REMARKS

z ASSIGNMENT
COVERSHEET

STUDENT DETAILS
STUDENT NAME AYUSH BAJAGAIN YEAR ENROLLED 2022
REG. NUMBER 2022HNDIT032 SECTION A
ISMT EMAIL Kca22.3ab@[Link]
ASSIGNMENT DETAILS
MODULE NAME NETWORKING
MODULE CODE H/615/1622 SEMESTER
ASSIGNMENT TITLE NETWORK SYSTEM FOR A NEW BRANCH OFFICE
09 July
MODULE TUTOR SUSHANK ADHIKARI DUE DATE
2022
PROGRAMME DETAILS
QUALIFICATION BTEC HND IN COMPUTING
STAFF ONLY (IV)
IV - ASSESSOR
GRADE

By singing this, I declare that:

• This assignment meets all the requirements of the subject as detailed in the relevant
subject outline, which I have studied.
o This assessment is entirely my work, expect where I have included fully-
documented references to the work of others (citation and references).
o The material contained in this assessment has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
• I acknowledge that:
o The assessor of this assessment may, for the purpose of assessing this
assignment, reproduce this assignment and provided a copy to another member
of academic staff.
o If required to do so, I will produce an e-Copy of this assessment.
• I am aware that late submission without an authorized extension from the Faculty
Program Head and Module Tutor may incur a penalty.

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Please note: Assignments must be submitted in designated platform and must not be submitted
to tutor directly. Only under special circumstances will the Administrative Staff collect
assignments.

SUBMISSION DETAILS
HAND IN DATE 2022/07/09
STUDENT
Ayush
SIGNATURE

STUDENT ASSESSMENT SUBMISSION AND

DECLARATION
When submitting evidence for assessment, each student must sign a declaration confirming
that the work is their own.

Student Name Ayush Bajagain Assessor Name Sushank Adhikari

Issue Date 10 May 2022 Submission Date 09 July 2022

Programme BTEC HND IN COMPUTING

Unit Name Unit 2: Networking

Assignment Title Network System for a new Branch office

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and
students who break the rules, however innocently, may be penalized. It is your
responsibility to ensure that you understand correct referencing practices. As a university
level student, you are expected to use appropriate references throughout and keep carefully
detailed notes of all your sources of materials for material you have used in your work,
including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please consult the relevant unit
lecturer or your course tutor if you need any further advice.

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Student Declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand
the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of
malpractice.

Student signature: Ayush Date:2022/07/21

Pearson Education 2018

Higher Education Qualifications

Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Acknowledgement

I want to sincerely thank every team member for their assistance and support during the Networking
Assignment. I'm grateful for their assistance and cordial advise throughout the job. I genuinely appreciate
everyone giving their insightful and candid thoughts on the various issues surrounding this project. I would
like to extend my sincere gratitude to Mr. Sushank Adhikari for her help and direction during this
Assignment. I would want to thank the entire ISMT institution for giving me the chance to finish a
worthwhile task by learning priceless information about this course of study.

Many thanks

Ayush Bajagain

Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Table of content

Acknowledgement

Table of content

Task1 ……………………………………………………………………………. 1-6

Introduction

Local Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

Peer Based

Client server

Cloud

Cluster

Centralization

Virtualization

OSI model

Model TCP/IP

Conclusions

Task2 …………………………………………………………………………….7-13

Introduction

Bus Topology

Ring topology

Star Topology

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Mesh Topology

Tree Topology

Hybrid Topology

Conclusion

Task3 …………………………………………………………………………….13-26

Devices for networking

User-End Devices

Wireless network components

Types of servers

Conclusion

Task4 …………………………………………………………………………….26-28

Introduction

Software requirements

Inter dependency of workstation hardware with software

Conclusion

Task5 …………………………………………………………………………….28-34

Introduction

Used Network device explanation

Network Services and Application

Installation of VMware Workstation

Task 6 …………………………………………………………………………….34-37

User Survey Form

study of user feedback

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Task7 …………………………………………………………………………….37-46

Network system implementation

Cisco

PC Configuration

Router Configurations

Task8 …………………………………………………………………………….46-51

Verification of Configuration and Connectivity

Conclusion

References

List of Tables

Table 1: Difference Between LAN/MAN/WAM

Table 2: difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model

Table 4: Difference Between Hub and Switch

Table 5: Difference Between Router & Bridge
Table 6: Hardware Requirement
Table 7: IP Allocation Table
Table 8: Verification Table
Table 9: Verification Table
Table 10: Verification Table
Table 11: Verification Table

List of Figures
Fig 1: Bus Topology
Fig 2: Ring Topology

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Fig 3: Star Topology
Fig 4: Mesh Topology
Fig 5: Tree Topology
Fig 6: Hybrid Topology
Fig 7: Server/Server Room
Fig 8: Hub
Fig 9: Router
Fig 10: Switch
Fig 11: Multi-Layer Switch
Fig 12: Firewall
Fig 13: HIDS
Fig 14: Repeater
Fig 15: Bridge
Fig 16: Laptop
Fig 17: Personal Computer
Fig 18: Printer
Fig 19: Access point
Fig 20: Content Filter
Fig 21: Load Balancer Work
Fig 22: Modem
Fig 23: blue Coat Packet shaper
Fig 24: VPN Connector
Fig 25: Redesigned Network
Fig 26: VMware Workstation Pro Setup
Fig 27: User License Agreement
Fig 28: Custom Setup
Fig 29: Installation Process
Fig 30: Installation complete

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Fig 31: Network Speed Analysis
Fig 32: Analysis of Security Management System
Fig 33: Cisco Logo
Fig 34: PC Configure IT Department
Fig 35: PC Configure Finance Department
Fig 36: PC Configure HR Department
Fig 37: PC Configure Sales Department
Fig 38: Router Hostname ABC1
Fig 39: Second Router Hostname ABC2
Fig 40: IP Addressing Router ABC1
Fig 41: IP Addressing Router ABC2
Fig 42: IP Routing ABC1
Fig 42: IP Routing ABC2
Fig 43: Ping Command Test IT Department
Fig 43: Ping Command Test Finance Department
Fig 43: Ping Command Test HR Department
Fig 43: Ping Command Test Sales Department

Networking Ayush Bajagain

Task1/P1: Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and
standards

Introduction:

Introduction: The main focus of this activity is to explain the various network kinds and standards, as well
as their advantages and drawbacks. In order to share data, a network is a collection of linked computers,
servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices. Peer-to-peer, client-server, cloud,
cluster, centralized, virtualization, etc. are some of the several system types found on networks. Other types
of network standards include IEEE and 802.x and the OSI and TCP/IP models.

Types of computer network

A computer network can be categorized mainly into 3 types on the basis of their size.

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network:

A network of computers and other devices called a local area network are constrained to a very small space,
such as a building, office, etc. A communication channel is used to connect two or more personal computers
using a local area network (LAN). Multiple-computer LANs are often server-based, meaning that
specialized computers handle data and enable communication among other computers in the network. Other
computers are referred to as clients, whereas special machines are referred to as servers.

Metropolitan Area Network:

Greater than LAN is a metropolitan area network. A common communication line that spans a city,
municipality, or metropolitan region is used in this sort of computer network to link machines that are
separated by distance. Towns, cities, huge areas with numerous structures, and other examples of MAN
include networking.

Wide Area Network:

Similar to a local area network (LAN), but considerably larger. WANs are not limited to a single location,
in contrast to LANs. Numerous wide zone systems use phone lines, fiber optic networks, or satellite

Page |1 Networking Ayush Bajagain

connections to span vast distances. They can also be constructed using tiny, linked LANs. Therefore, a
WAN may be thought of as a collection of several LANs that are connected to one another and exchange
data with one another. The largest WAN on the globe and an example of WAN is the internet, which we
use on a regular basis.

Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network

(LAN) (MAN) (WAN)
Can be wired or wireless based Microwave Transmission Fiber optic cable in wired WAN
on the use of Ethernet Technology in wireless MAN and infrared/microwave in
and fiber optic cables in Wired wireless WAN
Covers a small area (local area) Covers an area of a several Covers a wide area
building or a metro area
Cheap and easy to setup Quite expensive in comparison Expensive due to the use of
to LAN wiring of fiber optic cables in
wired WAN
Table 1: Difference Between LAN/MAN/WAM

Peer Based:

A peer-to-peer network is a collection of computers that each serve as a node for file sharing among a
number of users. Each computer serves as a server in this case to store files on it. He lacks a dedicated
server or a central computer.

• Benefits of the peer-based network:

There is no requirement to purchase a pricey server. Since each user operates their own computer,
there is no need for a network management. There is no need for technical expertise. Network
traffic is less likely in client-server systems. which is benefit of peer-based network.

• Constraints of peer-based network:

You can print or distribute files that add to the burden on each machine by doing so. Since data
may be kept on any computer linked to the same network, there is no structure for data storage.
Every PC requires a separate backup.

Page |2 Networking Ayush Bajagain

Client server:

To print or distribute files that add to the load, each machine has to have more than one role. Since
data may be kept on any computer linked to the same network, there is no need for data storage
organization. Every PC requires a separate backup.

• Client-server advantages:

include the ability to update data and other resources. Any time can be used to add new servers or
clients. He can serve with ease.

• Limitations on the client-server system:

It might be problematic when a large number of clients submit requests to the same server at the
same time. The network's dependability is not shared by it. The resources that were on the server
might not be available to the client.

Cloud:

A cloud is an erratic component of a network that is used to seek for or use one or more network
resources. This necessitates the transfer of some or all network operations to the network for cloud
computing (Vmware, 2022).

• Benefits of cloud networking:

The biggest benefit is a decrease in IT expenses. On the platform for service management, it is
considerably more dependable and constant. It provides maintenance capabilities through
centralized resource management.

• Limitations of cloud networking:

This system occasionally has genuine malfunctions at a time when data may be accessed from
anywhere at any time. It can provide a third-party access to private corporate data (a cloud service
provider).

Cluster:

Page |3 Networking Ayush Bajagain

A server group connected by a LAN that functions as a single system and has a high enable ability
is referred to as a cluster. This is the logical storage unit for data and files on the computer's hard
disk that is managed by the operating system (operating system)

• Benefits of cluster networking:

The ability to switch the virtual Exchange server has minimized the single point of failure. It is
very capable of doing maintenance and updates with little downtime.

• Cluster networking restrictions:

It distributes storage faults. Furthermore, it doesn't provide network services. It exhibits the
malfunctioning condition. Otherwise, catastrophe sites resulted in the implementation of an
unneeded regionally distributed clustering solution.

Centralization:

A central server that performs all or the majority of the computations and serves as the acting agent
for all communications is referred to as centralization.

• Benefits of centralization:

include cost savings since fewer machines and pieces of equipment need to be maintained.
enhanced data protection. It entails processing through centralized systems.

• constraints on centralization:

For use in other information systems, the data are independent of one another. In order to diminish
local responsibility, the central information system has to store a lot of data. Transferring
transactions costs a lot of money.

Virtualization:

The development of a virtual resource, such as a computer or desktop, operating system (OS),
server, network, or file, is referred to as virtualization. It might be a network resource or a storage
device. Its major objective is to increase scalability by transforming conventional computing to
manage workloads (Vmware, 2022).

• Advantages of virtualization:

Page |4 Networking Ayush Bajagain

With fewer frames and equipment sharing, the reformation becomes extremely quick and precise.
He carried out IT tasks with more efficiency.

• Virtualization prohibitions:

It is a less expensive solution to adopt since no hardware installation is necessary. Thus, the burden
is lessened. You can deploy resources fast as a result. The best uptime is provided.

OSI model:

This is a similar concept for how systems that are open to connections and communication with
other systems enable the application to connect across the network. It is separated into seven
components or layers since this is the conceptual framework for comprehending interactions. Each
component or layer has a particular set of services that should be offered to the layers above and
below (imperva, 2022). components and layers:

Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Presentation layer
Application layer

• The OSI model's advantages:

In computer networks, it is regarded as the norm. It offers a large variety of options. It is not
dependent on a certain computer system to be carried out. The data is encrypted for security
purposes. Just include a few network concepts into this OSI model (imperva, 2022).

• OSI model's limitations:

In many applications that the OSI model supports, data integrity is not necessary. For a speedier
deployment, OSI must be understood by the three parties—users, the service provider, and the
network administrator. Due to the complexity of the model, it is challenging to comprehend.

Page |5 Networking Ayush Bajagain

Model TCP/IP:

This refers to the internet protocol or transmission control protocol. This is the language that PC
users use to access the Internet, and it may be used as a private network communication protocol.
Under four layers, it functions. Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network
Access layer are the four of them (geeksforgeeks., 2020).

• Advantages of TCP/IP:

This refers to the internet protocol or transmission control protocol. This is the language that PC
users use to access the Internet, and it may be used as a private network communication protocol.
Under four layers, it functions.

• TCP/IP restrictions:

It is challenging to arrange and maintain. Compared to the TCP/IP paradigm, IPX is substantially
quicker. Smaller TCP/IP is superior to IPX.

OSI (Open Source Interconnection) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol)
Has 7 layers Has 4 layers
It has got separate presentation and session Both session layer and presentation layer are
layer. combined to application layer in model.
It supports vertical approach. It follows horizontal approach.
Unlike TCP/IP, it is not a protocol but a reference TCP/IP is a standard protocol used for every
model used for understanding and designing the network including the internet and it is tangible.
system architecture. So, it is intangible.
Table 2: difference between OSI and TCP/IP Model

Conclusions:

As a result, I have covered many system types, including peer-to-peer, client-server, cloud, cluster,
etc., as well as network standards, including OSI model, TCP/IP model, etc., and their advantages
and limitations.

Page |6 Networking Ayush Bajagain

Task2/P2 Explain the impact of network topology, Communication and bandwidth
requirements.
Introduction:
This section described the impact of network topology, communication, and bandwidth
requirements. A network topology is a schematic definition of a network site connected along a
connecting line that contains various nodes (sender and receiver). A network topology is an
interconnected example of system components. The amount of data that can be transferred over
the network at any time is called bandwidth. Low-cost, high-bandwidth networks can transfer data
much faster than low-bandwidth networks. Bandwidth is affected by the type of network card and
modem you use, and the number and type of cables you use. The network topology can be physical,
which maps the setup of the equipment, or coherent, which maps the path that information needs
to follow in order to pass through the system. Physical topology refers to the physical design of a
network, and logical topology refers to the way data is processed within a network regardless of
the physical topology. There are six physical topology topologies: bus topology, star topology,
ring topology, grid topology, tree topology, and hybrid topology. In the context of computer
networks, these are different topologies. There are many good topologies, but they are
unsophisticated and mean that you can connect any of them. However, each topology has different
standards and may use different device technologies, so they are not compatible.

Bus Topology:
A bus topology is a Local Area Network (LAN) topology in which each hub is connected to a
single connection. A "spine" is the connection to which the hubs connect. In the unlikely event
that the spine is damaged, the entire portion collapses. Compared to the alternatives, bus topologies
often need less cabling and are easier to implement. The system's terminals are all connected in
this topology, so if one of them breaks, the others are unaffected. Organize messages are delivered
to every terminal in the system. All of the PCs will get a message from PC A to PC B if you need
to send something special to PC B, but since you have provided PC B's location, only PC B will
pick the message up and display it. There is no special PC on this system, similar to the ring
topology. It is renowned for being an easy-to-understand as well as typically reliable and shoddy
topology (javatpoint, 2022).

Page |7 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 1: Bus Topology

• Advantage of Bus Topology:

In a bus architecture, nodes connect to the cable directly rather than via a hub. As a result,
installation has a minimal initial cost. Bus-based networks that offer up to 10 Mbps typically
employ coaxial or twisted pair wires. Bus topology is a well-known technology since hardware
components are easily accessible and installation and troubleshooting methods are well-known.
Other nodes won't be impacted by a failure in one node.
• Disadvantage of Bus Topology:
Despite being very basic, a bus topology still needs a lot of cabling. To identify the cable defects,
specialist test equipment is needed. All of the nodes' communication would be hampered if a cable
fault occurred. If two nodes send messages at the same time, their signals will interfere with one
another. The network would get slower as more devices were added to it. Communication
problems result from attenuation, which is a loss of signal. The signal is renewed using repeaters.

Ring topology:
Every PC has an association with another PC, forming a ring structure, with the last PC linked to
the main PC. There are really two neighbors for each device. According to the Token Ring
Mechanics, each PC is connected to a ring structure that trades items from the PC before it in the
line. While connecting PCs through a single hover of the link, a single bearing of message stream.
Information streams move in a clockwise direction and create a ring structure in the ring topology.
It is sometimes referred to as an unbounded topology (javatpoint, 2022).

Page |8 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 2: Ring Topology

• Advantage of Ring Topology:

Without disrupting the network, defective devices can be removed. There are several hardware
and software technologies available for network operation and monitoring. Twisted pair cabling is
affordable and widely accessible. As a result, installation is quite inexpensive. Because the
communication system is not reliant on the lone host computer, it is a more dependable network.
• Disadvantage of Ring Topology:
To identify the cable defects, specialist test equipment is needed. All of the nodes' communication
would be hampered if a cable fault occurred. The network as a whole fail when one station
malfunctions. The network would get slower as more devices were added to it. The number of
nodes directly relates to the communication latency. The amount of time between devices gets
longer as more are added.

Star Topology:
In a star topology, each hub is individually connected to a focal association point that resembles a
center point or a switch in a local area network (LAN). A star requires more links than, say, a
transport, but has the benefit that only one hub will be destroyed if a connection fails. The core of
the star is the source of all movement. All of the hubs that are connected to the focal site are under
its control. The focal center point is in charge of routing all traffic to various hubs and is often a
speedy, autonomous PC. One of a star system's key areas of focus is the fact that one hub that is
breaking down has no bearing on the rest of the system. Nevertheless, this kind of technology may
be vulnerable to bottlenecks and dissatisfaction problems at the focus point. A transport topology
is frequently coupled with a star arrangement. The basis of the conveyance is then linked to the
focal center. This combination is referred to as a tree (javatpoint, 2022).

Page |9 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 3: Star Topology

• Advantage of Star Topology:

When compared to bus topology, troubleshooting in a star topology is far more effective. The
manager must examine the kilometers of cable in a bus topology. All of the stations are linked to
the central network in a star topology. As a result, the network administrator must visit the single
station to investigate the issue. The star topology makes it simple to add intricate network control
functions. Any modifications to the star topology are automatically considered. Since each station
has its own connection connecting it to the central hub, a cable failure won't affect the entire
network. Due to the low cost of its tools, star topology is an established technology. As more
stations may be connected to the hub's open ports, it is readily extendable.
• Disadvantage of Star Topology:
All of the linked nodes won't be able to interact with one another if the central hub or switch fails.
When a lot of cable routing is necessary, it can occasionally become challenging.

Mesh Topology:
This is the point-to-direct connection to various system hubs or devices. Through hubs, the entire
system is connected to one another. Physical channels for devices at work are (n-1)/2. There are
two alternative techniques to communicate information in the network structure, such as guiding
and flooding. In this architecture, the systems are actually connected to two devices to transmit
messages and check the link as well as to legally connect to one another segment. Every single
one of them has a unique relationship in this topology to transmit a particular message (javatpoint,
2022).

P a g e | 10 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 4: Mesh Topology

• Advantage of Mesh Topology:

Mesh topology networks are extremely dependable because any broken links won't interfere with
communication between connected computers. The nodes communicate very quickly with one
another. The communication between existing devices would not be hampered by the addition of
new ones.
• Disadvantage of Mesh Topology:
Compared to previous topologies, a mesh topology has a greater number of linked devices,
including routers, and more transmission medium. Mesh topology networks are enormous and
extremely challenging to manage and maintain. The breakdown of the communication link remains
unnoticed if the network is not thoroughly inspected. The number of redundant connections is
considerable in this design, which lowers the network's effectiveness.

Tree Topology:
A topology with a root hub and every other hub connected to it creates a chain of significance.
This is referred to as a tree topology. It is also known as a different tiered topology. The pecking
order is broken down into three dimensions. This is an association of topologies, including a star
and a straight transport, integrating frameworks with a star topology connected to the main line
transport link. The all-encompassing star topology is another name for this topology (javatpoint,
2022).

P a g e | 11 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 5: Tree Topology

• Advantage of Tree Topology:

The major purpose of tree topology is to offer broadband transmission, which allows signals to be
transferred over great distances without deteriorating in quality. The new device can be integrated
into the current network. Consequently, we may assert that tree topology is amenable to expansion.
The whole network in a tree topology is separated into manageable portions known as star
networks, making it easier to administer and maintain. In a tree topology, mistake identification
and rectification are fairly simple. The network as a whole is not impacted by the malfunction of
one station. For each section, there is point-to-point wiring.
• Disadvantage of Tree Topology:
It gets challenging to solve the issue if the node develops any faults. Broadband transmission
requires expensive equipment. The main bus cable is the key component on which a tree topology
depends, and its failure will harm the entire network. It is harder to adjust as more devices are
added.
Hybrid Topology:
"A hybrid topology is created by combining two or more distinct topologies. When several
topologies are connected to one another, they do not represent the traits of any one topology in
particular. For instance, if a department of the ring topology is worn out and a stellar topology
department is worn out in another category, combining these two departments will result in a
hybrid topology (ring topology and stellar topology). A number of topologies are combined into
one huge topology in this technique (javatpoint, 2022).

P a g e | 12 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 6: Hybrid Topology

• Advantage of Hybrid Topology:

The operation of the remainder of the network will not be impacted if a failure develops in any
one area. By adding more devices, the network's size may be simply increased without harming
its operation. This architecture may be tailored to the needs of the company, making it incredibly
adaptable. Hybrid architecture is particularly efficient since it allows for the network's strength to
be maximized and its weaknesses to be reduced.
• Disadvantage of Hybrid Topology:
The Hybrid network's architecture is the main flaw in the Hybrid topology. The hybrid network's
architecture is highly challenging to design. Due to the fact that they differ from the typical hubs
used in other topologies, the hubs utilized in the hybrid topology are quite costly. Because a hybrid
network needs a lot of cabling, network equipment, etc., the infrastructure cost is quite expensive.
Conclusion:
I have described all of the topologies with their benefits, disadvantages, including the data rate and
their connection, using all of these requirements and verifications.

Task3/P3Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server types

Introduction:
I have to describe the various operational principles that network devices and different kinds of
servers utilize in the aforementioned task. Certain equipment is necessary for the network.
Devices for networking:
A computer network is a group of coordinated network devices that are set up to share data.
Network devices are tools required for packet routing, network binding, and network

P a g e | 13 Networking Ayush Bajagain

administration. transfer files across the network, converse with others, and much more. The
following is a description of the many server and network device types (geeksforgeeks, 2021):
• Server:
A server is an application that runs on a computer and provides services to other applications and
their users. It offers data systems on a LAN or WAN connected to the Internet. One may think of
a web server, mail server, file server, etc. as examples. A straightforward server characteristic is
to check the port for incoming network requests and a polished presentation. The functionality of
various types of servers vary.

Fig 7: Server/Server Room

• Hub:
The hub is where all computer devices connected to a network come together to send and receive
communication data. There is a danger that data will collide because it only uses one-way
communication. The hub receives data as an electrical signal in one area, replicates it several times,
and sends it to each linked computer. It duplicates the data from confirmation packets that it gets
and broadcasts the identical data to every other node on the network. As a result, the operating
concept is inherently dangerous.

P a g e | 14 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 8: Hub

• Router:
A router is a small electrical device that joins several computer networks together via wired or
wireless connections and reads the information contained in data packets being transported on the
network or in other networks. The network interface is configured when the configuration file has
been downloaded. Each is given a network address that is added to its routing table. It uses a
straightforward static lack of route by confirming the necessary IP address to send all non-local
data to the desired location. He sends the packets to the right route if he had the correct information.

Fig 9: Router

• Switch:

P a g e | 15 Networking Ayush Bajagain

A switch is a device that passes incoming data packets from various ports to the appropriate
destination on a local area network (LAN). In each frame of an incoming message, a switch in the
local Ethernet network that is addressed from the physical device chooses an output port to route
the message to and from. Even if the switches are more intelligent, they still resemble
concentrators. A switch creates an electrical tunnel between the source and the intended port
position to allow communication without colliding, whereas a hub simply links all of the network's
nodes.

Fig 10: Switch

• Multi-Layer Switch:
A network device that can perform at higher layers of the OSI reference model and execute the
tasks of both a switch and a router without sacrificing speed is referred to as a multilevel switch.
Hardware ASICs are used by multilevel switches to carry out routing functions. The Routing
Processor (RP) receives the packets where the routing is done and the packet is delivered to the
intended destination, therefore it works in two attempts between the Routing Processor (RP) and
the Switching Mechanism (SE).

Fig 11: Multi-Layer Switch

• Firewall:
A firewall is a network security mechanism created to protect a private network. It can be done
using software, hardware, or a mix of the two. It frequently has the purpose of preventing
accessible Internet users from accessing private networks linked to the Internet by blocking
unwanted access and forming access restrictions. This guards against dangerous computer assaults.

P a g e | 16 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 12: Firewall

• Host-based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS):

The host-based intrusion detection system is a tracking system that keeps an eye on the computer
system that it is set up to monitor to keep an eye on misuse and return by logging activities and
alerting about regulated management of privileges. One of the applications installed in HIDS is an
antivirus program. Other anti-virus tools include a firewall, antivirus software, and spyware
detection. He discovers in a single hosting system a view and reporting of the system's structure
and application activity, whose preservation assures that nothing that passes past the firewall is
susceptible.

Fig 13: HIDS

• Repeater:
An electrical network device known as a repeater transmits the received signal with a wider
bandwidth and a longer network barrier than the original signal is capable of. For the transmission
of physical signals between two network nodes during two-way operations, it is linked to the
network line of the device. To increase the network transmission distance from the data signal for
transmitting or forwarding for the same two types of network connection is the primary objective.

P a g e | 17 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 14: Repeater

• Bridges:
It is a particular class of computer network device that gets ready a connection between two
Ethernets carrying the same protocol. It integrates two various types of networks and
communicates between them at the OSI model's data connection layer. It publishes data to every
node, much like concentrators and repeaters do. Despite the fact that it filters the source and
destination, it stores the MAC address.

Fig 15: Bridge

Hub Switch
Hubs operate in Physical layer as layer 1 devices Switches operate in Data link layer as layer 2
in the OSI Model devices in the OSI Model
4/12 Ports 28/48 Ports
Electrical signals or bits Frames and Packets
Half-duplex: In arrangements utilizing Full duplex switches don't have collisions.
centers, crashes are common.
Not intelligent—cannot read MAC addresses capable of reading MAC addresses
and transmits them to all devices without
verifying their accuracy

P a g e | 18 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Table 4: Difference Between Hub and Switch

Router Bridge
operates at the OSI Model's Network Layer. operates at the OSI Model's Data Link Layer.
used to link LAN and WAN fuses two different LAN segments together.
transmits information in packets transmits information as frames
reads a device's IP address Reads the MAC address of a device

greater number of ports than a bridge A bridge has only two ports

Table 5: Difference Between Router & Bridge

User-End Devices:
End-user devices are additional gadgets that offer services to users directly. Hosts are also end user
devices that give consumers a way to connect to the network. Users may share, generate, and get
information with these devices.
Here are a few examples of end-user devices:

• Laptops:
As implied by their name, laptops are compact, portable computers that may be powered both by
batteries and by electrical current. Instead of the conventional heavy, clunky VDUs (Visual
Display Units), they employ unique displays that are both portable and have a long battery life.

Fig 16: Laptop

P a g e | 19 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 • Personal computers (PCs):
IBM created the PC in 1981. Despite several extensions, all PCs produced after that time remain
in many respects compatible with the original design. PCs made by businesses other than IBM that
are compatible with the standard PC specification are referred to be PC compatible.

Fig 17: Personal Computer

• Printers:
a source of output. Once you've prepared the data, the majority of it is printed using one of the
many various printers that are accessible. The most popular printers are inkjet and laser, both of
which can now create colored output (at a cost). In the majority of businesses, a network connects
the printers and computers. This implies that each individual has a

P a g e | 20 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 18: Printer

Wireless network components:

Wireless networks are computer networks that use electromagnetic waves to deliver a signal
through a communication channel rather than any kind of cable to connect the nodes.
• Access point:
An access point is a station on a local area network (LAN) that connects wireless and wired
networks for the transmission and reception of data. It links users to other users on the network
and enables communication between the WLAN and the compatible wired network. The idea
behind APs is to emit a wireless signal that a computer can identify and use to connect wirelessly
to the network.

P a g e | 21 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 19: Access point
• Content filter:
A content filter is a hardware or software solution that restricts access to some materials that, when
accessible through a program, may be harmful. Information filtering is another name for it. If the
agreed-upon material is not permitted via it, it operates by matching character strings.

Fig 20: Content Filter

• Load balancing:
Without utilizing intricate routing protocols like the Border Gateway Protocol, a load balancer
effectively controls traffic from one side to the other (BGP). A server farm or server pool are other
names for it. By enhancing availability and scalability, this is a cost-effective option for Internet
applications. It efficiently spreads the load over a number of servers in the client network.

P a g e | 22 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 21: Load Balancer Work

• Modem:
A modem is a hardware or software component that enables computer-to-computer
communication and file transmission across a cable or telephone connection. Since it conducts
modulation and demodulation on analog carrier signals to encode and decode digital information
for conversion, the word "modem" is sometimes used to refer to both processes. It facilitates the
transfer of digital data between personal computers.

Fig 22: Modem

• Packet shaper:
A system for managing the support of network files or data transmission to meet a specific level
of performance or quality of service, packet formation is also widely used as a form of traffic. It
is employed to categorize the incoming and outgoing traffic that goes through it and establishes
the priority of this traffic in accordance with the defined standards.

P a g e | 23 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 23: blue Coat Packet shaper

• VPN concentrator:
The VPN hub is a cutting-edge router designed to deliver safe VPN connections and transmit data
among VPN hosts. It has the capabilities to create and keep track of a massive number of VPN
tunnels. Through distant encrypted VPN tunnels, it is possible to store hundreds of thousands of
remote customers from any location. It is applied to establish VPN links between websites.

Fig 24: VPN Connector

• Anti-Virus:
A sort of program called antivirus software was created to safeguard computers against malware
including viruses, computer worms, spyware, botnets, rootkits, keyloggers, and other threats.
Antivirus software works to scan for, find, and get rid of viruses from your computer. Anti-virus
software comes in a wide range of versions and varieties. Any antivirus program's main goal is to
safeguard computers and eliminate viruses when they are found, though.

P a g e | 24 Networking Ayush Bajagain

Types of servers:
Isa servers, which are computer programs that offer various services to other computer programs
and their users. Computers that share resources with client machines are referred to as servers since
they are most likely to conduct only server-related activities. He is in charge of overseeing network
resources. High-performance RAM and a speedier processor are found in dedicated servers.
different kinds of servers and how they function:

• Web server:
A program called a web server uses the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to provide material or
services to end users over the Internet. In essence, an HTTP connection must be made available
by a web server, which consists of a physical server, a server operating system (OS), and software.
Another name for it is an Internet server. The website files must be stored on the web server.

• File server:
A file server is a server that allows access to files and functions as a central file storage so that
other computers on the same network may access files. Without physically moving data to another
external storage device, it gives the user the capacity to move information across a network.
Usually, while transferring files, an FTP server (File Transfer Protocol) is employed.

• Database server:
The hardware and software that launch the database are referred to as the database server. It is just
like the data repository where the website keeps its data and information. The network client makes
a SOL request (a structured query) to the database server, and the database server responds by
returning the result query.

• Virtualization:
Creating a virtual resource, such as a server, desktop, operating system, file, storage, or network,
is known as virtualization. It might be a network resource or a storage device. Its key characteristic
is the managed workload achieved by shifting conventional computations to a more scalable
system. It is a less expensive solution to adopt since no hardware installation is necessary. Thus,
the burden is lessened. You can deploy resources fast as a result. The best uptime is provided.

• Print server:

P a g e | 25 Networking Ayush Bajagain

A networked computer that runs a software program called a print server is able to create jobs for
a network of computers that include printing. In both huge corporations and local office networks,
they are worn. To handle the demand for printing tasks containing several printers on the network,
they are connected to a computer network.

Conclusion:
Therefore, I covered the operating principles of the various server and network device kinds in this
job. According to their respective services, numerous network devices and the server carry out
various tasks.

Task4/P4Discuss the inter dependence of workstation hardware with relevant networking

software
Introduction:
In this job, I will discuss how the hardware and matching network software on a workstation are
interdependent. Hardware and software are the two major components of a computer system. Both
the hardware and software components are essential to the proper operation of any computer
system. The system does not operate properly if the required hardware and software are not
present. In most cases, hardware is a group of tangible objects that you can touch and is also
referred to as computer hardware. Similar to a program, software is a collection of instructions that
tells the computer how to carry out specific tasks. They are reliant on one another in numerous
ways.
in order to manipulate data effectively and get to a useful conclusion on a computer. The hardware
and software must communicate with one another. Computer hardware is governed by software.
These two parts must work together harmoniously in order for them to function separately.
Equipment for computers is worthless without software. Similarly, using software on a computer
requires supporting hardware. As a result, for the system to function on the network, hardware and
software components must communicate with one another.

Work Stations of Needed Requirement of the hardware for

Hardware networking
Processor Inter Core i5-64-bit 830GHZ or AMD FX 4100 and
above
Motherboard Dual processor. Intel SE7501BR2 server kit

RAM/Memory 4 GB DDR 3
Requirement

P a g e | 26 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Display Super VGA (1024*768)

Router Wired or wireless according to the network

Hard disk 1.5 TB

Printer Ink jet or dot matrix (According to workload)

Switches Manageable and unmanageable

Bandwidth 150mb per second

Access pointer Wireless

Firewall Juniper

Network Interface 100BaseT

Card

Table 6: Hardware Requirement

Software requirements:
The word “software” refers to the numerous types of programs needed to interact with computers
and computers. Any gadget must have software in order to function. It is difficult to perform
hardware in the absence of software since the hardware carries out orders from the program.
Software can be referred to by a variety of words, including scripts, programs, a list of instructions,
and applications. There are several network programs, each with a distinct purpose and area of
expertise. Client software, server software, etc. are some of the several kinds of software that are
used on a network between any two computers.
The client requires a server in order to complete the procedure. Through the network server, the
client connects to the services. The network requires switches and routers to function. The software
that connects client and server computers is referred to as client software. A client operating system
is one that is used by lone users and can only operate on a single machine.
Typically, server software is built to communicate with the CPU, RAM, memory, and other
communication ports on the server hardware. A web server, an application server, a file server,
etc. are examples of different sorts of servers. To ensure that the tasks ran well, an operating system

P a g e | 27 Networking Ayush Bajagain

had to be installed on the server software. A server operating system (OS) is the type of OS
designed specifically for installing and monitoring servers. In order to control incoming and
outgoing signals, the firewall is deployed on several servers.

Inter dependency of workstation hardware with software:

Hardware and software are tremendously dependent on one another. They must collaborate in
order for the computer to output. The program cannot be used if the hardware is not supported,
and it is worthless if the hardware is not correctly identified. A proper software package must be
installed in the hardware in order for the task to be completed. The hardware may execute a variety
of jobs much like different software. The body and the soul of a computer system are its hardware
and software, respectively. The user and subsequently the hardware are connected through the
program. Therefore, for any systems to function, they both must be connected to one another.

Conclusion:
As a result, I covered the necessary hardware, servers with the right software, their dependency,
and how they function. It would be easier for you to handle all organizations effectively and
seamlessly if you have the right hardware and software.

Task5/P5Design a networked system to meet a given specification.

Introduction:
In this exercise, I'll discuss the network system that the Visio tool has created. A network type
known as a server organizes network resources for other software applications (and its users).
Server technology is the division of functions into two or more distinct components of the
program.

P a g e | 28 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 25: Redesigned Network

Department Used IP Address Subnet Mask Device Uses Router Serial no

IT [Link]- [Link] 14 [Link]
[Link]
Finance [Link]- [Link] 3 [Link]
[Link]
HR [Link]- [Link] 6 [Link]
[Link]
Sales [Link]- [Link] 8 [Link]
[Link]
Table 7: IP Allocation Table

The table that is provided is an IP designation table for a new branch of my Digital Networking
Solution project. Separate Departments have been given different IPs.
Used Network device explanation
• Router:
A router is a small electrical device that joins many computer networks together via wired or
wireless connections and reads the data packets being transported on the network or in other
networks.
• Switch:
A switch is a device that passes incoming data packets from various ports to the appropriate
destination on a local area network (LAN). Each frame of the incoming message is determined by
a switch in the local Ethernet network that is addressed from the physical device, which chooses

P a g e | 29 Networking Ayush Bajagain

an output port for forwarding to and from. The switches are more intelligent but still resemble
concentrators.
• Printer:
A printer is an output device that transmits computer-generated pictures to paper or prints
documents on paper after receiving and displaying them. To print a document, computers send
electronic data to printers.
• Server:
A server is an application that runs on a computer and provides services to other applications and
their users. It offers data systems on a LAN or WAN connected to the Internet. One may think of
a web server, mail server, file server, etc. as examples. A straightforward server characteristic is
to check the port for incoming network requests and a polished presentation. The functionality of
various types of servers vary.
Network Services and Application:
Some service apps must be used in order to achieve the network design. It is advisable to utilize a
server operating system or a client server, for example. For that particular application to function,
specific system configurations must be made.
The following design has been created using Windows Server and VMware Workstation. 2019
Windows Server
Installation of VMware Workstation:
For the installation of the windows I used VMware virtualization workstation. VMware works
with Windows, Linux etc...
The following are the steps taken for the installation of VMware Workstation Pro.

P a g e | 30 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 26: VMware Workstation Pro Setup

P a g e | 31 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 27: User License Agreement

A desktop with some terms and conditions shows after moving forward. The User License
Agreement is what it is. To continue with the installation, we must agree the terms and conditions.
Without agreeing to these conditions, we cannot install our program.
After agreeing to the conditions and continuing, we must choose the location where our program
will be deployed. click the next button. Our installation will then begin.

Fig 28: Custom Setup

P a g e | 32 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 29: Installation Process

Fig 30: Installation complete

P a g e | 33 Networking Ayush Bajagain

Task 6[P6] Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and analyze user
feedback.

User Survey Form:

A collection of questions has been created so that consumers may assess the level of service
provided by Digital Network Solution's newly developed network architecture.
Please check the box next to the response you want to choose.
1. How fast is the network right now?
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
2. How frequently do you experience network speed throttling issues?
Always
Usually
Rarely
Never
3. How well is the network protected?
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
4. How is the maintenance service running?
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
5. Do you approve of the system update?
Yes

P a g e | 34 Networking Ayush Bajagain

No
Our goal is to deliver high-quality service to the users. We like reading your comments and
consider them highly. We would be happy to hear any ideas you may have for improving our
facilities. Leave a comment below with your ideas.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………............

study of user feedback:

We may infer from the users' responses to the questionnaire we created and distributed that the
feedback was mostly positive. The majority of our consumers expressed great satisfaction with the
amenities we offer. While some customers encountered problems with the security and
maintenance system, very few users complained about the performance of our network system.
The first pie chart below displays the findings of a survey that 100 customers completed on
network, security, and maintenance system speed.

P a g e | 35 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 31: Network Speed Analysis

Fig 32: Analysis of Security Management System

The aforementioned charts show that our network system performs rather well, and consumers are
generally happy with it. 25% of users believe our network speed is outstanding out of 100 people.
59 percent of users consider the speed of our network to be decent. Only 1% of users consider our
network speed to be subpar; the majority consider it to be average. 15 percent of users believe our
security and maintenance system is great, while 45 percent believe it is good. Users assess our

P a g e | 36 Networking Ayush Bajagain

company's security and maintenance system as inadequate, while 36% consider it to be average.
The aforementioned charts show that our network system performs rather well, and consumers are
generally happy with it. 25% of users believe our network speed is outstanding out of 100 people.
59 percent of users consider the speed of our network to be decent. Only 1% of users consider our
network speed to be subpar; the majority consider it to be average. 15 percent of users believe our
security and maintenance system is great, while 45 percent believe it is good. Users assess our
company's security and maintenance system as inadequate, while 36% consider it to be average.

Task7/P7 Implement a networked system based on a prepared design

Network system implementation:

The experiment tables and screen shots below demonstrate how I organized my network setup. For
starters, I set up LAN networks for each department, connecting the computers to a server.
Following that, I linked the servers for the IT and financial departments to one router, and the
servers for sales and human resources to another router. I next created a link between the routers.
The screen shots below demonstrate how I set up my devices for each department. Additionally,
they demonstrate how PCs located in the same LAN, separate LANs, or different departments are
contacted via the network. Every PC in every department received an IP address.
In this exercise, I create and design a LAN (Local Area Network) using Cisco Packet Tracer. a
quick summary of Cisco is below:
Cisco:
Cisco Systems is an IT and networking company with a focus on switches, routers, cybersecurity,
and the Internet of Things. Its logo can be seen on virtually every conference phone and piece of
office equipment. A Cisco-based network may be configured, administered, monitored, and
troubleshooted using Cisco Works, a collection of network management tools. It lets network
managers to efficiently manage the networks of their small, medium, and big businesses.

Fig 33: Cisco Logo

P a g e | 37 Networking Ayush Bajagain

PC Configuration:

Fig 34: PC Configure IT Department

P a g e | 38 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 35: PC Configure Finance Department

P a g e | 39 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 36: PC Configure HR Department

P a g e | 40 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 37: PC Configure Sales Department

Router Configurations:

• Router Hostname
• IP Addressing Router
• IP Routing

P a g e | 41 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 38: Router Hostname ABC1

P a g e | 42 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 39: Second Router Hostname ABC2

P a g e | 43 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 40: IP Addressing Router ABC1

P a g e | 44 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 41: IP Addressing Router ABC2

Fig 42: IP Routing ABC1

P a g e | 45 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 42: IP Routing ABC2

Task8/P8 Document and analyze test

Verification of Configuration and Connectivity

Test 1
Test: Ping Command Test within same LAN
Tested by: Ayush Bajagain
Task Expected Result Actual Result Status
(Success/Failure)

Pinging between two Reply from Replied from Success

different PCs in IT destination PC destination PC
LAN with 32 bytes of
data
Table 8: Verification Table

P a g e | 46 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 43: Ping Command Test IT Department

Task Expected Result Actual Result Status

(Success/Failure)

Pinging between two Reply from Replied from Success

different PCs in IT destination PC destination PC
LAN with 32 bytes of
data

Table 9: Verification Table

P a g e | 47 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 43: Ping Command Test Finance Department

Task Expected Result Actual Result Status

(Success/Failure)

Pinging between two Reply from Replied from Success

different PCs in IT destination PC destination PC
LAN with 32 bytes of
data
Table10: Verification Table

P a g e | 48 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Fig 43: Ping Command Test HR Department

Task Expected Result Actual Result Status

(Success/Failure)

Pinging between two Reply from Replied from Success

different PCs in IT destination PC destination PC
LAN with 32 bytes of
data

P a g e | 49 Networking Ayush Bajagain

 Table 11: Verification Table

Fig 43: Ping Command Test Sales Department

The network that I have now created for the Digital Network Solution is still far from ideal. There
are many of ways to make this better. In the future, as technology develops, these initiatives will
have access to more and better programs and components. The current workstations and PCs may
be swapped out for new ones. In order to provide our consumers with the greatest services possible,
it is crucial that we keep up with progress. I advise using the equipment devices indicated in my
report for the router and switches. A firewall might be employed for the framework's security, as

P a g e | 50 Networking Ayush Bajagain

well as for traffic management and other needless complications. Implementing a biometric
verification system, such as a fingerprint scanner, can increase security. Additionally, I advise
installing CCTV cameras in each department for physical security.

Conclusion:
I hereby state that all materials used in the preparation of this report are the property of their
respective owners. I think I did a good job of explaining everything in my report, so there shouldn't
be any issues with comprehension.

P a g e | 51 Networking Ayush Bajagain

References
geeksforgeeks., 2020. geeksforgeeks.. [Online]
Available at: [Link]

geeksforgeeks, 2021. GeeksforGeeks. [Online]

Available at: [Link]
gateways/

imperva, 2022. imperva. [Online]

Available at: [Link]

javatpoint, 2022. javatpoint. [Online]

Available at: [Link]

Vmware, 2022. Vmware. [Online]

Available at: [Link]

P a g e | 52 Networking Ayush Bajagain