1AY20EE026)
AKKI KOTRESHA
(1AY20EE005)
 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a unique step-by-step procedure for the

simulation of photovoltaic modules with MATLAB/ Simulink. One-
diode equivalent circuit is employed in order to investigate I-V and P-
V characteristics of a typical 200 W solar module. The proposed
model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like W
 555 TIMER

THEORY: An Astable multi-vibrator, often called a

free running multi-vibrator, is a rectangular-wave
generating circuit. Unlike the Monostable multi-
vibrator, this circuit does not require an external
trigger to change the state of the output, hence the
name free running. However the time during which
the output is either high or low is determined by the
two resistors and a capacitors which are connected
externally.
CIRCUIT OPERATION: The 555 timer connected as an
astable vibration. Initially when the output is high,
capacitor C1= C starts towards VCC through R1= R A
and R2=RB. However as soon as voltage across the
capacitor equals 2/3 VCC, comparator-1 triggers the
flip-flop and the output switches low. Now capacitor
C starts discharging through RB and transistor Q1.
When the voltage across C equals 1/3 VCC
comparator’s output triggers the flip-flop and output
goes high. Then the cycle repeats.
The time during which the capacitor charges
from 1/3 VCC is equal to the time the output is high
and is given by:
Similarly, the time during which the capacitor
discharges from 2/3 VCC to 1/3 VCC is equal to the
time the output is low and is given by:
Thus the total period
of the output
waveform is
(RA + 2RB) C
The frequency of oscillation is given by:f = 1/T

Where RA and RB is in Ohms and C in Farads for in independent

of supply voltage VCC
 Unsymmetrical astable multivibrator:

VCC
XSC1
12.0V
Ext Trig
+
R1 _
A B
6.8kΩ U1 + _ + _

VCC

RST OUT
R2 DIS
3.3kΩ THR
TRI

CON

GND
C1 C2
0.1µF 0.01µF LM555CM

Waveforms:
Symmetrical Astable Multivibrator

VCC
XSC1
12.0V
Ext Trig
+
1N4007G R1 _
A B
6.8kΩ U1 + _ + _

VCC

D1 RST OUT
R2 DIS
6.8kΩ THR

TRI
CON

GND
C1 C2
0.1µF 0.01µF LM555CM

Waveforms:
The block diagram of a 555 timer is shown in the above figure. A 555
timer has two comparators (which are basically 2 op-amps), an R-S
flip-flop, two transistors and a resistive network.

 The Resistive network consists of three equal resistors (5K

Ohms each) and acts as a voltage divider. Notice that the
resistor network is designed in such a way that the voltage at
the Inverting terminal of Comparator 1 will be 2/3Vcc and the
voltage at the Non Inverting terminal of Comparator 2 will be
1/3Vcc.
 Comparator 1 – compares the threshold voltage (at pin 6) with
the reference voltage + 2/3 VCC volts.
 Comparator 2 – compares the trigger voltage (at pin 2) with the
reference voltage + 1/3 VCC volts.

For the sake of explanation, lets assume the circuit is powered up and
right now the status at non inverting flip flop output – Q is LOW. When
Q is LOW, Vout will be HIGH (which we call as Timer Output). You see
that Q is directly connected to base of transistor (at the discharge
terminal). So when Q is LOW, transistor will be in its cut off state (OFF
state). In this state, capacitor C is directly connected to power supply
Vcc through resistors RA and RB. So the capacitor will start charging
towards the supply voltage Vcc and the charging time constant will be
defined by RA and RB values as (RA+RB)*C. The capacitor will charge
towards Vcc and this will increase the threshold voltage (voltage
across pin 6) of 555 IC. When the capacitor charges upto 2/3Vcc and
beyond, the threshold voltage will also surpass 2/3Vcc level and this
will force the op amp output (comparator 1) to go HIGH (take note
that the reference voltage at – terminal of comparator 1 is
2/3Vcc). Since the op amp output of comparator 1 is connected ‘S’
(SET input) of SR flip flop, the flip flop will be triggered and the Q
output (non inverting output) of flip flop will turn HIGH. You got upto
this? You may recall that we have begun this explanation by assuming
Q is LOW initially. Now as a result of capacitor charging, Q has turned
HIGH automatically from LOW. When Q goes HIGH, Vout will
automatically go to LOW as Vout is nothing but a compliment of Q.
When Q is HIGH, the transistor at pin 7 (the discharge terminal) will be
turned ON and the transistor will get saturated. When the transistor
gets saturated, the pin 7 (discharge terminal) will act as a ground for
the [Link] a result, a new path is available for the capacitor to
discharge from 2/3Vcc level to zero volts. The capacitor will start
discharging through the new path (through RB) and this will result in
decrease in voltage across the trigger terminal (pin 2) of 555 IC. The
discharging time constant is defined by RB*C. Once the capacitor
discharges to a level below 1/3Vcc, resulting in the same voltage
(voltage of capacitor) across the trigger terminal (notice that the
reference input voltage at + terminal of comparator 2 is 1/3Vcc), the
op amp output of comparator 2 will go HIGH. Since the output of
comparator 2 is connected to ‘R’ – the RESET input terminal of SR flip
flop, the Q output of flip flop will go from HIGH to LOW. When Q goes
to LOW, Vout will automatically go to HIGH. Thus an automatic
transition from HIGH to LOW and then from LOW to HIGH is achieved
in an Astable Multivibrator. The cycle repeats.

We have successfully completed the working explanation of an astable

multivibrator using 555 IC. You can see the output wave forms in the
diagrams given above. The two important parameters that we should
understand from the output of timer is ON Time (THIGH) and OFF Time
(TL0W).

ON Time – is the time for which the timer output Vout has remained
in HIGH State. We notate this with THIGH.

OFF Time – is the time for which the timer output Vout has remained
in LOW state. We notate this with TL0W.

ON Time and OFF Time are dependent on the values of RA, RB and C.
So we can obtain the desired ON Time and OFF Time at the timer
output with the proper calculation of RA, RB and C values.

********