BRAIN MAP

Functions
RELATIONS AND A relationf:A -> B, where every element ofset A has only one
image in set B.
FUNCTIONS

Types of Functions
One-one (Injective) Function
A function f: A -> B is one
one, if no two elements of A
have same image in B.
G) nA)S n(B)
(i) fx) =fxa)
*1*2
Relations
Ris a relation from A to B (where A, B # ¢) if
REAXBERE{(a b): a EA, be B} Onto (Surjective) Function
A functionf: A-> Bis onto,
InverseRelation: R is the inverse relation of R if (a, b) E R if all the elements of B have
(b, a) e R atleast one pre-image in A.
) n(A) 2 n(B)
Note:Domain (R) = Range (R) (ii) Range = Codomain

Range (R) =Domain (R)

Many-one Function
A function f: A B is many-one, if two or
more than two elements of
A have the same|
image in B.

Types of Relations
Empty (Void) Relation: R =o=Ris void.
Universal Relation: R=AxB>R is universal
Reflexive Relation: Every element is related to itself. i.e., Ris Into Function
A function f: A B is into, if there exists
reflexive in A (a, a) E RVae A.
atleast single element in B having no pre-
Symmetric Relation : R is symmetric in A if (a, b) E R image in A.
(b, a) e RV a, be A.
Transitive Relation: R is transitive in A
if (a, b) E R
(b, c) e R= (a, c) E RVa, b, cE A
Equivalence Relation: If R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive, then R is equivalence.
Antisymmetric Relation: R is antisymmetric if (a, b) E R,
(b,a) e Ra=b. Bijective Function
A function which is both one-one & onto.
ldentity Relation: R= {(a, a) Vae A} is an identity relation
in A. G) n(A) = n(B)
(i) Range = Codomain
 BRAIN
INVERSE Function
y sinx
TRIGONOMETRIC V=
cosx
FUNCTIONS ytan x
= cot x
y cosec
y secx

Graph
y = sin-x

Domain
12 .H,1
1,1
R
R
R--1, 1)
R-H,1)
T2

Tl2
= cot-lx

2T
3Tt/2
Range
TU2t
-Tu2, T/2]
[0, Tt]
y Y= Coseclx
(T/2, TU/2)
(0, 7)
F2, n/2]-(0)
[0, 7T]-{T/2}

y= sec x
 BRAIN MAP

Operations Properties MATRIX

ordered
A matrix is an

A+B- B+A rectangular array of

numbers or functions.
AtB-C
A +(B +C) =(A +B) +C
Addition and The numbers or
i.c. la,mnt {b,lmxn Additive inverse = - A
functions are called the
Subtraction
= l4, t b,lmsxn= leglmxn Additive identity = 0 elements or the entries
of the matrix.

AB exist BA exists
BA
AB may or may not be equal to
AxX Bxg= Cmxg
(AB) C=A(BC) Trace of a Matrix
Multiplication i mX Am xm=AmxmAmxmX Im The sum of the main diagonal entries of a
A (B+C) = AB +AC, as trace of matrix A.
is known
(B+ C) A = BA + CA square matrix A
(a 1 2
k(A + B) = kA + kB | Let square matrix A =|1 b 2 then trace
kA = B i.e., klag/ m xn
Scalar 21 c
(k+m)A =kA + mA
Multiplication [k a,Jmxn [b,)mxn
=

matrix A is given by a + b + c.
of

Comparable Matrices
Equal Matrices
number
If matrices A and B are of same order, then Two matrices A and B are said to be comparable if they have same order i.e.,
of rows and columns of A are equal to number of rows and columns of B respectively.
A =Bi fa, = b, Vi,j

Properties
TRANSPoSE ORDER OF
(A)=A OF A MATRIX
(kA) = kA'
A MATRIX
Transpose is obtained by
A matrix having m
(AB)=BA' interchanging rows and
columns. If A = \ajlm xn rows and n columns
(AtB)'= A'+B is called a matriz of
then A' or
(ABC) = CBA' order m xn.
A = l4jlnxm

Inverse of a Matrix Types of Matrices

If A and B are two square matrices such Column Matrix: A =
[a,mx1 UPper triangular matrix: A square
that AB BA 1, then B is the inverse Row Matrix: A
matrix of A and is denoted by A and A is
=
[a,l1x matrix in which all the elements
Square Matrix : A = laj)m x m below the diagonal are zero.
the inverse of B. Lower triangular matrix: A
Diagonal Matrix : A [a,lmx mwhere a,= 0 V i*j
=
square
matrix in which all the
elements
Properties . Scalar Matrix: A [ajlnxn = 0 , if i j above the diagonal are zero.
Inverse ofa square matrix, if it exists, where a k, if i=i Involutary Matrix: A2=I
is unique. tor some constant k
Orthogonal Matrix: AAT ATA =
(A)= A Zero Matrix: A la), where a ={0Vi&j
= Idempotent Matrix :A2 = A
(kA)=A-1/k Unitary Matrix: AA= A°A = I
(AB) B1 A- ldentity Matrix: A= la,lnxn where a =ifi=
0, ifi*j Symmetric Matrix: A = A
(A) (A1) Skew Symmetric Matrix: A= -A
 BRAIN MAP
Corresponding to cvery square matrix A, there exists a number called the determinant of A and denoted |

by 1A.
2
Let A = | a21 z2
1d2. Then,
DETERMINANTS
4alands3y2423) -ajala14s- az41) + aslda1d32ua2s1)

Solution of System of Linear Equations

Minors and Cofactors
Let AX B be the given system of equations:
For any matrix A = (a,ln x m i f we leave the row and the
If A| # 0, the system is consistent and has a unique solution.
column of the element ay, then the value of determinant thus IfA =
0 and (adj A)B * 0, then the system is inconsistent
obtained is called the minor of a, and it is denoted by M and hence it has no solution.
be either
The minor M, multiplied by (-1y */ is called the cofactor of
If4 0 and (adj 4)B 0, then the system may
= =

the clement a, and denoted by A inconsistent according as the system has either
consistent or
infinitely many solutions or no solution.
A, -1iM,

Inverse of a Matrix Singular and Non-Singular Matrices

For any square matrix A, inverse of A is defined as A square matrix A of order n is said to be
Singular if |4| = 0

A (adj A), JA J# 0 Non-singularif | 4 |# 0

Note: If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same order,
then AB and BA are also non-singular matrices of the same
order.

Properties
(4)l=(4-ly
(AB)' =B-A-1 (ABC)' = C-B'A1 Area of a Triangle

Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A1, y), B(, y) and

C3, ys), then area of AABC is A =

Adjoint of a Matrix

Let B = [4,] be the matrix of cofactors of matrix

4la,l. Then the transpose of B is called the adjoint of matrix A.|

Points to be Remember on Area of Triangle

Area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value
Properties of the determinant.
Ifarea is given, use both positive and negative values of the
lfAis non-singular matrix of order n, then
A(adj A) = (adj A) A = 4| L, 4 adj A= A" determinant for calculation.
adj (4B) = (adj B). (adj A) Jadj 4| =4 The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is

ladj(adj A)) 4|-

zero.
adj (adj A) =4P-24
=
 BRAIN MAP
Continuity Algebra of Continuous
Areal valued function fx) is continuous Functions
atxaif f(t) I (x) /(a) If f and g are two real function
continuous at a, then
CONTINUITY AND n an open interval (a, b), ) is continuous
[Link] (where g 7 0), k(where
DIFFERENTABILITY if it is contiuous at every point betwcen
(a, b)
kE R). Jog. gof are continuoys
atx a .
In a closed interval Ja, b].A) iscontinuous
if
Note Constant, Polynomial,
in (a, b) Modulus, Logarithmic and
() ix) is continuous
f(b)| Exponential functions are
(0i) ( t ) =f(a), lt /(x)= cverywhere continuous.

Discontinuity at a Point
Removable discontinuity: Discontinuity atx =a lt S(x)# f(a)
)
It Sx) It f x )
() Discontinuity of 1s" kind: a

R.H.L. exists
Discontinuity of 2nd kind : Neither L.H.L.
nor
(ii)

Differentiability
erentiable at r=cif It ) J ) exists finitely or Lf a) = Rf"(a)
A real valued function fx) is d
X-c

Note:1fa function is differentiable at a point then it is continuous at that point. But the converse is not always

true.
Logarithmic Differentiation

Ify=u', where u, v are functions ofx, then

Algebra of Derivatives [va dv
(uz v'=u:V logy=vlogu u)= u ax
+logu
(uvuv +u

Derivative of Functions
- Composite Function (Chain Rule)

Lety =/) and t =g(r), then=

dx

Second Order Derivative -

Lety A),1=g(tu) and u=m(t) then= X

Let y fr), then=f')
dx
Implicit Function
- Here, we differentiate the function of type /(x, y) =0
Iff') is differentiable, then
Parametric Function

- Ifx=/f) andy=g(?), then dydy/dt-&) rO#0

ax dx/dt f )
 BRAIN MAP
Marginal Cost and Marginal
Rate of Change Revenue
of Quantities Let C be the total cost of
producing and marketing
APPLICATION OF Lety f) thenorf"x)denotes x units of a product, then
dx
marginal cost MC), is
DERIVATIVES the rate of change of y w.r.t. x and its
dC
MC dx
value atx=a is denoted as dx J, The rate of change of total
revenue with respect to the
quantity sold is the marginal
dR
revenue, MR =
dx

Increasing and Decreasing

Functions

without derivative test IfX X2fx)2f() V x1 X2E (a, b)

Decreasing
|Function with derivative test Iff'x)s0 for each x E (a, b)
Strictly without derivative test If x X2flx)> fx2) VX1X2E (a,b)
Decreasin8 with derivative test Iff lx)<Oforeachxe (a, b)
Function
| Increasing without derivative test Ifx Xfx) s f) VX1X2E la,b)
Function with derivative test |Iff"x)20 for each xe (a, b)
Strictly without derivative test If XXfxi)<f2) Vx1X2E(a,b)
increasing8
Function with derivative test If f"x)>Ofor each x E (a, b)

Maxima and Minima

Maxima and Minima
They exist at critical points only.

Local Maxima: Atx =a

fla-h) < fla) > fla + h) (h>0)
Local Minima: Atx = aa
First derivative test
fla-h)> fla) <fla+ h) (h 0) ) 0
x =
a is local max if f lo) =
anu
f') changes sign from +veto-
(i)x = a is local min if f"la) =0 an
Critical points
() f) doesn't exist (or) fl) changes sign from-ve to +ve
(i) f'x) doesn't exist
Gii) f'x) =0 Second derivative test
() Find the roots of fW) =0
(in) Supposex = a is one of the roots
Global Max: Max
in domain
value of fx)| (ii)At those points f"x)< 0 f
maximum atx = a
Global Min: Least
in domain value of fx)| f") 0 fx) is minimum
X=a.
 BRAIN MA
INTEGRALS

Methods for Solving

Using by Parts

l uand v are two differentiable functions of x, then

Definite Integrals
Jowm) de-Jwde-J d d
comes first in
order
to choose 1st function, take the letter which
n we

the word ILATE.

T- Inverse Trigonometric Function
Definition
L-Logarithmic Function, A - Algebraic Function
Function
values a and b, we have Irngonometric Function, E- Exponential
two
For any
+ cla F{b) Fa)
=
Using Partial Fractions
-

R) d F )
Itfx) and g(x) are two polynomials such that
deg/x) 2 deg gr), then we divide fr) by glr)
Remainder
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
S)-Quotient
8(x) +g (x)
First Fundamental Theorem: Let S) be a continuous
closed interval la, b] and let A(X) be the area Using Substitution
function in the
function.
for allxe [a, b].
Then A()=fT), can be transformed into
another form
Theorem : Let fr) be a continuous
Second Fundamentalinterval The given integral (x) dr
the closed [a, b] and F(x) be an integral of| substitutingx =g).
by changing the independent variable x by
function in to t

fa), then f()dr =[F(x)N

=
F(b)-F (a)
a
Properties

Sd=-S In particular d =0

Indefinite Integrals
Sd=SMa+sdk wherea
<e< b

x)dx
Definition if f-x)=-f(x)
0
(x) dr can be transformed into
another form S f d iff-x)=S)
The given integral substitutingx
=
gt).
variable x to t by
by changing the independent
dr=mds2a-
Some Standard Integrals 8
Putting x a sec
=

C.
d =logr+
6
'd n+l
+C, where n t-1
dr=logk+ vr+a+C, Putingx=a
tan

c By partial fraction
Jd'd +C, where
loga
a > 0

sinx de= -cosx+C +C. a>x, Bypartial fraction

d=log, lx|+ C, wherex#0
| Jazab
cosx dx = sin x+C sec x dr=tan x+C tan +C,
a
Putr= a tan

secx tanx dr= sec x+C

Cosecx dx=-cot x +C d s i n + c , Putr-asin 8
JCOsec x cotx dr=-cosec x+C
 BRAIN MAP

Area under Simple Curves

y-f)
b
Arcaydx O =a x=b

APPLICATION OF
b
I N T E G R A L S s
f(x)dx (where b > a)

Area =xdy

b
=sydy (where b> a)
b
Area =|fxd+ Jflx)ds
C
la
y

x b

Remember

Points to
be

8a2 sq. units.

= mx is
= 4ar and y 3m
bounded byy'
region
The a r e a ofa units.
rectum is o u sq.
= 4ax and
its latus
bounded byy'
of a region
The a r e a
units.

ellipse
1
=
mabso
1 is tab sq.
- 0
sq. uni
. units.
(b-4ac)3/2
acs
Area ofa n r-axis is
and 6a
=
ar+ bx + c
bounded byy
region
The a r e a ofa
 BRAIN IA Diff

Definition

equation involving dependent

variable, | Order is the Order
occurring highest
An
independent variable and derivative(s) of dependent in a
order der
variable(s) w.r.t. independent variable(s). Note: Order ofdifferential eguat
differentialuatequation ig
a
is always positive.

Degree
is the highest power of the highest order
Degree
derivative in the differential equation.
Note:(1) Degree (if defined) of a differential equation
is always a positive integer.
(i) The degree ofa differential equation which is not a

polynomial equation in derivatives is not defined.

General Solution
Contains as many arbitrary
as order constants
of differential equation.

Solution

DIFFERENTIAL A function of the form y = flx) + c, which

Types of Solutions
satisfies the given differential equation.
EQUATIONS

Particular Solution
Obtained by assigning values
to
arbitrary constants.

Methods of Solving First Order and First

Degree Differential Equations

Homoggeneous Variable Separable

Different ial Equation Linear Differential Equation
f s ) then
r dx
d-fywherefxy)
glx,
+Py=Q, where P. Q are functions of x, then

gx, y) are homogeneous de+e yea Qedx+C,

=
where e is the integrating
functions of the same degree factor (I.F).
Reducible to Variable
in x and y, then put y = vx and Separable OR
y dv Ifdyldx =fax + by + c), then put ax + by +c=zand If + Px Q, where P Q functions of y, then
= are
=v+x then apply
dx b - aand then apply variable separable | xeP-oeay+c where e Pdy is the integrating factot
variable separable methods
method.
(L.E).
 BRAIN MAP

Vector
VECTOR ALGEBRA A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector.

Multiplication of Vectors

Scalar (or Dot Product)

The scalar product of a and b written as a b and is
Components of a Vector
defined as -b =|a||b| cos q, where q is the angle
Let Obe the ongin and let Px.y. 2) be any point in space. Let i, j, k
between the vectors a and b.
he unit vectors along the x-axis, J-axis and z-axis respectively.
Projcction of a vector on other vector b is a .
Then, OP=(+yjtzh).Also, l0Pl=V +y+22
Addition of Two Vectors
Triangle Law: In DOAB, letposition Properties of Scalar Product
vectors of OA and AB be a andb a-b b-a ab =0 älb
respectively Then, OB= a+ O

Parallelogram Law : Inparallelogram ii-j=kk=1,

OABC, let position vectors of
ij=ik=jk=ji=ki=kj=0
OA and AB be a and b respectively.
Then, OB =a+b
If =
aitaj+agk, b hi+hj+hk
then, a-b ajbi t a2b2 + agbs
=

a-(aub) a(-b) ä (6tc)= äbtã

Properties Vector (or cross) Product

Vector product of vectors is given by
Commutative Law: a+b=b+a
äxb = | ||b| (sin 0)n, where n is the unit vector normal to the
Associative Law: a+6+c)=a+8)+c
plane determined by and b.
Existence of Additive Identity: a+0=a=0+a
ie., 0 is the additive identity

Existence ofAdditive Inverse: a+(-a)=ö=(-a)+a Properties of Vector Product

ie., -a) is the additive inverse of a. bxa=-äxb axa 0

äxb =0 |b
Algebra of Vectors ixi-jxj=kxk=0,ixj=-jxi=i.
For any two vectors a =ait aj+ ayk and b=hi+bj+bhk and 1
be any scalar, we have
jxk--kxj=ikxi--ixk=
If -aitaj+ak, ð =hithj+hk, then
Addition atb-(q+h)i+la +b)i+(a%*+b)
Subtraction a-b=q-h)i+(a%-b)i+(%-b)k b3
Equality a and b are equal if a, = b, a=bh and aj = b (oa)x(Bb) =(aB) (xb) äx(bt) = äxbtäx
Multiplication
Scalar
by
aa= (i+(\a2) j +(as)k (ã-6+(axb) at15f
If and b are adjacent sides of a triangle, then area of
Vector Joining Two Point triang
Let P1, y1, Z1) and O2 Y2, z) be any two points, then the
vector joining P and Q is given by Section Formula
If the point C divides AB in the ratio m n, then its position
PO=-)i+02-)j+(2-z1)k.
Also, P=y-+02-n +(a-4 Vector is C n0+na
mtn
 Forms THREE DIMENSIONAL
Different

in GEOMETRY
Equation ofLine

in Space
efa Line
tquaiion

ÀeR

form: f - a +Ab,
Vector
Cartesian form:

Distance Between Two Lines

are
d.r.s.
Shortest
pointand a, b), C
Ispass1ng skew lines whoseeequahons
s whose
when (
)
Let l, andh be two
Vector form:
respectively. Let PÙ bete
and 7=a +ub,
Two
Points fa+ah
Through -
Line Passing
vector
between l, and h. Then, P0= xb
distance
V e c t o r
f o r m : 7 = + M b - a ) , à e R

form: Let
two skewlines be
Cartesian

Cartesian form: - N _ 2 * 1 and

a
2-X 2- 2-1

Ratios
11 and l2 is given by
Direction
Cosines and distance between
Direction
made The shortest
the angles
S a, B, yS 7) are
cosines: If a, B. y(0 cosy) are the
n) (cosa, cosß,
Direction =

then (, m,
ine with the axes,
by a
[Link]. and P+m2+=1
C2
D.C.s ofaxes: V b 2 - b q + ( G a 2- a + ( q 6 - a , 4 |

COs a -
y+y+z2
raxis: (1,0,0)
y-axis: (0,1,0) then d:
Iflines are parallel,
can z-axis: (0,0,1)

cos +?+?
Direction ratios :

ratio:m:n= a :b:c;ie.,
(a,b,c) are called d.r.s.
The
Angle Between Two Lines

then cos =
Vector form: lf f= +hj &i=å, +ubj,
aa +bb +G
% 22 thencos A=
Cartesian form: If
- and -

Na2+h2+q?ya,2+h3+
a
t 0
Perpendicular lines: a4t b1b2 CC
Parallel lines :
 Conditional Probability
Probability of occurrence of an event 4, given that B has
BRAIN MAP
PAnR
already eccurred ie.. PAR)
PB)

PROBABILITY
P'roperties
0PA)s1
NiAUB)F)- P4)+PB) P(4NB}/) where P(F) #0| Partition of a Sample Space
AA) 8Dof4&Bare disjoint)
A set ofevents E, Ez, . S Said to represent a partitign.
RA)-1 -RAB) on of
sample space S, if
E,nE= ., i #j; ij= 1, 2, 3, .
E , U E U . U E , =Sand PE) > 0 for all i= 1,2,
Events
In other words, the events E, E2 E, Tepresent a partition af
the sample space S if they are pairwise disjoint, exhaustive and

Independent have non-zero probabilities.

Occurence or non-occurrence of one does not affect the Random Variables and
occurence of the other i.e, its Probability Distributions
P4 B)= PA) provided P(B) # 0,
PB 4) = PB) provided PA) # 0 Areal valued function, whose domain is the sample space ofa
a random experiment. Generally, it is denoted by X.
In generai, if n events A1, A2.A, assOCiated with
Let real numbers X, X2 are the possible values ofa
random experiment are independent, then PA n42n|
4 , ) PA1) P(A,). P(A,) random variable X and p1. P2s Pa are the
coesponding
probabilities to each value ofthe random variable X. Then the
probability distribution is
Mutually Independent
X 1 X2X
IfPA n B) = PA) PB), P(A n ) = PA) P(C
P(X): P1 P2 Pr
PBn= P(B) P(C), and Por) ie. P(X=x) lies between 0 and 1 for k= 1, 2, ,

PA nBnC)= P(A) P(B) P(C)

Mutually xclusive
P(XSx) =pItP2t+ Pi
Ifand only ifA nB =¢. P(X2x)=PtPttP
PXSx)=P(X<x) + P(X=x) etc.
Dependent
If P(A n B) # PA) P(B)
Mean

Theorems X =E(X)=H=Ptp ttPn2P -PA

i=l

Multiplication
PA n B) = PA) P(B| A) = P(B) P(A | B), provided
Total Probability
PO)
PLA) * 0, P(B) * 0 ie., PAB) P{A) PB | A)
=
=

| PA) P(E) P(A | E) + P(E) P(A | E) +

PA |B), provided P(4) #0, P(B) # 0
+ PE,) PA | E,) where, E, Ez, Eg, , En are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive events.

Extensioon
associated with a rand
Bayes A , B, C are three events

nBnC)=PA)*D
experiment, then P(ABC) or P{A

G )PA|E) A) P(C|(AnB) PlA) P(B| =

A) P(C| AB)
PEA|A) =
where i 1, 2, 3,. associated with
a
rai
ndom
P(E,) P(A|E,) A 2 A are n events
=
PlA) PA)1
where, E, E2, E3, a r e muhially exclusive and experiment, then P(A, nA . . )
exhaustive events, Pl43l(4,n 4,)). PA,|(4,n42 A,