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Essential Basic Math Formulas Guide

The document provides basic math formulas across various topics including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, probability, fractions, percentages and sample problems. It defines formulas for arithmetic mean, algebraic expressions, areas of geometric shapes like rectangles, triangles, circles etc. Probability is defined as the possibility of an event occurring. Formulas are given for fractions, percentages and sample problems are worked out related to these topics.

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Sarah Mae Tindan Lorilla
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116 views6 pages

Essential Basic Math Formulas Guide

The document provides basic math formulas across various topics including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, probability, fractions, percentages and sample problems. It defines formulas for arithmetic mean, algebraic expressions, areas of geometric shapes like rectangles, triangles, circles etc. Probability is defined as the possibility of an event occurring. Formulas are given for fractions, percentages and sample problems are worked out related to these topics.

Uploaded by

Sarah Mae Tindan Lorilla
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic Math Formulas

 Difficulty Level : Easy


 Last Updated : 17 Jun, 2022

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 Discuss(1)
Mathematics comes with an endless scope of research and study in the domain
of numbers and their operations. Every branch of mathematics has something
different to deal with. The branches explore new methods and standards of
calculation for making daily trade even more convenient. 
Mathematics is divided into various branches as per the way of calculation
involved and topics covered by them. The branches include geometry, algebra,
arithmetic, percentage, exponential, etc. Mathematics also provides standard
derived formulas to make the operations or calculation accurate. The given
article provides all the basic formulas present in mathematics under its different
branches or fields.

Basic math formulae

A formula is a mathematical expression or definite rule that is derived from the


relation between two or more quantities and the derived final product is
expressed in symbols. The formulas of mathematics included numbers known
as constants, letters that represent the unknown values and are known as
variables, mathematical symbols known as signs, and exponential powers in
some cases.

Arithmetic

Arithmetic is the oldest method of calculation known till now. The word
arithmetic is derived from the Greek words ‘arithmos’ which literally means
numbers. Brahmagupta the Indian mathematician is known as the ‘father of
arithmetic‘. And, the Fundamental theory of number theory was proposed
by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801.
The basic operations involved in arithmetic are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Arithmetic formula
Arithmetic mean (average) = Sum of values/Number of values.

Algebra
Algebra is an elementary subject of mathematics that deals with the study of the
evaluation of numbers and symbols. The algebraic operations are carried out to
determine the unknown values which are expressed by letters. Algebraic
equations are the expressions formed by the combination of variables,
constants, factors, and coefficients of variables.
Basic algebra formula
 a2  – b2  = (a – b)(a + b)
 (a + b)2  = a2 + 2ab + b2
 a2+ b2  = (a + b)2 – 2ab
 (a – b)2  = a2 – 2ab + b2
 (a + b + c)2  = a2 + b2  + c2  + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 (a – b – c)2 = a2  + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
 (a + b)3  = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2  + b2
 (a – b)3  = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
 a3  – b3  = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
 a3  + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
 (a + b)4  = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
 (a – b)4  = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2  – 4ab3 + b4
 a4– b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a 2  + b2)
 (am)(an) = am + n
 (ab)m  = ambm
 (am)n = amn

Geometry

Geometry is a part of mathematics that is concerned with the study of shapes,


sizes, parameters, measurement, properties, and dimensions. There are
generally three types of geometry. They are Euclidean geometry, Spherical
geometry, and Hyperbolic geometry.
Basic geometry formula
 Rectangle
1. Perimeter of Rectangle = 2(l + b)
2. The area of Rectangle  = l × b
Where ‘l’ is Length and ‘b’ is Breadth
 Square
1. The area of Square = a2
2. The perimeter of Square = 4a
Where ‘a’ is the length of the sides of a Square
 Triangle
Area of Triangle= 1/2 × b × h
Where ‘b’ is the base of the triangle and ‘h’ is the height of the triangle
 Trapezoid
Area of Trapezoid = 1/2 × (b1 + b2) × h
Where b1 and b2 are the bases of the Trapezoid
And, h = height of the Trapezoid
 Circle
1. Area of Circle = π × r2
2. Circumference of Circle = 2πr
Where ‘r’ is the radius of a Circle
 Cube
Surface Area of Cube = 6a2
Where ‘a’ is the length of the sides of the Cube
 Cylinder
1. The curved surface area of Cylinder = 2πrh
2. The total surface area of Cylinder = 2πr(r + h)
3. The volume of Cylinder = V = πr2h
Where ‘r’ is the radius of the base of the Cylinder
And, ‘h’ is the height of Cylinder
 Cone
1. The curved surface area of a cone = πrl
2. Total surface area of cone = πr(r + l) = πr[r + √(h 2  + r2)]
3. Volume of a Cone = V = 1/3× πr2h
Here, ‘r’ is the radius of the base of Cone and h = Height of the Cone
 Sphere
1. Surface Area of a Sphere = S = 4πr 2
2. Volume of a Sphere = V = 4/3 × πr 3
Where, r = Radius of the Sphere

Probability

Probability is the mathematical term used to determine the chance of occurring


a particular event. Probability can simply be defined as the possibility of the
occurrence of an event. It is expressed on a linear scale from 0 to 1. There are
three types of theoretical probability, experimental probability, and subjective
probability.
Basic probability formula
P(A) = n(A)/n(S)
Where,
P(A) is the probability of an event.
n(A) is the number of favorable outcomes
n(S) is the total number of events

Fraction

A fraction is a number expressed with integers in which a numerator is divided


by the denominator. A fraction is basically the quotient of a division. 
Basic fractions formula
 (a + b/c) = (a × c) + b/c
 (a/b + d/b) = (a + d)/b
 (a/b + c/d) = (a × d + b × c/b × d)
 a/b × c/d = ac/bd
 (a/b)/(c/d) = a/b × d/c

Percentage

A percentage is a numerical value or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is


generally symbolized by the sign %.
Basic percentage formula
Percentage = (Amount in the category/Total value) × 100

Sample problems

Question 1: Determine the probability to get an ace from a card taken from
a deck.
Solution:
Given:
Total number of favorable outcomes n(S) = 52
Number of face cards   in the deck = 12
Number of favorable outcomes n(A) = 12
Now,
P(A) = n(A)/n(S)
=> 12/52
=> 3/13
Hence, the probability to get a face card from a card deck is 3/13.
Question 2: Simplify 3/(x – 1) + 1/(x(x – 1) = 2/x
Solution:
=> 3x + 1/x(x – 1) = 2(x – 1)/x(x – 1)
=> 3x + 1 = 2(x – 1)
=> x = -3
Question 3: If x + 1/x = 3. Find the value of x 2 + 1/x2.
Solution:
=> (x + 1/x)2  = (3)2
=> x2  + 2 × x × 1/x + (1/x)2 = 9
=> x2  + 1/x2  + 2 = 9
=> x2  + 1/x2  = 7
Question 4: If the radius of a circle is 21cm. Find the area of the given
circle.
Solution:
Given:
The radius of the circle is 21cm.
We have,
Area of the circle (A) = πr 2
=> 22/7 × 21 × 21
=> 1386cm2
Hence, the area of the given circle is 1386cm 2
Question 5: Find the area of a triangle having a base of 100cm and a
height of 20cm.
Solution:
Given:
The base of the triangle is 100cm.
The height of the triangle is 20cm.
We have,
Area(A) = 1/2 × b × h
=> 1/2 × 10 × 20
=> 1000cm2
Question 6: Punam has 4/5 parts of the field among which she uses 2/5
parts for farming. How much part of the farm is left for other purposes?
Solution:
Given: 
The total fraction of land 4/5.
The total fraction used for farming 2/5.
Now,
=> 4/5 – 2/5
=> 4 – 2/5
=> 2/5
Hence, 2/5 part of the field left.
Question 7: What will be the 20% of 240kg?
Solution:
=> 20/100 × 240
=> 48kg
Hence, the 20% of 240kg will be 48kg.

Common questions

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The surface area of a cube with side length 5 cm is calculated using the formula 6a^2, where 'a' is the side length. For a side length of 5 cm, the surface area is 6×5^2 = 150 cm^2. If the side length is doubled to 10 cm, the new surface area becomes 6×10^2 = 600 cm^2. This change illustrates the concept of scaling, where the area scales by the square of the linear dimension factor, demonstrating a quadratic relationship .

The volume of a cylinder is calculated using the formula V = πr^2h, where 'r' is the radius and 'h' is the height. For a tank with a radius of 5 meters and height of 10 meters, the volume is V = π×5^2×10 = 785.4 cubic meters (using π ≈ 3.14159). This calculation is crucial in fields like engineering and environmental science, where it's used in designing storage solutions for liquids, estimating water supply volume, or calculating space requirements for cylindrical containers .

Probability plays a crucial role in decision-making as it quantifies uncertainty and models risk across industries. In finance, it helps assess the likelihood of investment returns, guiding portfolio choices. In healthcare, probability models assist in evaluating treatment efficacies or spread of diseases, enhancing patient care. Manufacturing uses it to predict defects, optimizing quality control processes. Essentially, probability tools allow for informed decisions by anticipating potential outcomes and better managing risks .

Carl Friedrich Gauss is renowned for his contribution to arithmetic through the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, proposed in 1801. This theorem establishes that every integer greater than one can be expressed uniquely as a product of prime numbers, which is foundational to number theory. It provides the basis for further developments in cryptography, coding theory, and other areas of modern mathematics by ensuring that prime factorization is consistent and unique .

Understanding percentage formulas is fundamental in business and economics for analyzing growth rates, profitability, and market trends. Percentages allow comparison of different quantities on a common scale, such as assessing profit margins or inflation rates. They are used to express changes over time, such as year-on-year sales growth, and to communicate financial ratios like return on investment (ROI) to stakeholders, crucial for strategic planning and financial analysis .

Basic arithmetic operations underpin data analysis by offering tools to summarize, compare, and interpret data sets. The arithmetic mean, or average, is crucial in statistical methodologies for central tendency measurement, providing insight into data distribution. It serves in calculating expected values, standard deviations, and variances, foundational for interpreting trends, making predictions, and informing decisions in fields such as economiс modeling, public health, and technology .

Laws of exponents allow simplification of expressions involving powers, which is essential for efficient problem-solving in complex calculations. The rule (a^m)(a^n) = a^(m+n) enables the consolidation of products of powers into a single expression, reducing the potential for error and the amount of work required. This significantly impacts mathematical operations like simplifying algebraic expressions, performing polynomial arithmetic, and solving exponential equations, relying on these foundational laws .

Algebra developed from ancient Babylonian and Egyptian roots but was firmly established by Islamic mathematicians like Al-Khwarizmi, who introduced systematic solutions of linear and quadratic equations. Algebra's critical contribution is providing a generalized method for solving equations and understanding relationships between quantities, allowing us to address a broad range of real-life problems from electronics to economics. Its symbolic representation facilitates universal communication and application across various fields .

Fractions are used in various real-life situations for expressing non-integer quantities or parts of a whole. In cooking, fractions help in measuring ingredients, such as using 3/4 cup in a recipe. In finance, they calculate interest rates, where a 5% annual interest might be presented as 5/100. Fractions facilitate scaling and division tasks, such as dividing a pizza equally among friends or splitting profits in a partnership .

Euclidean geometry deals with flat surfaces and the familiar axiomatic framework developed by Euclid, where the sum of angles in a triangle equals 180 degrees. Spherical geometry, used for modeling the Earth's surface, requires the sum of angles in a triangle to exceed 180 degrees, benefiting fields like navigation and astronomy. Hyperbolic geometry, which features triangles with angles summing to less than 180 degrees, finds application in complex structures like modern architecture and theoretical exploration in cosmology. These differences affect how each geometry is applicable to real-world problems, providing diverse tools for varied scientific and mathematical challenges .

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