Chemistry

Chemistry is defined as the science that examines the materials of the universe and changes that thes
materials undergo.

Branches of chemistry
The main branches of chemistry are;

Physical Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with laws and theories to understand the structure and changes
is called Physical Chemistry.

Organic Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with substances containing carbon ( Except carbonates,
tes, bicarbona
oxides and carbides.

Inorganic Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with elements and their compounds except organic compounds is
Inorganic Chemistry.

Biochemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with physical and chemicalatchanges
occur in
th living organisms is called
Biochemistry.

Industrial Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and use of technology
-scale
in the
production
large of
useful substances is called industrial chemistry.

Nuclear Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the changes that occur in atomic nuclei is called nuclear

Environmental Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the chemicals and toxic substances that pollute the environ
their adverse ects
eff on human beings is called environmental chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and instruments for determining the composition
matter is called Analytical Chemistry

Difference between Element and Compound

Sl. Differentiating Element Compound
No. Property

1 Definition Elements are pure substances Compounds aresubstances which are

which are composed of only one
formed by two or more different types
type of atom. elements that are united chemically in
fixed proportions.

2 Total Numbers There are nearly 118 elementsCompounds

(at are almost endless.
present) of which nearly 94 occur
naturally on Earth.

3 Types Elements are classified as Compounds are classified according to

metals, nonmetals or [Link] bonds which can be ionic,
molecular or metallic.

4 Examples Some of the examples of A few examples of compounds are

elements are Iron, Copper, Gold,
NaOH, NaCl, etc.
etc.

5 Representation Elements are represented by Compounds are represented by their

symbols and numbers. For chemical formula. For example, salt is
example, Sodium is represented represented by the formula NaCl.
by Na.

6 Distinguished By Elements can be distinguished byDistinguished by their fixed ratio of

their atomic number. different elements (arranged in a
defined manner).

7 Composition and As only one type of atoms makes

In the case of compounds, the same
Property up an element, all the properties
type of molecules makes up the
of that atom are represented by
compound.
its atom.

8 Ability to Elements cannot be broken down

Compounds can be easily separated
Breakdown by chemical reactions. into simpler substances by chemical
reactions.

Difference between Compound and Mixture

Sl. Differentiating
Compound Mixture
No. Property

Compounds are substances

Mixtures are substances that are
which can be formed by
1 Definition formed by physically mixing two
chemically combining two or
or more substances.
more elements.

Compounds can be of three

types, which are: covalent
compounds, metallic
compounds and ionic
compounds. Mixtures are mainly of two types
2 Types Note: Compounds can be i.e. homogenous mixtures and
classified as organic heterogeneous mixtures.
compounds or inorganic
compounds depending on the
presence of carbon in the
molecular structure.

Substance Compounds fall under pure Mixtures can be categorized as

3
Category substances. impure substances.

A mixture can have a variable

Composition The chemical composition of
4 composition of the
substances
Details compounds is always fixed.
forming it.

Mixtures can either be

Compounds are always
5 Nature homogeneous or heterogeneous
homogeneous in nature
in nature.

Mixtures can be separated into

their constituents via physical
The constituents of a compound
separation methods such as
Separation of can only be separated by either
6 filtration. Thus, the separation of
Constituents chemical or electrochemi
cal
mixtures is relatively easier than
methods (like extraction).
the separation of chemical
compounds.

The properties of compounds The constituents of a mixture do

are unique them
to and need not lose their properties and so,
7 Properties not necessarily reflect the the properties of a mixture are
properties of the constituent generally the sum of the
elements. properti
es of its constituents.

A new substance is formed after

No new substances are formed in
the constituents are chemically
mixtures and their properties are
8 New Substance combined. So, a compound has
dependent onthe properties of
different properties from its
their respective constituents.
constituents.

The melting and boiling points

Melting and The melting and boiling points of
9 of a compound are always
Boiling Points a mixture are not defined.
defined.
 Oil andwater, sand and water,
10 Example Water, salt, baking soda, etc.
smog (smoke + fog), etc.

Difference
between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

[Link] Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

1 Organic compounds are characterizedMost inorganic compounds do have

not carbon
by the presence of carbon atoms in atoms in them (some exceptions do exist)
them

2 Organic compounds consisting of They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen, and

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and their their derivatives
other derivatives

3 Organic compounds are said to be These compounds are not inflammable and are
more volatile
and also highly non-volatile in nature
inflammable

4 These compounds exist in the form ofThese exist as solids

solids, gases, and liquids.

5 These are insoluble in water These are soluble in water andnon-soluble

also
in some of the organic solutions

6 These compounds have the carbon

- These do not have the carbon
-hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds

7 Organic compounds are mainly foundThese

in compounds are found in-living
non
most of the living things things

8 Organic compounds form covalent Inorganic compounds form ionic bonds between
bonds the atoms of molecules

9 In most of the aqueous solutions, these

In aqueous solutions, these are known to be
are poor conductors of heat and good conductors heat of and electricity
electricity

10 Examples of organic compounds Example for inorganic compounds includes

include fats, nucleic acids, sugars, non-metals, salts, metals, acids, bases, and
enzymes, proteins and hydrocarbon substances which are made from single
fuels elements

11 These are biological and more complex

These are of mineral and not much complexity
in nature in nature

12 Organic compounds cannot make saltsInorganic compounds can make salts

13 The rate of reaction is slow in organic

Inorganiccompounds have a high rate of
compounds reaction
Differences between Pure Substances and Mixtures
The differences between pure substances and mixtures are given below.

Pure Substances Mixtures

It cannot be broken down or separated intoIt new

canbe separated using different separation
products. methods.

Constant physical and chemical properties. Mixtures have varying physical and chemical
properties.

Pure substances are made up of a single A mixture is a combination of two substances or

element. elements.

Empirical Formula Molecular

Vs Formula
Empirical Formula Molecular Formula

An empirical formula represents the simplest

The molecular formula shows the exact number
whole-number ratio of various atoms presentofin different
a types of present
atoms in a molecule
compound. of a compound.

Example: For Acetylene the empirical formula

Example:
is For Acetylene the empirical formula is
CH C 2H 2

Cannot get the exact molecular mass Can get exact molecular mass
Parameters Molecular Mass Formula Mass

Definition Molecular Mass is the mass of the moles

Formula Mass is the sum of the masses of the
present in that molecule atoms present in the empirical formula
Units The Unit of Molecular Mass is g/mol The
unitsunit of Formula mass is (Atomic
amu Mass
Unit)

Mass It is calculated
based on the It is calculated based on
molecuarr formula emperocal formula
formula
Values It always offers the exact value of Itthemay or may not give the exact value of the
molecules molecules
Difference between ion andradical
free

Free radical ion

definition Free radicals are chemical specie having
Ions are chemical species having either
on or more unpaired electrons. positive or negative charge.
Electrical chargeNo electrical charge Positive or negative electrical
charge.
Unpaired electronOne are more unpaired electron presentNo unpaired electron present
stability Relatively unstable Relatively stable
occurrence Exists by themselves. Combined with oppositely charged ion.
Electrons & The numbers of electron and protons are
The number of protons and electron are no
protons equal. always equal.
Oxidation & Neither oxidizing or reducing agent Can act as oxidizing or reducing agent.
reduction
symbol Show by adding dots on atom Show by positive or negativembol
sy on
atom.
 Atomic Mass: Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of the given element. The unit of
atomic mass is a.m.u. often denoted as u. One atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) is said to b
exactly equal to the 1/12 the ratio of the mass of -12 1 mole
atomsofot Avogadro’s
C
Constant (NA).
 Molecular Mass: Molecular Mass is the sum of the mass of the atoms present in a
molecule of the given substance. Its unit is also a.m.u. e.g. the molecular 3 = mass
14 + 1 × 3 = 17 a.m.u.
 Molar Mass: The mass of the 1 mole of a given substance is known as molar mas
SI unit of molar mass is kg/mol however g/mol is the usually used unit. Molar m
also be defined as the molecular mass of the given substance expressed in gra
a.m.u. is the molecular mass of hydrogen gas therefore as per the definition the
mass of hydrogen gas will be 2 g.
 Mole Concept: It is a concept revolving around 12-12g isotope of C containing atoms
equal to Avogadro’s Constant. Mole is actually an amount. The amount can be of atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, fruits, or books but our scope would be limited to c
entities. What we actually do is calculate the mass of chemical entities in terms
The value of Avogadro’s Constant i.e. the value of 1 mole of a substance is 6.0221367 ×
1023.
 Mole: One mole is defined as the amount of the substance which contains as many
entities as there are atoms in 12 -12 g ofisotope.
C As measured by mass spectrometer
the mass of one atom of -12 Catom is found be to 1.992648 × 10-23
g. Since 1 mole of - C
12 atoms is 12g. Therefore, the number of atoms present in 1 mole = 12g - / 1.992
23
g atom-1 or 6.0221367 × 2310atoms. The value of 1 mole is known as Avogadro’s
Constant. The term ‘Avogadro’s Constant’ is termed after the great pioneer Amedeo
Avogadro. It is denoted by the symbol N A.

Gram Atomic Mass

Gram atomic mass is the periodic table element’s atomic weight in grams. The molar mass
of an element is the mass of one mole in grams. The mass of one mole of an element is
defined as its gram atomic mass.
It is calculated by taking an element’s atomic weight from the periodic table and converting it
to grams. Thus, when the mass of an element is expressed in grams then it is known
gram atomic mass. For example, the gram atomic mass of helium islarly, 4 g. Simi
sodium
(Na) has an atomic weight of 22.99 u and a gram atomic mass of 22.99 grams. So on
of sodium atoms weighs 22.99 g. This implies that the quantity of the element of the
substance when weighs equal to its gram atomic mass isone called
gram atom.
Mass of the element (in g) = Number of gram atoms / Atomic mass of the element (in
g)

Gram Molecular Mass

The mass in grams of one mole of a molecular material is known as the gram mol
mass. The molar mass and gram molecular mass he are
samet things. The main distinction
is that gram molecular mass defines the mass unit. The gram molecular mass (g/mol
be expressed in grams or grams per mole (g/mol)

Difference Between Mass Number and Atomic Number

Mass Number Atomic Number

Atomic mass is proportional to the numberThe

ofnumber of protons in an element’s
neutrons and protons contained in an nucleus is generally represented by its
1. element’s nucleus. atomic number.

It is the total num

ber of protons in the
2. It is an element’s average weight. nucleus of an atom.

The letter Z is used to represent an atomic

3. Atomic mass is denoted by A number.

The atomic number is primarily used in the

Atomic mass cannot be used to determine categorization and entification
id of
3. the element’s kind. elements.

Atomic mass is also used to differentiate

between various isotopes of the same Isotopes only have one atomic number in
4. element. common.

The atomic mass unit is commonly used to An atomicnumber is just a digit used to
5. measure atomic mass (amu). arrange elements in a periodic chart.

Element Symbol Atomic Mass Number Number Number Valency

 Number Number of of of
(Z) (A) Protons Electrons Neutrons
(A-Z)

H 1 1 1 1 0 ±1
Hydrogen

He 2 4 2 2 2 0
Helium

Li 3 7 3 3 4 +1
Lithium

Be 4 9 4 4 5 +2
Beryllium

B 5 11 5 5 6 +3
Boron

C 6 12 6 6 6 +4
Carbon

N 7 14 7 7 7 -3
Nitrogen

O 8 16 8 8 8 -2
Oxygen

F 9 19 9 9 10 -1
Fluorine

Ne 10 20 10 10 10 0
Neon

Na 11 23 11 11 12 +1
Sodium

Mg 12 24 12 12 12 +2
Magnesium

Al 13 27 13 13 14 +3
Aluminium

Si 14 28 14 14 14 +4
Silicon

P 15 31 15 15 16 -3
Phosphorus

S 16 32 16 16 16 -2
Sulphur
 Cl 17 35 17 17 18 -1
Chlorine

Ar 18 40 18 18 22 0
Argon

K 19 39 19 19 20 +1
Potassium

Ca 20 40 20 20 20 +2
Calcium