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Introduction to Database Management Systems

This document provides an introduction to database management systems. It discusses the fundamental concepts of databases including the hierarchy of data from characters to files. It defines key terms like data, information, database, database management system, and the properties of databases. It also describes different data types and how records are made up of related fields. The purpose of the document is to familiarize readers with basic database concepts.

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Lemuel Porras
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51 views11 pages

Introduction to Database Management Systems

This document provides an introduction to database management systems. It discusses the fundamental concepts of databases including the hierarchy of data from characters to files. It defines key terms like data, information, database, database management system, and the properties of databases. It also describes different data types and how records are made up of related fields. The purpose of the document is to familiarize readers with basic database concepts.

Uploaded by

Lemuel Porras
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to

Database
Management
Systems

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 1 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Database Systems

List of Modules

No. MODULE
MODULE TITLE
CODE
Introduction to Database Management
1. DBS 213 - 1
Systems
2 The Use of DBMS and the Database DBS 213 -2

3 Nature of Data DBS 213 -3

4 Applied associations of data DBS 213 -4

5 Data Models DBS 213 -5

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 2 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
MODULE CONTENT

COURSE TITLE: Database Systems (Access)

MODULE TITLE: Introduction to Database Management Systems

NOMINAL DURATION: __3___ HRS (NO. of Hours per topic)

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


At the end of this module, you MUST be able to:
 Discussed the fundamental concepts of database management systems.

TOPIC: (SUB TOPIC)


1.1 Database Environment
1.1.1 Hierarchy of Data
1.1.2 Data vs. Information
1.1.3 Database
1.1.4 Definition
1.1.5 Properties of a database
1.1.6 History of data manipulation
1.1.7 Objectives of a database
1.2 The Manual System
1.2.1 Problems and limitations of the manual system
1.2.2 Electronic File Handling
1.2.3 Traditional File Processing
1.2.4 Disadvantages of TFP
1.3 Database Management System
1.3.1 Benefits of DBMS
1.3.2 Cost of the database approach
1.3.3 Types of database
1.3.4 Components of the database environment
ASSESSMENT METHOD/S:
Quiz, Oral Recitation, Peer Learning

REFERENCES:
[Link]. (n.d.). Https://[Link].
[Link]
3OpenStax CNX. (n.d.). Https://[Link]/.
[Link]
[Link]. (n.d.). What is Database Management System and
DBMS Objectives? TutsMaster. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from
[Link]
objectives/

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 3 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Information Sheet

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Familiarized and discussed fundamental concepts of Database
Management Systems.

One way to keep the information on a computer is to store it in permanent


files. The system has several application programs, each of them is defined to
manipulate the data files. These application programs have been written at the
request of the users in the organization. A new application will be added to the
system as the need arises. The system just described is called the file-based
system.

Fundamental Concepts
The database is a shared collection of related data which will be used to support
the activities of a particular organization. A database can be viewed as a
repository of data that is defined once and then is accessed by various users. A
database has the following properties:
It is a representation of some aspect of the real world; or perhaps, a collection of
data elements (facts) representing real-world information.

Database is logical, coherent, and internally consistent.


The database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose.
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enable
users to create, maintain a database, and control all the access to the database.
The primary goal of the DBMS is to provide an environment that is both
convenient and efficient for the user to retrieve and store information.
The application program accesses the data stored in the database by sending
requests to the DBMS.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 4 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that
allows access, retrieval, and use of that data. Data is a
collection of unprocessed items, which can include text,
numbers, images, audio, and video. Information is processed
data; that is, it is organized, meaningful, and useful.

With database software, often called a database


management system (DBMS), users create a computerized
database; add, modify, and delete data in the database; sort
and retrieve data from the database, and create forms and
reports from the data in the database.

Hierarchy of Data

Data is organized in layers. In the


computer profession, data is classified
in a hierarchy. Each higher level of data
consists of one or more items from the
lower level. Depending on the
application and the user, different terms
describe the various levels of the
hierarchy.

Characters
In the ASCII coding scheme, each
byte represents a single character,
which can be a number (4), letter (R),
space, punctuation mark (?), or other
symbols (&).

Fields
A field is a combination of one or more related characters or bytes and is
the smallest unit of data a user access. A field name uniquely identifies each
field. The field size defines the maximum number of characters a field can
contain.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 5 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
The data type specifies the kind of data a field can contain and how the field is
used. Common data types include:

• Text (also called alphanumeric) — letters, numbers, or special characters


• Numeric (also called number) — numbers only
• Auto Number — unique number automatically assigned by the DBMS to
each added record
• Currency — dollar and cent amounts or numbers containing decimal values
• Date (also called date/time) — month, day, year, and sometimes time
• Memo — lengthy text entries
• Yes/No — only the values Yes or No (or True or False)
• Hyperlink — E-mail address or Web address that links to a Web page on the
Internet or document on a local network
• Object — photo, audio, video, or a document created in other programs and
stored as a bitmap in the database
• Attachment — document or image that is attached to the field, which can be
opened in the program that created the document or image (functioning
similarly to e-mail attachments)

Records
A record is a group of related fields. For example, a student record includes
a set of fields about one student. A primary key is a field that uniquely
identifies each record in a file. In some tables, the primary key consists of
multiple fields called a composite key.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 6 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Files
A data file is a collection of related records stored on a storage medium such
as a hard disk or optical disc. A database includes a group of related data files.

Data Integrity
Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is a computing phrase that points out the
accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input. If you
enter incorrect data into a computer (garbage in), the computer will produce
incorrect information (garbage out).

Qualities of valuable information


• Accurate information is error-free.
• Verifiable information can be proven as correct or incorrect.
• Timely information has an age suited to its use.
• Organized information is arranged to suit the needs and requirements of the
decision-maker.
• Accessible information is available when the decision-maker needs it.
• Useful information has meaning to the person who receives it.
• Cost-effective information should give more value than it costs to produce.

ACID properties of database

The properties of a database are

• Atomicity.
• Consistency.
• Isolation.
• Durability.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 7 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Atomicity:
Atomicity in database ensures that the transactions are indivisible and
irreducible where transactions either commit or abort. If a part of the
transaction fails then the entire transaction fails.

Consistency:
Any change in the values of a database at a particular instance is consistent
with changes to other values. Consistency on any transaction acts as a
predicate for the data which serves as
• Precondition.
• Postcondition.
• Transformation condition.

Isolation:
Transaction in database ensures that the working transaction will not be
changed or affected by any other transaction. In other words, modifications or
updates made on one transaction are not viewed or changed by any other
transaction. Isolation also ensures the effect of a database is the same when
• Transactions are executed serially or
• Executed in an interleaved fashion.

Durability:
Durability of the databases states that “once a transaction has been
committed, should remain in the same status” even in the case of failures such
as
• Power loss.
• Database crash, etc.

The objective of DBMS (Database Management System)


DBMS applications must be capable of solving challenging problems of different
organizations. some objectives of DBMS are given below:
 Provide for mass storage of relevant data
 Making easy access to data for the authorized user.
 Providing a prompt response to user’s requests for data.
 Eliminate redundantly (Duplicate) d data.
 Allow multiple users to be active at one time.
 Allow the growth of database system
 Provide data integrity.
 Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized access.
 Serving different types of users. the
 Provide security with a user access privilege.
 Combining interrelated data to generate a report
 Provide multiple views for the same data.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 8 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Manual vs Electronic Databases: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Features

[Link]

A manual database is one that is not


computerized – i.e. not available in
electronic format. A telephone
directory, an organ A manual
database is one that is not
computerized – i.e. not available in
electronic format. A telephone
directory, an organizer, or a printed
address book are examples of
manual databases.

An electronic database is one that is


computerized and can be
accessed/manipulated using computer
applications.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 9 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software program used to
create and manage an electronic database. It provides users with tools used to
add, delete, access, modify, and analyze data stored in one location. Examples
of DBMS software include Microsoft Office Access, dBase, SQL Server, Oracle,
MySQL, Informix, DB2, Paradox, FoxBase, FileMaker Pro, Lotus Approach, etc.
A DBMS typically have the following features:

1. Logical Data structures / Objects – such as tables, forms, queries, and


reports, used to store and manipulate structured data.
2. A query language (such as SQL) is used to manipulate or extract data.
3. Filter Commands- that display data which satisfy certain conditions.
4. Data validation commands: that ensure the integrity of data entered and
stored in the database.
5. Relationships/associations between data objects/ tables.
6. Sort commands/tools that arrange data values in a certain order.
7. Import/Export commands enable sharing of data between the database
program and other programs that use similarly structured data.
8. Built-in functions (similar to those available in spreadsheet applications)
that simply calculate.

Advantages of Electronic Databases over Manual databases


1. Electronic databases store very large amounts of data
2. Electronic databases allow easy input and editing of data
3. Electronic databases enable automatic updating and recalculating of data
4. Electronic databases make it easier to query, search, filter, and retrieve
required data.
5. Electronic databases format, arrange and present information in
customizable ways
6. Electronic databases can easily share the information with other software
applications/programs
7. Electronic databases allow centralized use of information amongst many
users over a network and therefore reduce duplication, e.g in banks.
8. Data is validated before it is entered into electronic databases. Errors
created during data entry are minimized
9. Many built-in functions are available in Electronic databases to simplify
calculations.
10. Improved security: Database security is the protection of the database
from unauthorized users. Without suitable security measures, integration
makes the data more vulnerable than file-based systems. However,
integration allows the Database administrator to define, and the DBMS
to enforce, database security. This may take the form of user names and
passwords to identify people authorized to use the database.
11. Economy of scale: Combining all the organization’s operational data into
one database, and creating a set of applications that work on this one
source of data, can result in cost savings.
12. Increased concurrency: Many DBMSs manage concurrent database
access, ensuring that two or more users are allowed to access the same
file simultaneously, without interfering with each other, or resulting in
loss of information or its integrity.
13. Improved backup and recovery services: modern DBMSs provide facilities
to minimize the amount of processing that is lost following a failure.
Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 10 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre
Disadvantages of relying on electronic databases as compared to manual
databases
1. Complexity: The provision of the functionality we expect of a good
database makes it complex to set up. Database designers, database
administrators, and end-users must understand this functionality to take
full advantage of it. Failure to understand the system can lead to bad
design decisions, which can have serious consequences for an
organization.
2. Cost of setting up a database: The cost of setting up an electronic
database varies significantly, depending on the hardware, software, and
functionality required.
3. The need for conversion & difficult transition: This includes the cost of
converting existing applications to run on the new DBMS and hardware
plus the cost of training staff to use these new systems, and possibly the
employment of specialist staff to help with the conversion and running of
the system.
4. Performance: Typically, a file-based system is written for a specific
application, such as invoicing. As a result, performance is generally very
good. However, the DBMS is written to be more general, to cater to many
applications rather than just one. The effect is that some applications may
not run as fast as they used to.
5. Higher impact of a failure: The centralization of resources increases the
vulnerability of the system. Since all users and applications rely on the
availability of the DBMS, the failure of certain components can bring all
operations to a halt.

Date Developed:
Bulacan
BSIS / ACT January 2021
Polytechnic Page 11 of 11
Date Revised:
DBS - 213 College
Database System Developed by:
(Access) Document No. Minerva V. Magbitang Revision # 01
Rosemarie S. Guirre

Common questions

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The primary goal of a Database Management System (DBMS) is to provide a convenient and efficient environment for users to retrieve and store information . Objectives of a DBMS include providing mass storage of relevant data, making data easily accessible to authorized users, ensuring prompt responses to data requests, eliminating redundant data, enabling multiple concurrent users, allowing for the system's growth, providing data integrity, protecting data from unauthorized access, offering multiple data views, and generating reports by combining interrelated data .

The ACID properties of a database are Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Atomicity ensures transactions are indivisible, meaning they either fully occur or do not occur at all, ensuring data integrity. Consistency maintains that database transactions transition from one valid state to another. Isolation ensures that concurrent transaction execution leaves the database in a state as if transactions were executed serially. Durability guarantees that once a transaction is committed, it persists despite system failures. These properties are significant as they provide reliability and integrity in transaction-oriented database systems .

Databases utilize a variety of data types to define the kind of data a field can contain and how it is used. Common data types include Text for alphanumeric characters, Numeric for numbers, and Date for date and time entries. Other types include Currency, Memo for lengthy text, Yes/No for binary decisions, Hyperlink for web links, and Object for multimedia content. These data types are crucial as they ensure data is stored efficiently, relevant to its usage, and consistently across records, facilitating accurate data entry, retrieval, and manipulation .

Databases ensure data integrity and accuracy through several mechanisms. Constraints such as primary and foreign keys ensure consistent data relationships. Validation rules verify data entries meet specified criteria before insertion. The ACID properties also play a crucial role, maintaining atomicity and consistency during transactions and ensuring that once transactions are completed, changes are durable. Data validation commands in a DBMS further ensure that data entered meets predefined standards, reducing errors and preserving integrity .

Electronic databases offer several advantages over manual databases. They can store large amounts of data and allow for easier data entry and editing. Electronic databases provide automatic updating and recalculations, facilitate querying and data retrieval, and support customizable data presentation. They enable centralized data use across networks by multiple users, reducing duplication. Additionally, electronic databases improve data validation during entry, enhancing accuracy. They also incorporate numerous built-in functions for calculations and enhance security via access privileges. Lastly, they often offer significant cost savings due to economies of scale .

Setting up and maintaining a database system involves several challenges. The complexity of databases can lead to design errors if not fully understood by database designers and administrators. The initial setup costs, including hardware, software, and transitioning existing systems, can be significant. Training for staff and potential hiring of specialized personnel adds to the cost. Performance may suffer as generic databases accommodate multiple applications. Furthermore, centralization can heighten the impact of failures, as a single-point failure could halt operations across an organization .

The concept of data hierarchy in databases organizes data into structured levels, starting from the smallest unit called a character, to fields, records, and files. A character consists of individual data units like letters or numbers. Fields are combinations of characters forming a discrete data point such as a name or quantity. Records are collections of fields related to a single entity, like a person or event. Finally, a file is a collection of similar records. This hierarchy helps in efficiently organizing, accessing, and managing data within a database, ensuring a systematic approach to data storage and retrieval .

Databases address the issues of traditional file processing systems by eliminating problems such as data redundancy, lack of data integrity, and inefficient data retrieval. Traditional file systems often involve multiple files with similar or identical data across different systems leading to redundancy. Databases, through structured data management and integrity constraints, ensure accurate and consistent data. Furthermore, traditional file systems require custom application codes to retrieve data, whereas databases use SQL and other query languages, allowing more versatile and efficient data access .

Modern DBMSs enhance data security through robust access controls, such as requiring user authentication via usernames and passwords. They offer granular access privileges, ensuring that users can only access or modify data they are authorized to handle. For managing concurrent access, DBMSs use locking schemes and transaction protocols to prevent conflicts and ensure data consistency during simultaneous user operations. Concurrency control mechanisms maintain isolation between transactions and ensure that concurrent transactions result in equivalent outcomes as if they were executed serially, thus preserving data integrity .

SQL, or Structured Query Language, plays a critical role in manipulating and accessing data within a DBMS. It allows users to perform various operations such as querying data, updating data structures, altering database schemas, and controlling access permissions. SQL commands can filter and sort data to suit specific needs, and support complex queries that can join multiple tables, allowing comprehensive data analysis. By standardizing how data is handled, SQL facilitates interoperability between different databases, enhancing the DBMS functionality and user efficiency .

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