ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

LEARNING MODULES

Module

ENVIRONMENTAL
4
MANAGEMENT

Lesson 10 Strategies of Governments

Lesson 11 Corporate Management Strategies
Lesson 12 Philippine Environmental Laws

Lesson 10

STRATEGIES OF GOVERNMENTS 40
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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
 Discuss the Corporate Management Strategies.
 Cite an example of a company or industry that uses at least one of the six corporate strategies.
 Create a graphic organizer showing the strategies of government in resource management.
Introduction
Personal, social, and corporate ethics define how our society responds to the challenges of increasing
environmental damage. The changing consciousness of individuals and groups is reflected in the kind
of management strategies that have been used. We have looked at how governments approach
environmental protection. It is the business corporations, however, that have the biggest impact on the
environment. In a way, businesses have employed management strategies that reflect the prevailing
morals of the times. So, let's find out the strategies of governments.
Let’s Begin
Complete the activity so that you will be able to fully conceptualize the topic of the course subject.
These activities will gear you up the topic of this module.
Cite products in the supermarkets that you think are evidence that local companies have become aware
of environmental issues like conservation and protection.
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We’re on our way!

Let us talk about your Activity. What is the importance of implementing strategies in resource
management? How do we as consumers contribute to protecting the environment?
Write your answer here!
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Let’s Dig Deeper!
Now, I want you to carefully read the text below to help you fully understand the topic we have on the
Strategies of Governments.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?
It is an attempt to control human impact on and interaction with the environment in order to preserve
natural resources. It is a process by which environmental health is regulated. It does not involve
managing the environment itself, but it is the process of taking steps and behaviors to have a positive
effect on the environment.
What are the three major strategies in resource management?
 the regulatory or "command and control" approach
 the economic incentives approach
 the property rights systems approach

1. Regulatory or "Command and Control" approach

 Governments take a direct approach by setting environmental standards or targets that will
achieve the kinds of solutions to environmental problems.
 This approach also called the "command and control" approach.

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 Environmental standards are set and enforced by legislation.
 Penalties for violators or those not honoring the standards are also imposed through
legislation.
 This action is based on the principle that polluters must pay.
2. Economic Incentives Approach
 It is an indirect form of regulation.
 It is also called as economic incentives instruments.
 It is a suite of systems designed to ensure compliance to regulations but using market forces
that compel a business entity to change its behavior(also called market-based instruments).
What are the six examples of Economic Incentive Instruments?
1. Charges or fines – When businesses are not able to comply with pollution standards, a system
of imposing charges or fines take over. Some variations include a charge for the use of
polluting substances (user charge), to produce polluting substances (product charge) and for
doing business related to polluting materials (administrative charge). It is a product charge
results in direct alteration of prices.
2. "Green" Taxes refer to the regular obligation imposed by governments to businesses. A
business that emits pollutants can be charged tax rates that are computed according to the
amount of damage that waste materials from the business caused to the environment.
3. Deposit-Refund Schemes – Governments may impose an additional charge, called a
surcharge, on the price of a product that a factory produces. When the used product is returned
for recycling, the government refunds the surcharge.
4. Information Programs – The government or other groups like non-governmental
organizations can conduct information programs about certain practices that may influence the
consumers to change their behavior.
5. Tradable Emission Permits – Governments, on some occasions, issue permits to businesses
that allow them to emit specific pollutants up to a certain limit. When one company produces
pollutants in less amount than permitted, it may sell or trade its permit to other companies that
exceed their limit.
6. Subsidies – Governments can grant subsidies, soft loans or by changes in accounting
procedures give further incentives to businesses to adopt environmentally-clean technologies.
3. Property Rights Systems Approach
It is a government strategy that determines how it handles a resource owned by a private owner. It is
also an indirect form of regulation.
CORPORATE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
What are the common corporate management strategies?
1. Waste Minimization is the strategy of a business entity to control wastes it produces in the
process of conducting its operations. There are four steps in waste minimization: redesign
products, recycle, incinerate wastes, and dispose of waste properly.
2. Product Life-cycle Analysis – Before a good is produced, it passes through several steps in its
life cycle. The approach by some businesses is to reduce the environmental impact in each of
the steps and then look at the total picture of the life cycle. For example, in the different stages
of manufacturing distribution, use and disposal of a product, businesses began to assess the
resources used, the energy consumed, the wastes produced, and the emissions released in each
of the stages.
3. Design for Disassembly – In order to facilitate recycling, some companies have started to
redesign their products to make it easier for them to be disassembled once they reach the end
of their usefulness. Companies like BMW, Whirlpool, Digital Equipment, 3M and General
Electric have tried designing their products such that once they are taken apart, the component
parts can be reused to make other products.
4. Green Marketing – As businesses became sensitive to the demand for environmentally-
friendly products, voluntarily they came up with biodegradable and recyclable products such
as more fuel-efficient cars and appliances.
5. Greening of Strategy – These are action plans that a business entity or group takes to
accomplish its objectives of producing goods or services that are environmentally friendly.

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6. Greening of Communications – It is a response of a business entity or group to display that it
supports environmentally- friendly practices or technologies by means of advertisements or
media pronouncements.
Now, we already have explored the first topic of the module which is about the Strategies of
Governments.
How far we have gone? (Assessment 4.1)
Let’s try your understanding.
Answer the following questions:
1. Discuss the Corporate Management Strategies. See rubric for essay.
2. Cite an example of a company or industry that uses at least one of the six corporate strategies. See
rubric for essay.
3. Create a graphic organizer showing the strategies of government in resource management. See
rubric for graphic organizer.

Lesson 11
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS

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Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
 Discuss one of the major Philippine laws dealing with air, water, toxic and solid wastes.
 Give comments on the appropriateness of the eight major environmental laws of the
Philippines to the pr4esent day concerns of the society.
Introduction
Among the first pieces of environmental legislation passed in the world was an ordinance that limited
the burning of coal in London in 1306. Since then, many countries have instituted laws that target the
protection of the environment. So, let’s journey into the world of Environmental Laws.
Let’s Begin
Complete the activity so that you will be able to fully conceptualize the topic of the course subject.
These activities will gear you up the topic of this module.
Associate related ideas on the following words.

We’re on our way!

Let us talk about your Activity. How important is it for us to have adequate knowledge about
Philippine Environmental Laws?
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___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s Dig Deeper!
Now, I want you to carefully read the text below to help you fully understand the topic we have on the
Philippine Environmental Laws.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL LAW?
 It is a complex and interlocking body o statutes,
common law, treaties, conventions, regulations,
and policies.
 It operates to regulate the interaction of humanity
and the rest of the biophysical or natural
environment.
 Its purpose is to reduce or minimize the impacts of
human activity, both on the natural environment
for its own sake, and on humanity itself.

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS define sustainable development as “development that

meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs” as defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987.
The 1946 Federal Administrative Act (APA) of the United States allows the different states to enact
different administrative guidelines to enforce federal laws.
Major U.S. Environmental and Resource Conservation Legislation Wildlife Conservation
Anadromous Fish Conservation Act of 1965
Fur Seal Act of 1966
National Wildlife Refuge System Act of 1966, 1976, 1978

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Species Conservation Act of 1966, 1969
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
Endangered Species Act of 1973,1982,1985,1988
Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, 1978, 1982
Whale Conservation and Protection Study Act of 1976
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 (Nongame Act)
Land Use and Conservation
Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
Wilderness Act of 1964
Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1968
Wild and Scenic rivers Act of 1968
National Trails System Act of 1968
National Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, 1980
Forest Reserves Management Act of 1974, 1976
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Act of 1974, 1978
General
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)
International Environmental Protection Act of 1983
Environmental Education Act of 1990
Energy National Energy Act of 1978, 1980
Water Quality
Water Quality Act of 1965
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, 1984
Air Quality
Clean Air Act of 1963, 1965,1970,1977,1990
Noise Control
Noise Control Act of 1965
Resources and Solid-Waste Management
Solid Waste disposal Act of 1965
Resources Recovery Act of 1970
Toxic Substances
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982
Pesticides
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Control Act of 1972, 1988
GENERAL LAWS
 The Philippines’ Environmental Laws support Global Agenda 21 (or the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development), the program of action adopted by the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
 It was nicknamed Agenda 21 to signify that the program of action is directed from then up to
the 21st century.
 Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration states that “The right to development must be fulfilled so as
to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations”.
 This statement is the core of sustainable development
What are the eight major Philippines laws dealing with air, water, toxic and solid wastes?
 Marine Pollution Decree of 1976 (P.D. 979)
 Philippine Environment Code of 1977 (P.D. 1152)
 Philippine Environmental Policy of 1977 (P.D. 1151)
 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act or 1990 (R.A 6969)
 National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission of 1992 (R.A 3931)
 National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R.A 7586)
 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A 8749)

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 Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003)
The Philippine Environmental Policy (PEP) Act
 This act is broadly worded in such a way as to declare that man and nature should thrive in
productive and enjoyable harmony with each other.
 The act also says that the state should “fulfill the social, economic and other requirements of
present and future generations of Filipino” and should “ensure the attainment of an
environmental quality that is conducive to a life of dignity and well-being”.
 The act also set the stage for the preparation of environmental impact statements.
SPECIFIC LAWS
1. Resources Management – The NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System) work on
the concept of protection of certain areas like nature reserves, natural parks and wildlife
sanctuaries that are considered unique and worthy of protection.
2. Protected Area – It is to be managed by the government using management techniques
specific to the nature of the protected area.
3. Water Quality – The Philippine government recognized that water as a resource needs
protection through the enactment of the Comprehensive Water Quality Management Act in
2003.
4. Air Quality – Air pollution in the major cities of the country is being addressed by the
government through the passage of the Philippine Clean Air Act. It aims to develop for the
country an integrated air quality improvement framework with the DENR leading local
governments, non-governmental organizations, people’s organizations, the academe, and other
concerned agencies in the task
5. Land Use and Conservation – Ancestral domains have been legally defined in the Indigenous
Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 as the lands occupied by indigenous people since time
immemorial for settlement, hunting, religious and other economic purposes.
6. Mining Laws – The Philippine Laws on mining include the following:
 The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 R.A. 7942
 The People’s Small-scale Mining Act of 1991 R.A. 7076
 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997
7. Solid Waste Management – The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 sets the
procedures for the control and disposal of solid wastes in the country.
8. The Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act, R.A. 6969 OF 1990,
allows the government to regulate the use of chemical substances that “present unreasonable
risk to health or the environment”.
Now, we already have explored the second topic of the module which is about the Philippine
Environmental Laws.

How far we have gone? (Assessment 4.2)

Let’s try your understanding.
Answer the following questions:
1. Select and discuss one of the eight major Philippine laws dealing with air, water, toxic and solid
wastes. See rubric for essay.
2. Give comments on the appropriateness of the eight major environmental laws of the Philippines to
the present-day concerns of society. See rubric for essay.

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Lesson 12
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the module, you are expected to:
 Explain the meaning of disaster.
 Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide them on what to do before, during and
after disaster.
Introduction
Disasters have devastating consequences. They cause death, injury, disease, the destruction of property
and other assets, mass displacement, social and economic disruption, loss of infrastructure and other
services, and damage to the environment.

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The Philippines has a high vulnerability to natural hazards which are attributed to the nation’s
geographic position in Southeast Asia. Natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods,
volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fires affect the country. Volcanic eruptions and tsunamis are related
to the continental plate activity around “the Ring of Fire”. Because it is one of the most geologically
active areas, it is nicknamed “The Ring of Fire”. This is a circular arm of active volcanoes that
surrounds the Pacific Ocean basin. 
Apart from the metropolitan regions, the agricultural workers and fishermen are the most affected
population by natural disasters. Approximately one-third of the Philippines total population are
employed in the agriculture sector and natural disasters pose significant threats to this population’s
food security and sources of income.
There is increased awareness on disaster risk reduction in the Philippines, but proper integration with
climate change adaptation and sustainable development policies can be improved. Disaster risk
reduction management and climate change adaptation have been integrated in various plans and
framework; however, multiple plans can be overwhelming for local government units. The Philippine
Government has learned from different disaster that risk communication is essential and through the
NDRRMC has issued very specific warnings regarding potential storm impacts as a result.
Let’s Begin
Fill in the table below, after finishing the work, summarize and make a conclusion.
What to do during an earthquake? What to avoid during an earthquake?
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

What to do during flood and typhoons? What to avoid during flood and typhoon?
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

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We’re on our way!
Answer the following questions:
1. What kind of disaster in your life that has a negative impact?
2. How did you cope up with these experiences?
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Let’s Dig Deeper!
WHAT IS DRRM?
DRRM stands for Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management it is reducing and managing conditions of
hazard, exposure, and vulnerability that we can prevent
losses and alleviate the impacts of disasters. Since we
cannot reduce the severity of natural hazards, the main
opportunity for reducing risk lies in reducing

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vulnerability and exposure. Reducing these two components of risk requires identifying and reducing
the underlying drivers of risk, which are particularly related to poor economic and urban development
choices and practice, degradation of the environment, poverty and inequality and climate change,
which create and exacerbate conditions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Addressing these
underlying risk drivers will reduce disaster risk, lessen the impacts of climate change and,
consequently, maintain the sustainability of development (UNISDR, 2015a).
What is Disaster?
Disaster, as defined by the United Nations, is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
society, which involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. It is a sudden
occurrence of an accident that causes huge loss of life and property is called as a disaster. It is also
called as a calamity.
Types of Disaster:
a. NATURAL DISASTER
According to the International Federation of Red Cross &
Red Crescent Societies, natural disasters are naturally
occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or
slow onset events that have immediate impacts on human
health and secondary impacts causing further death and
suffering. These disasters can be:
 Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides,
Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity)
 Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches and Floods)
 Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures, Drought and
Wildfires)
 Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges)
 Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and Insect/Animal
Plagues

b. MAN-MADE DISASTER
Man-Made Disasters as viewed by the International Federation of Red
Cross & Red Crescent Societies are events that are caused by humans
which occur in or close to human settlements often caused as a result
of Environmental or Technological Emergencies. This can include:
 Environmental Degradation
 Pollution
 Accidents (e.g., Industrial, Technological and Transport usually involving the production, use
or transport of hazardous materials)
How do we reduce risk?
Disaster risk management involves activities related to:
a. Prevention – Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks (often less
costly than disaster relief and response). For instance, relocating exposed people and assets
away from a hazard area.
b. Mitigation – The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters. For instance, constructing flood defenses, planting trees to stabilize slopes, and
implementing strict land use and building construction codes.
c. Transfer – The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of risks
from one party to another whereby a household, community, enterprise, or state authority will
obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or
compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party. For instance, insurance.
d. Preparedness – The knowledge and capacities of governments, professional response and
recovery organizations, communities, and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and
recover from the impacts of likely, imminent, or current hazard events or conditions. For
instance, installing early warning systems, identifying evacuation routes, and preparing
emergency supplies. Source of text: UNISDR (2017)

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Implementation of these activities and measures is rarely done in isolation and includes several
associated activities, including:
 Identification and measuring disaster risk
 Education and knowledge development
 Informing people about their risk (awareness raising)
 Incorporating DRM into national planning and investment
 Strengthening institutional and legislative arrangements
 Providing financial protection for people and businesses at risk (finance and contingency
planning)
 Integrating DRR across multiple sectors, including health, environment, etc.
Activities for reducing risk can be described as structural, for instance land use planning and
implementation of building codes, and non-structural, for instance awareness raising, policymaking and
legislation. How governments, civil society and other actors organize DRM, for example through
institutional arrangements, legislation and decentralization, and mechanisms for participation and
accountability is termed risk governance (UNISDR, 2011). There is clear evidence to suggest that low-
income countries with weak governance are more vulnerable and less resilient to disaster risk
(UNISDR, 2013, 2015a).
Fundamentally, DRR succeeds in reducing risk by building the strengths, attributes, and resources
available within a community, society or organization – collectively known as their capacity. DRM
activities are designed to increase the resilience of people, communities, society, and systems to resist,
absorb, accommodate and to recover from and improve well-being in the face of multiple hazards.
Activities for reducing and managing risks can therefore provide a way for building resilience to other
risks. In addition to development, DRM should therefore be integrated across several sectors, including
climate change and conflict.
IDENTIFYING AND UNDERSTANDING RISK: THE FOUNDATION OF RISK REDUCTION
Awareness, identification, understanding and measurement of disaster risks are all clearly fundamental
underpinnings of disaster risk management (UNISDR, 2015b). Disaster risk reduction is about
decisions and choices, including a lack of, so risk information has a role in five key areas of decision
making:
1. Risk identification – It involves appropriate communication of robust risk information at the
right time can raise awareness and trigger action.
2. Risk reduction – Hazard and risk information may be used to inform a broad range of
activities to reduce risk, from improving building codes and designing risk reduction measures
(such as flood and storm surge protection).
3. Preparedness – An understanding of the geographic area affected, along with the intensity
and frequency of different hazard events, is critical for planning evacuation routes, creating
shelters, and running preparedness drills.
4. Financial protection – Disaster risk analysis was born out of the financial and insurance
sector’s need to quantify the risk of comparatively rare high-impact natural hazard events. As
governments increasingly seek to manage their sovereign financial risk or support programs
that manage individual financial risks (e.g., micro-insurance or household earthquake
insurance).
5. Resilient reconstruction – Risk assessment can play a critical role in impact modelling
before an event strike (in the days leading up to a cyclone, for example), or it can provide
initial and rapid estimates of human, physical, and economic loss in an event’s immediate
aftermath. Moreover, risk information for resilient reconstruction needs to be available before
an event occurs, since after the event there is rarely time to collect the information needed to
inform resilient design and land-use plans.
If those exposed to hazards are unaware of the risks they face, it is difficult to see how or why
households, businesses or governments would invest in reducing their risk levels. However, while risk
awareness may be a precondition, the importance people attach to managing their risks can only be
understood in the context of the full range of social, economic, territorial, and environmental
constraints and opportunities they face (UNISDR, 2015a) 

WHY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IS IMPORTANT DURING AND AFTER

EMERGENCIES

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A disaster risk reduction approach helps us consider our emergency response activities considering
existing and new disaster risks. This enables us to design or adjust our activities so that people and
communities become safer and more disaster-resilient, as well as safeguarding efforts to create and
expand enabling conditions for sustainable poverty alleviation and development.
DRR approaches and tools will prevent relief work from rebuilding the vulnerabilities that made people
prone to similar disasters. DRR provides valuable insights into the underlying factors of vulnerability
to hazards and the features of those hazards. It helps us identify and map local capacities to cope with
these hazards. Ultimately, the DRR approach helps us conduct effective disaster response while
reducing risks that similar disasters will reoccur. It also ensures that our emergency response does no
harm by replacing or reinstating critical vulnerabilities.
Assessment 4.3

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the meaning of disaster. See rubric for essay.
2. Develop a family emergency preparedness plan to guide you on what to do before, during, and
after and disaster. See rubric for family disaster plan.

Rubric for Essay

Criteria Expert Capable Beginner
Quality of (1 point) (2 points) (3 points)
Writing The discussion had no style or The discussion had little The discussion was written in an
voice. Gives no new information style or voice. Somewhat extraordinary style and voice
and very poorly organized. informative and organized. Very informative and well-
organized.
Grammar, (0.5 point) (1 point) (2 points)
Usage & So many spelling, punctuation, Few spelling and Virtually no spelling,
Mechanics and grammatical errors that it punctuation errors, minor punctuation, or grammatical
interferes with the meaning grammatical errors errors.

Rubric for Family Disaster Plan

Criteria Marginal Admirable Exceptional
Content (1 point) (3 points) (5 points)
Few details support main Most details support main Appropriate details support main idea.
idea. Lacking accurate idea. Accurate information Accurate and detailed information
information (two -three for almost all subject matter (five technology-based methods)
technology-based methods) (four technology
Focus (1 point) (3 points) (5 points)
Main idea not clearly stated; Main idea is appropriate to Main idea is clearly appropriate to
evacuation plan but lacking topic with evacuation plan topic with evacuation plan and steps.
steps and steps
Mechanic (1 point) (3 points) (5 points)
s Frequent grammatical Mostly free of grammatical Free of grammatical errors. Words are
errors. Presentation is errors. Most words are legible and pertinent to topic.
illegible and confusing. legible and pertinent to topic.

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