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Quality Evaluation in Pakistan's Construction

This document summarizes a research article that evaluated quality management during construction projects in Pakistan. The researchers conducted surveys of clients, consultants, and contractors to assess contractor performance, project monitoring techniques, health and safety practices, client satisfaction, and worker experience. The study found that while implementation of quality management systems is increasing, there are still flaws and negligence in local practices. Political and socioeconomic factors also influence quality levels. The researchers recommend allocating more resources to training, quality control staff, and technologies to better implement quality management systems in Pakistan's construction industry.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views15 pages

Quality Evaluation in Pakistan's Construction

This document summarizes a research article that evaluated quality management during construction projects in Pakistan. The researchers conducted surveys of clients, consultants, and contractors to assess contractor performance, project monitoring techniques, health and safety practices, client satisfaction, and worker experience. The study found that while implementation of quality management systems is increasing, there are still flaws and negligence in local practices. Political and socioeconomic factors also influence quality levels. The researchers recommend allocating more resources to training, quality control staff, and technologies to better implement quality management systems in Pakistan's construction industry.

Uploaded by

Malik awan
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

Article  in  Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology · December 2018


DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1901.06

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Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology
Vol. 38, No. 1, 69-82, January 2019
p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219
DOI: 10.22581/muet1982.1901.06

Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects:


A Case Study of Pakistan
AMMAD HASSAN KHAN*, ALI IMRAN**, AND MUZAMIL HUSSAIN***

RECEIVED ON 17.08.2017 ACCEPTED ON 12.02.2018

ABSTRACT

Achieving and maintaining quality values are indispensable for attaining organizational and customer
satisfaction. This research investigates different aspects of operationalize quality culture and factors
affecting the quality of building construction in under developed countries like Pakistan. A qualitative
and quantitative survey was circulated among different stakeholders including Clients, Consultants and
Contractors to assess the level of the contractor’s performance, the project monitoring and controlling
techniques, proper health and safety requirements, client satisfaction and workers experience in
construction industry projects. The practice of professional quality management in building projects is
increasing, however, many flaws and negligence are still found in local practices. This analysis also
indicates that political and socio-economic factors play a significant role in maintaining the quality level
in local industry. Therefore, the allocation of sufficient resources, proper training of workers, and
recruitment of quality control staff and the use of advanced technologies are recommended for proper
implementation of QMS (Quality Management System).

Key Words: Construction Industry, Quality Management System, Quality Control, Contractor
Performance, Customer satisfaction.

1. INTRODUCTION

A
s the complexity and size of building projects improvements  with  modifications  [4].  Hence,  it  is
is expanding, the clients are demanding higher pragmatic to inspect the sustainable performance from
quality  level  for their projects  [1]. The the capability of implemented management system and
contractors  are  also  keen  to  adopt  the  high  quality the  authenticity  of  process  throughout  the  building
standards in organizations to  improve  the construction lifecycle  [5]. The  high level  of  the
competitiveness, overall performance and to reduce the performance can only be achieved through quality control
relative project costs [2-3]. The implementation of QMS of  each process. However, several  flaws  such as
in construction is unending process and needs continual incompetence  in contract management, lack of

Authors  E-Mail:  (ammadhk@[Link],  aimranyaseen@[Link],  muzamilhussain833@[Link])


* Faculty  of  Civil  Engineering,  University  of  Engineering  &  Technology,  Lahore,  Pakistan.
** Infrastructure  Development Authority  Punjab,  Pakistan.
*** Department  of  Technology,  The  University  of  Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

This is an open access article published by Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro under the CC by 4.0 International License.
69
Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

professional planning, deficiencies in control of project, and concluded that not only the costs, quality and time
slow decision capability, inefficiency in leadership and are essential for construction management, but also the
execution of non-standard methods have been indicated planning of construction equipment, safety factors and
in construction industry [6-7]. So it is important to focus seasonal  impacts  must  be  included  in  documentation.
all  phases  of  building  construction  to  understand  the Memon et. al. [20] also circulated a survey in two major
factors that affect the quality of project [8-9]. It is also cities of Pakistan to know the level of QMS in construction
required  to  elaborate  the  role  of  management,  quality projects.  The  results  of  this  study  show  that  both
assurance system and its applications in different aspects consultants and contractors are showing the negligence
[10-11]. in implementation of QMS, although they understand the
significance  of  QMS.  However,  the  objective  of  this
Several  studies have focused on  innovative tools [12], research  is  to  perform  a  comprehensive  analysis  of
integration  management  capabilities  [13]  and  project operationalize quality culture and the factors governing
management factors [14] of construction firms. Chou et. the  quality  assurance  during  building  construction  in
al. [15] proposed a model where the combined effects of Pakistan.
quality,  project  scope, communication,  time, risks,
procurement  management  and  human  resources  for 2. CATEGORIZING QUALITY
success  of  construction  projects  in  Indonesia,  Taiwan CONTROL PARAMETERS ON THE
and Vietnam  are investigated. It  is concluded  that  the BASIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
effective use of knowledge of project management body
assures the project success. A study [16] on the basis of QC (Quality Control) culture is the valuable system of

BIM (Building Information Modeling) is conducted on any  organization  that  encourages workers to  establish


urban  complex  construction projects  in  china.  It  is quality environment. It promotes and improves quality

proposed that the quality of urban complex construction with  the  continuous  practice  of  attributes,  procedures

projects should be improved by using the BIM information and traditions. The QC culture helps  the contractor to

sharing  functions  and  features.  Lukichev  et.  al.  [17] meet the required competitive business performance, client


discussed the facing problems of QMS implementation satisfaction and  social  responsiveness  [2-14]. The

and certification body selection in Russia. It is suggested collective effect of several resources such as human, QC
that the competitiveness in global market may be improved standards, material, machinery, procedures  and
after  obtaining  the  certificates  of  foreign  certification environment defines the effectiveness of QC process or

authorities such as ISO-9001:2015. Poyhonen et. al. [18] quality management system in construction industry [25-

described  a  real  school  project  from  Finland  and 26].


developed  PDS (Project  Delivery  System) using
2.1 Human Control
innovative management system. It is determined that the
resources and competences, market input, development The most important factor of QC is human ability. More
process and strategy are main parameters for developing efficient and skilled staff can produce high quality work.
PDS. Kozlovskaa et. al. [19] conducted a survey in Slovakia Human has ability to control himself and things such as

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

quality can be controlled from him [27].  The momentum selection of tool, several loading and stress conditions,
of whole management system depends on the combined method of tests, objective of tests and consideration of
effort  or team  work. The  failure  or  success  of  any particular  use  etc.  are  required  for  investigating  the
organization depends on caliber of leadership [28]. characterization of materials [34]. The selection of optimal
alternative process and method is mandatory.
2.2 Quality Control Standards
2.4 Other Parameters Influencing the
It is considered that the important factor for the success Quality Management System
of any organization is in implementing QMS as it has
ability to integrate, translate and institutionalize the QC Health and safety assurance, planning and scheduling,
behaviors in everyday practices [29]. The implementation motivation  and  security  of  employees, evolution  of
of any defined standard ultimately changes the culture, technology,  external  and internal  audits,  research  and

strategic priorities, process and beliefs of organization. development,  political  influence,  integrity  of  workers,

ISO provides world-class specifications for all types of budget volume and tender requirements are some other

products, projects and  services to  ensure  safety, factors that affect the quality [35-36].

efficiency  and  quality  [30].  ISO  provides  strategic


3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
guidance and tools that help organizations to minimize
the errors, access the new market demands and increase A  questionnaire  survey  is  developed  on  the  basis  of
the  productivity  [31].  The  number  of  fundamental factors as mentioned in section 2. Complete questionnaire
principles of quality management including implication is given in the  Appendix-I. The  description of
and motivation of higher management, customer focus, questionnaire format and methodology for data collection
continual improvement and process approach are used and analysis is discussed in the following section.
to  achieve  customer ’s  requirements  and  quality
3.1 Questionnaire Format
consistently [32].

2.3 Selection of Optimal Process and This research is carried out in the construction industry

Materials of Pakistan. For present study, the mixture of qualitative
and  quantitative  approaches  have  been adopted.
The  selection  of  materials  according  to  design  and Quantitative  research  is  used to  collect  and  transform
environmental requirement is most significant task that specific data that is used to evaluate. Qualitative research
determines  the  quality  of  construction  directly.  It  is gives  respondent  to  express  views  openly  and  their
important  for  each  contractor  to  ensure  selection  of suggestions  or  views  lead  to  modify  and  expand  the
materials  according  to  the  application,  design,  cost, boundary of results during the analysis. For this survey,
environmental  conditions  and  performance  before several types of thirty-five (35) questions were included
purchasing [33]. The procurement of materials needs to for the  development of  questionnaire. The  brief
be  completed before  its implementation. The description about  the  pattern of  questionnaire  is
environmental  conditions,  dimensions  of  specimens, discussed in following points.

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

 Closed ended format include the set of multiple position in the organization and their educational level.
choice questions. Such type of questions forced The  second  section  of  questionnaire  was  designed
the  respondents  to  select  answer  from  any  of especially, to assess the awareness about the QC methods,
the given choices. techniques  and  standards.  The  general  QC  practices
considered in survey are described in Fig. 1.
 Open  ended  questions  provide  opportunity  to
our respondents to express their views freely. In third section of  questionnaire  the  quality  of
construction techniques and material used for
 The set of liker questions helps the surveyor to construction  of buildings was inquired. The  questions
know  how  strongly  the  reviewers  agree  any related  to other parameters are  also included to assess
particular issue or statement. the performance of contractors. The complete details of
variety of questions included in survey are briefly listed
 Dichotomous questions allows the reviewers to
in Fig. 2.
choose  the  only  one  option  either  yes  or  no,
agree or disagree. 3.2 Data Collection

 Rating  scale  questions  allow  the  respondents The data for this research is collected in 1.5 years ranging


to rate any specific issue between good to poor. from 2016-2017. For present study data was collected via
emailing questionnaire to the respondents (experts). A
 The  closed ended, open ended, liker, total of 110 questionnaires were sent through email to
dichotomous  and  rating  scale  questions  are experts/professionals of construction industry within the
included  in  questionnaire  and  divided  into
following four sections.

(i) Organizational profile.

(ii) Common QC practices in construction sector.

(iii) Respondent’s experience with QMS.

(iv) Remarks and suggestion.

The  first  section  of  the  questionnaire  was  designed


seeking organizational and personal information of the
respondents. The research was a technical oriented one.
So, the professionals for survey were selected from the
construction industry, especially the people responsible
and  related  to  quality  management  and  control  at
construction  sites.  This  section  of  the  questionnaire
FIG. 1. GENERAL QUALITY CONTROL PRACTICES
inquired  about  the  experience,  type  of  organization, INCLUDED IN QUESTIONNAIRE (12-23)

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

region  of  Punjab,  Pakistan to  achieve  the  target  of position of the respondents in the organization was asked


hundred. 94 responses were received, which were then in first question. Four directors, eight project managers,
inspected  for  non-responsiveness  and  incompletion. thirty-six site engineers, ten QC engineers and 32 other
After scrutiny of these 94 respondents four participants employees  are  contacted  to  compare  and  verify  the
were  observed  biased  and  the  responses  of  these  four responses and to  differentiate the views of  higher  and
were discarded; this resulted in a total of 90 complete and lower body. The workers of several ranks are targeted,
robust  responses.  However,  these  remaining  ninety however,  maximum  number  of  site  engineers  have
questionnaires  were  satisfactory,  so  the  results  were participated in survey because of the fact that they play
evaluated on the basis of their responses. more significant role to control the quality at the building
construction projects  and  only  limited  companies
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION preferred  to  hire the  QC engineer  for each  site.  From
question 2 it was found  that 43% employees  of
The findings of the research are discussed below:
contractors,  36%  employees  of  consultants  and  21%
employees  of  clients  are  participated  in  the  survey.
4.1 Organizational Profile
However,  it  was  preferred  to  contact  more  persons  of
The position in organization, organizational background, contractor firm because contractors were involved directly
education and  experience  of  the  respondents  were in construction phase. First of all, it is the responsibility
investigated  in  this  section.  The  designation  or  the of contractors to use the QMS and standards to maintain

FIG. 2. PARAMETERS OF QMS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PHASES [21-37]

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

the quality. As the instructions of clients and pressure of the local approaches such as twenty are using the client
consultants  also  play  significant  role  in  QC.  So,  the based  Performa,  sixteen  are  using  the  checklist,  and
reasonable strength of clients and consultant firms are fourteen are  using the  specialist subcontractor system.
also included in survey. The  more  important  finding  is  that  three  respondents
accepted  that  they  are  not  using  any  QMS  and  never
The  statistical  data  of  question 3  shows  that  the
received any instruction from higher management about
qualification of 65% participants was BSc. Engineering, it. Hence, we can conclude that the practice of QMS is
28% were MS Engineering and 7% were diploma holders.
increasing but few are still not interested in such activities.
It is investigated that most of the respondents were BSc
The frequency of quality register is also determined in
Engineers having experience less than five years.  The
one  question to  examine  the  consciousness of
statistical  data  of  experience  is  presented  in  Fig.  3.
respondents in QA (Quality Assurance). The statistical
Although they have less experience but they have more
data shows that 52, 7, 16 and 3% are using quality register
potential to face the work pressure. But the gap among
weekly, fortnightly, monthly and sporadically respectively.
experienced and highly qualified individuals could not
The  22%  respondents  claimed  that  they  never  used
minimized.
quality register. From this data it is concluded that if they

4.2 Common Quality Control Practices in are  not  using  this  basic  activity  then  the  situation

Construction Sector concluded from above question is probed. Fig. 4 shows


the data of two questions in which the indirect relationship
This section  of questionnaire was designed essentially of health & safety with QMS is investigated.
to assess the awareness about the already implemented
QMS, techniques and standards. From question 6 and 7, It is found that most of organizations are aware of the

it  is concluded that majority  of employees agreed that importance of availability of quality manager. The overall

they are using QMS in construction field  and they are response of respondents shows that the implementation

advised  to  maintain  it.  However,  further  investigation of the QC system is mandatory to minimize the defects

shows  that  the  only  thirty-two  respondents  are  using in project. However, enough time is required on QA of

international standard, however, remaining are following activities in a typical working week. Instead of this, it is

FIG. 3. WORK EXPERIENCE OF RESPONDENTS FIG. 4. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH & SAFETY

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

also investigated that the proper quality management companies are using 2 min, three are using 3 min, sixteen
training in whole organization, site management training are using greater than 3 min and one is not considering
and QMS incentives are fruitful for the improvement of vibrator.  Scheduling  and  monitoring  of  project  after
quality.  This  is  concluded  from  the  questions  13-19 design is the most significant component of project life
which is presented in Table 1. Fig. 5 shows that most of cycle. The analysis shows that 76% respondent’s start
the statistical scores are greater than 20 points of mean planning and monitoring at the start of the project, while
value. 18% plan it during execution of project, 1% plan it at the
end and 1% do not do it. Primavera (P6) software package
4.3 Experience of Respondent in Quality is most widely used in Pakistan for project planning as
Management System sixty  respondents  claimed  that  they  are  using  it  but
remaining  twenty-three  are  still  using  the  Microsoft
The  method  of  construction  activities  and  quality  of
office and five are using the PERT for that purpose.
materials  used  for construction of  buildings  are
investigated  in  this  section. In  first  question  it  is
Bricks are the most important building material  in
investigated  that  almost  all  the  respondents  believed
Pakistan, some reasonable respondents up to thirty-
that 5-15% total cost of project can be saved by proper
QC management. On the basis of this concept we can
analyze that most of the organizations are meeting quality
measures as minimizing the cost of project is the first
priority of every organization.  From the data of next
question  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  it  was found  that  many
organizations preferred  to  add 0.5-2%  extra  water to
increase  the  workability  of  concrete.  This  practice
represents that many firms show the flexibility to deviate
the  standard.  Similarly,  Vibrator  time  for  the  proper
FIG. 5. IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND
compaction of concrete is inquired to assess the level QUALITY MANAGER TRAINING & QMS INCENTIVES AND
REDUCTION OF DEFECTIVE WORK
of  perfection in  concreting. It is found  that fifty-four

TABLE 1. NEED OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & TIME FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

Requirement of QMS Enough Time is Needed to Spend on QA

Status Number of Respondents Status Number of Respondents

Strongly agree 44 Strongly agree 37

Agree 45 Agree 43

Neutral 0 Neutral 7

Disagree 1 Disagree 0

Strongly Disagree 0 Strongly Disagree 0

Mean: 18 & Standard Deviation: 24.2 Mean: 17.4 & Standard Deviation: 20.9

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

two accepted that they are using 1-20% second class as  shown in  Fig.  7. In  next  three  questions  many
bricks of  total  bricks. However, 52  respondents points were considered about the quality of concrete.
claimed that they are not using second class bricks. One of question was about the compressive strength
Remaining four accepted that they are using more than of  concrete. The  maximum strength of  concrete
20%  second  class  bricks. Water  absorption  test  is a ch i eves a ft er 28 of  ca sti n g. For ty-Four (44)
used for the inspection of  bricks. 35% respondents participants  claimed  that  they  performed  the  tests;
claimed  that  they  used  the  bricks  even when  the however,  remaining  claimed  that  they  performed
absorption power is  greater than  20%, while  21% testing  after the  14 and 7 days. Concrete  gives
cl ai m ed t h at t hey  never per for m ed t he wat er maximum  strength at  28 of its casting.  The  proper
absorption test. From  these  facts  we  conclude  that proportion and mixing of concrete with mixers also
majority of our industry is not properly adopting the plays important role in concrete quality. One question
standards  especially  where  they  find  any  benefit was about the mixing time of concrete. Twenty-eight
related  to  money  saving.  It  is  not  an  easy  task  to respondents claimed that they mix the concrete for 1
achieve  the  100%  perfection in results  when we min; thirty-six accept that they do the same process 2
compare  with standard  values. So, it  is  common minutes  and  remaining  accept  that  they  mix  the
practice to accept any process or material with little concrete  more  than  3  minutes. The  behavior about
tolerance. But acceptance of greater fluctuation show the testing of concrete under tensile loading is also
that we compromise on quality. The statistical data of investigated in another question as shown in Fig. 8.
one question shows that  the thirteen  out  of seventy It is found that the  majority  of  people  are  not
respondents  accept  the  tolerance  greater  than 5%. performing  the  tensile  tests. It  is  a  fact  that  the
The  soil tests were  performed  in execution that companies  that  focus  on  high  level  quality  cannot
directly  determines  the  quality  of  compaction.  In neglect any material testing procedure even that these
question 27 it was asked either soil investigation test tests are not more beneficial. Steel of different grade
per for m e d or n ot a t t h e si t e. Al m ost a l l t h e may be used in construction; therefore, the question
respondents  perform  soil  investigation  tests  on the was  asked  about  the  preference  of  steel  bar  during
site. In one question the value of soil compaction for selection. It is found that mostly persons up to 63%
the determination of strength of soil is investigated are using hot rolled steel of grade 60 while remaining

FIG. 6. WATER REQUIRE TO ATTAIN WORKABILITY FIG. 7. SOIL COMPACTION CRITERIA

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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

are using the steel of other grades such as grade 60 Few  respondents  highlighted  that  the  selection of


grade cold twisted, grade 40 hot rolled and grade 40 good quality materials is the first and important step
cold  twisted  steel.  The  preference  of  water quality for the  QA. And  then fair supervision of  projects
used in mixing is investigated in one of the question a cc or di n g t o t h e st a n da r ds i s r equi r ed. As
and  it  is  found  that  79%  respondents  use  the  tap construction projects  are  completed  after  the  huge
water, 11% used the distilled water, 2% used water of investment and long duration so any carelessness or
any  quality  and  remaining  8%  never checked  the corruption may not be acceptable from supervisors,
quality  of water. From  the  result of this  section  we contractors and client.  However, the complete control
conclude that where many companies are following of  materials  quality  and implementation of  QC
the standard values but few do not care the standard management system with  seriousness  and sincerity
values.
will be possible if the anti-corruption departments will

4.4 Suggestions by Respondents take  action  against  corruption. Hence  it  is  need  to
i m prove wh ol e system for sa fet y  a n d qual i t y
The  section of  suggestions  by  respondents  have measurements.  For this purpose, the department  of
been included  to  know  the  opinion  of  respondents QC  under the  supervision of  quality  manager is
about  the  improvement  of  QC.  The  purpose  of  this mandatory to manage QC activities and resolve issues.
section  was  to  give  the  opportunity  to  respondents Also,  honesty  and  loyalty  of  staff  is  important  to
to  express  the  views  freely  about  anything  such  as ensure  the  implementation. So, if  employees of
questionnaire, impact of  survey, implementation  of organization will  not compromise  against their
QC m a n a g em en t syst em , t ech n i ques for t h e integrity  and  ethical  values  and  whole  society  will
improvements of QMS, hurdles in QC or any other play their role then it will be easy task.
related issue. Because it was time taking process so
only few respondents filled this section. Comments Awareness  and  Competence  about  methods  of  QC,

of  few  responden ts are  discussed in following Regular Inspection & Testing, Corrective and Preventive

paragraphs. action and Internal and External Audit must be considered
for QA. In Pakistan contractors always find shortcuts to
avoid the proper standard methods. Sometimes quality
managers also compromise on proper standards. Mostly
countries develop their own standards. So, it is better for
us to develop the standards. Moreover, proper training
and knowledge of IS is required. The use of QC tools,
qualitative resources and skilled workforce plays strong
role  in QMS. The  forecasting  about the  project
management, resources and cost must be on the basis of
realistic factors.
FIG. 8. TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

APPENDIX-I: SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire Survey
I am doing a research on "Evaluation of quality control practices during building construction projects in Pakistan". Your kind responses for the
Following questions will be much appreciated.
Name:Faizan Imtiaz Age:24 Years Gender:  Male
Section-1: Organizational Profile
(a) Director (b) Project Manager (c) Site Engineer
1. Please select your position in the organization.
(d) Quality Control Engineer (e) Other
2. Please select the type of your organization. (a) Client (b) Contractor (c) Consultant
3. Please select your qualification level. (a) PhD (b) Masters (c) BSc (d) Diploma
4. Please select in years your overall experience within the construction industry?  (a) <5 years (b) 5-10 years (c) >10 years (d) >20 years
5. Please select the number of years' you have been employed by your current company?  (a)  <5 years (b) 5-10 years (c) >10years (d) >20 years
Section-2: Common Quality Control Practices in Construction Sector
6. Have you used any form of quality management system in the construction industry?  (a) Yes (b) No
Have you ever been communicated or advised about quality management from senior
7.  (a) Yes (b) No
management in your current project?
 (a) ISO 9000 (b) Custom (c) Client (d) Checklist (e) Specialist Sub Contractor
8. Are you currently using any of these quality management systems on your project?
System (f) None
Do you use any of the following activities in order to ensure quality in your current (a) Quality Planning (b) Pre-Established Criteria (c) Predefined Personnel Authority
9.
project? (d)Quality Control Technique (e) Snagging (f) All of the above (g) None of the above
10. Do you use a quality register on site?  (a) Weekly (b) Fortnightly (c) Monthly (d) Sporadically (e) Never
In direct comparison to that of health and safety on site; please give your opinion on the
11. (a) More (b) Same (c) Less
importance of quality management in your construction project.
How do you rate the attention of your company gives to quality management in
12.  (a) More (b) Same (c) Less
comparison to that of H&S?
Do you think each site should have a quality manager responsible for implementing
13.  (a) Yes (b) No
quality plans and checklists?
Do you feel that a quality management system is a necessity for the site team to deliver
14.  (a) Strongly Agree (b) Agree (c) Neutral (d) Disagree (e) Strongly Disagree
a project with zero defects?
15. In a typical working week; do you feel that spending time to ensure quality is important? (a) Strongly Agree (b) Agree (c) Neutral (d) Disagree (e) Strongly Disagree
16. Have you ever received training in any form of quality management system  a) Y es    b) No
17. Do you feel site managers need to be trained in quality management skills? (a) Yes (b) No
Would you be spending more time to achieve zero defects if there were incentives
18.  (a) Yes (b) No
provided to you?
Do you agree quality management systems help reduce defective work and the number
19  (a) Yes (b) No
of snag corrections in your current project?
Section-3: Experience of Respondents in Quality Management System
How much % of construction money can be saved by using quality control
21.  (a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 15% (d) more than 15%
management?
To get excessive workability of concrete how much extra water, workers are adding
22.  (a) 0.5% (b) 1.0% (c) 1.5% (d) 2% or more
during pouring of concrete?
For how much time workers use vibrator to get the proper and standard compaction of
23. (a) 2mint (b) 3mint (c) more than 3mint (d) No vibration
concrete for good quality?
(a) At start of activity (b) In the mid of Activity
24. When scheduling and monitoring is done at site?
(c) At the end of activity (d) Not done
25. Which planning software are you using?  (a) P6 (b) MS Project (c) CPM (d) PERT (e) TILOS
What % age of second class brick you use in your construction with respect to first
26.  (a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 50 % (d) More than 50%
class bricks?
27. What is the water absorption of bricks that you have used at particular project site?  (a) 20% (b) 22% (c) 24% (d) Test not performed
If quality control practice is carried out at your site, then what is the tolerance limit from
28  (a) 5% (b) 10% (c) More stringent than standards (d) more than 10
standards?
29. At your project what is the % age of soil compaction you get?  (a) 95% (b) 90% (c) 85% (d) less than 85%
30. Is soil investigation test is carried out for your site?  (a) Yes (b) No
30. After how many days you carry out test on concrete?  (a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 28 (d) no test
31. For how much time concrete batching plant revolve for concrete production?  (a) 1 mint (b) 2mint (c) 3mint (d) 4mint
32. What % age of tensile strength (fc') of concrete you get at your project?  (a) 8% of fc' (b) 10% of fc' (c) 12% of fc' (d) No test
 (a) Grade 40 hot rolled (b) Grade 60 Hot rolled (c) Grade 40 cold twisted
33. What type of steel bar is used at your site?
 (d) Grade 60 Cold twisted
34. Which quality of mixing water you used at your site  (a) Tap water (b) Distilled water (c) any quality (d) never checked quality
Section-4: Remarks and Suggestions
35. Please notify us about what, in your point of view, is vital to improve quality control management in construction industry of Pakistan?
In my opinion the selection of good quality materials is the first and important step for the quality assurance. And then fair supervision of projects according to the standards is required.
As construction projects are completed after the huge investment and long duration so any carelessness or corruption may not be acceptable from supervisors, contractors & client.  However, I
think the complete control of materials quality and implementation of quality control management system with seriousness and sincerity will be possible if the anti-corruption departments will take
action against corruption.

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Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

5. CONCLUSIONS (v) Adequate training for QC is very important for


better implementation of QMS. Defective work
The following conclusions are made on the basis of whole at  site  can  be  controlled  with  proper  QMS.
research. Promotions and incentives must be offered on
the basis of good quality work.
(i) The level of the contractor’s performance, the
project monitoring and controlling techniques, (vi) The selection of materials according to design
client’s satisfaction and workers experience in and  environmental  requirements  are  most
construction industry  was assessed and found significant task that determines the quality of
not in line with QMS international standards. construction directly.

(ii) It is concluded that human ability is important (vii) The  complete  information  about  the  water


factor  of  QC  and  it is  found  that  most  of  the quantity  to  increase  the  concrete  workability,
respondents were BSc Civil Engineers having vibrator time for proper compaction of concrete,

experience less than five years and most of site project planning tools, quality of bricks on the
basis  of  water  absorption  test,  the  range  of
engineers are doing the QC practice. Therefore,
acceptable tolerance, value of soil compaction
more efficient, educated, experienced and skilled
test, quality  of  concrete  on the  basis of
staff  is  required  to  achieve  the  high  level  of
compressive  and  tensile  strength,  revolving
quality at construction sites in Pakistan.
time, water quality and preferred steel grade was
(iii) The  implementation  of  any  defined  standard investigated. On  the basis of this section it is

ultimately  changes  the  culture, strategic concluded that mostly construction companies

priorities, processes and beliefs of organization. are  following  standards  methods but  it  is  not


the common practice of every firm.
Quality performance in all construction phases
is associated with the proper implementation of
(viii) It is found that many contractors compromised
QC management system. On the basis of results
on  quality  and  they  do  not  achieve  standard
of  this survey  it  is  concluded that  the  overall
values and parameters in testing and
performance of QC activities is not so much poor
construction  processes.  Moreover,  there  is  no
in Pakistan. However, there is still much required trend  of  inspection of  materials  in  a  few
to come in line with international practices. organizations.

(iv) The commonly used QMS standard is ISO-9000 6. RECOMMENDATIONS


and  checklists  are  commonly  used  method.
However, few  contractors  ensure  quality Following recommendations are concluded on the basis
because  of  the pr esen ce  of  cli ent s a nd of result of present study.
consultants. The use of regular quality register,
enough time and attention must be required to (i) Training is required to improve the skills and
control the quality. increase the attention of workers.

Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Volume 38, No. 1, January, 2019 [p-ISSN: 0254-7821, e-ISSN: 2413-7219]
79
Evaluation of Quality during Construction Projects: A Case Study of Pakistan

(ii) The department of QC under the supervision of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


quality manager is necessary to manage all QC
activities and issues. Authors are thankful to the Infrastructure Development
Authority Punjab, Government of Punjab, Pakistan, for
(iii) It is required to approve the separate budget for
providing necessary facilities to complete this study.
quality  assurance.  It  is  the  responsibility  of
regulatory authorities to play significant role for
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Aligning construction projects in Pakistan with international quality control standards such as ISO-9000 is important for ensuring consistency, safety, and efficiency. The benefits include improved project quality, increased customer satisfaction, and enhanced competitiveness in the global market. These standards help in establishing a robust framework for managing quality-related challenges, thereby reducing defects and enhancing process reliability. This alignment also fosters a culture of continuous improvement and accountability within the construction sector .

The qualifications and experience of employees play a significant role in the implementation of QMS practices in the construction industry of Pakistan. A large proportion of respondents in the study held BSc Engineering degrees with less than five years of experience, which suggests that while these individuals may successfully handle work pressure, there remains a gap in experience and depth of knowledge that could impede the effective implementation of QMS practices. This indicates the importance of training and developing more experienced, educated, and skilled staff to achieve higher quality in construction projects .

Key factors impacting the implementation or failure of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in the construction industry include human ability, the adequacy of training, and the use of standardized methods such as ISO-9000. While the overall performance of QC activities in Pakistan is not very poor, the study highlights a need for alignment with international practices. The presence of clients and consultants helps ensure quality, but many projects still do not uphold these standards due to the lack of regular quality registers and inadequate time and attention to QC activities .

Primary reasons some employees avoid engaging in Quality Management Systems (QMS) include lack of management instruction and potentially insufficient awareness or incentives to do so. Addressing these issues requires ensuring that employees are adequately informed about the importance and benefits of QMS. Providing management instructions and incorporating incentives such as promotions or recognition for adherence to QMS may also motivate participation. Building a culture that values quality and integrates QMS into everyday practice can increase engagement .

The quality manager plays a crucial role in QC system implementations as they ensure adherence to quality standards, oversee corrective actions, and facilitate continuous improvement processes. Their presence helps foster a culture of quality within the organization. An absence of a quality manager can lead to inadequate oversight, inconsistent quality practices, and ultimately a higher risk of defects in projects. Organizations where the importance of quality managers is recognized tend to have better project outcomes due to stringent quality controls and proactive management .

Corruption can severely undermine Quality Control Management Systems by allowing substandard materials and construction practices to go unchecked, leading to compromised project quality and, potentially, safety hazards. To mitigate this, an emphasis on ethical practices and integrity in employees is crucial. The implementation of stringent anti-corruption measures and oversight by relevant departments is recommended, along with ensuring transparency and accountability within QC processes. Regular audits and enforcement of quality standards are also suggested to counteract the adverse effects of corruption .

Suggestions for improving Quality Control (QC) management systems in Pakistan include the selection of high-quality materials and adherence to standards in project supervision to prevent corruption, and requiring action from anti-corruption departments to ensure sincerity in QC practices. Challenges include the tendency of contractors to find shortcuts to avoid standards and sometimes quality managers compromising on standards. There is also a call for developing local standards tailored to Pakistan's construction environment. Proper training and QC tool utilization are crucial to overcoming these challenges .

International standards such as ISO-9000 are integral for harmonizing quality control practices in Pakistan with global benchmarks. These standards contribute to changing organizational culture, strategic priorities, and processes to emphasize quality management. Despite their benefits, the study indicates that adherence to international standards is variable. ISO-9000 helps ensure consistent quality performance, but many contractors still prefer local methods such as checklists. This highlights the need for broader adoption of international standards to elevate practice quality across the board .

The choice of construction materials profoundly impacts the Quality Control and Assurance processes by determining the structural integrity and long-term durability of projects. High-quality materials selected in line with design specifications and environmental needs are seen as essential for effective QC and QA. Problems such as substandard performance or increased rework can arise from inappropriate material selection. Ensuring material quality through rigorous vendor assessments and following standardized selection processes can vastly improve project outcomes .

The quality of water used in construction is crucial for quality control practices. According to the data, 79% of respondents used tap water, which complies with acceptable quality standards, whereas 11% used distilled water, ensuring purity and consistency. However, 2% used water of any quality, and 8% never checked water quality, indicating potential discrepancies in adherence to quality control standards. Variation in water quality can significantly affect concrete strength and consistency, illustrating the need for stringent quality checks and standardized practices .

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