AGUSAN DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

GROWTH AND YIELD PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT HYBRID

VARIETES OF LADIES FINGER (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
APPLIED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL MANURE

JANE GARDE BAJA

HERMINIGILDO CAMMONGGAY DANILA JR.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Horticulture)

MARCH 2022
 AGUSAN DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
(Horticulture)

JANE GARDE BAJA

HERMINIGILDO CAMMONGGAY DANILA JR.
Growth and Yield Performance of different hybrid varieties of
Ladies Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Applied with different
Animal Manure

Thesis Adviser:
Jenelyn P. Bulawan
College of Agriculture

MARCH 2022
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Okra or Ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a warm season

vegetable that grows well in most texas soil. A fair source of vitamin A, it

can be eaten in many ways, including boiled, fried, and cooked in soup,

gumbos, and casseroles. For good yields, okra must grow in full sunlight

in fertile, well-drained soil (Masabni, 2014).

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Moench), also called lady's fingers,

gumbo or bhindi, is a traditional vegetable crop well known for its robust

nature. Okra pods are a rich source of dietary fiber, minerals and

vitamins. They contain important amounts of iron, calcium, manganese

and magnesium, vitamins A, B, C and K, as well as folates and very high

levels of antioxidants such as xanthin and lutein (Roland S. et al., 2013)

Okra is belong to high valued crops because of its many uses; it is

good for digestion and fever and it’s very much affordable to all. Okra is

one of the popular and common vegetable in the market it is

indispensable component of Filipino dish pinakbet (Kumar, 2013).

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is one of the most widely

known vegetable crops in tropical and subtropical countries, such as

Taiwan, Thailand, and India (Singh et al. 2014).

 It is native to the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere and is widely

cultivated or naturalized in the tropics and subtropics of the Western

Hemisphere.

Only the tender unripe fruit is eaten. As a vegetable, okra may be

prepared like asparagus, sauteed, or pickled, and it is also an ingredient

in various stews and in the gumbos of the southern United States; the

large amount of mucilage (gelatinous substance) it contains makes it

useful as a thickener for broths and soups. In some countries the seeds

are used as a substitute for coffee. The leaves and immature fruit long

have been popular in the East for use in poultices to relieve pain (Dan

Brennan 17, 2020).

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study will be conducted to evaluate the growth and

yield performance of ladies finger applied with Different animal manure.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. determine the growth performance of Ladies finger applied with

Different animal manure;

2. determine the yield performance of Ladies finger applied with

Different and animal manure;

3. Calculate the cost and return analysis of Ladies finger applied with

Different and animal manure.

 Significance of the Study

This study will be used as a guide to the farmers in Okra

production. Furthermore, this study will serve as reference to the other

researcher who study more about Okra production.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will be limited only on the growth and yield performance

of ladies finger applied with Different animal manure.

Time and Place of the Study

This study will be conducted from May to August 2022 at the

Vegetable Area Production of Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture

and Technology (ASSCAT).

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fertilization is the application of the materials containing plant

nutrients to soil to adjust its chemical fertility.

Fertilizer is only one material that is added to increase plant growth.

Flowering is the beginning of the development of the fruit that contains

reproductive structure.

Growth is the process of growing and developing the size of ladies finger.
Harvesting refers to the season when the ladies finger is harvested from

field.

Manure is the decomposed form of dead plants and animal, which is

applied to the soil to increase production.

Okra is the one of the most popular fruit vegetables grown in wet,

intermediate and dry zone.

Response is an action or movement due to application in ladies finger.

Seed is a plant part produced by the sexual reproduction that contains

the embryo and gives rise to a new individual.

Yield measure of the output per unit area of land under okra cultivation.
 Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

a.) Growth Parameters

1. Plant Height (cm)

Treatments
2. Number of days to fruit
Hybrid Varietes okra
flowering setting
A1 –
3. Number of days to fruit setting
A2 -
4. Number of leaves
B1 – Cattle Manure
5. Length of fruits (cm)
B2 – Rabbit Manure
6. Yield Parameters
B3 – Chicken Manure
7. Fruit diameter
B4 - Vermicast
8. Weight of Harvested fruit per
hill (g)

9. Return on investment

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the independent and dependent variables of the

study. Independent variables include different type of poultry manure.

The dependent variables include the growth parameter of okra. It

composed the plant height (cm), number of days to flower setting, number

of the days to fruit setting, number of leaves. Length of fruits (cm), fruit

diameter, weight of harvested fruit per hill (g) percentage survival (%) and

return and investment.

Animal Manure application can increase soil organic matter in

medium long term application periods. Consequently, manure contributes

to reducing soil bulk density and compaction, as well as increasing soil

aggregate stability, water infiltration and retention. Taken together,

manure helps reduce erosion, ponding and crop stress (Olivo, 2019).
 REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE

Distribution of Okra

Okra is an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical

and sub-tropical parts of the world. This paper was aimed to review

nutritional quality and potential health benefits of edible parts of Okra.

Okra is a multipurpose crop due to its various uses of the fresh leaves,

buds, flowers, pods, stems and seeds. Okra immature fruits, which are

consumed as vegetables, can be used in salads, soups and stews, fresh or

dried, fried or boiled. It offers mucilaginous consistency after cooking.

Often the extract obtained from the fruit is added to different recipes like

stews and sauces to increase the consistency. Okra mucilage has

medicinal applications when used as a plasma replacement or blood

volume expander (Habtamu, 2014).

Okra can be beneficial in treating asthma due to its high vitamin C

content. The vitamin acts as a remedy for inflammation, due to which

reason it can be applied for asthma. According to a preliminary research

on children suffering from asthma, there is much less stertor in those

who consume fruits with high vitamin C concentration. Half a cup of

processed okra contains more than 13 mg of this vitamin (Jain, 2012).

Okra is a popular vegetable crop with good nutritional significance, along

with certain therapeutic values, which makes it a potential candidate in

the use of a variety of nutraceuticals. Different parts of the okra fruit

(mucilage, seed, and pods) contain certain important bioactive

components, which confer its medicinal properties. The phytochemicals of

okra have been studied for their potential therapeutic activities on various

chronic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular, and digestive

diseases, as well as the antifatigue effect, liver detoxification,

antibacterial, and chemo-preventive activities. Moreover, okra mucilage

has been widely used in medicinal applications such as a plasma

replacement or blood volume expanders. Overall, okra is considered to be

an easily available, low-cost vegetable crop with various nutritional values

and potential health benefits. (Abd Elmoneim O, 2021).

Importance and Benefits of Okra

Importance

Okra is low in calories but packed full of nutrients. The vitamin C

in okra helps support healthy immune function. Okra is also rich in

vitamin K, which helps your body clot blood. Okra is a flowering plant

with edible seed pods. It grows best in warm climates and is often

cultivated in Africa and South Asia. Okra is rich in many nutrients and

particularly high in vitamins C and K. This fruit is unique, as it provides

protein, a nutrient that many other fruits and vegetables lack. (Natalie,

2019).
 Benefits

Okra, also known as gumbo or ladies’ fingers, is a warm-season

vegetable. It is a good source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and

fiber. It contains a sticky juice that people use to thicken sauces. A diet

rich in fruits and vegetables can reduce a person’s chances of developing

a range of health conditions, including obesity, diabetes. And

cardiovascular disease. (Megan, 2019).

Animal Manure

Animal manure can be an asset rather than a liability for producers

when effectively managed and properly used on field crops. Besides

providing valuable macro- and micronutrients to the soil, manure

supplies organic matter to improve the soil’s physical and chemical

properties. It also increases infiltration of water and enhances retention of

nutrients, reduces wind and water erosion, and promotes growth of

beneficial organisms. Nutrients in animal manure may be lost or

converted to other forms during treatment or storage and handling,

affecting their availability for use by growing plants. The type of animal

housing system and/or waste handling method is known to affect the

final nutrient composition of the manure (Zhang, 2017).

 Cattle Manure

Cattle manure is basically made up of digested grass and grain.

Cow dung is high in organic materials and rich in nutrients. It contains

about 3 percent Nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorus, and 1 percent

potassium (3-2-1 NPK). Cow manure contains high levels of ammonia and

potentially dangerous pathogens. Composting cow manure fertilizer

makes an excellent growing medium for garden plants. Cow manure

becomes a nutrient-rich fertilizer. It can be mixed into the soil or used as

top dressing (Tilley, 2021).

Rabbit Manure

Rabbit manure comes in dry, compact pellets that are easy to work

with. Rabbit fertilizer has more nutrients than other livestock leavings,

such as chicken or horse poop. It doesn’t have a strong odor, so it’s a

great option for urban neighborhood. Rabbit manure is high in nitrogen

and phosphorus. Its doesn’t burn plants like some fertilizers because it

breaks down quickly. Rabbit manure is dry and doesn’t contains as much

ammonia or uric acids as many other manures, such as cow and pig.

Fresh rabbit manure is approximately 2% nitrogen, 1% phosphorus, and

1% potassium (Vanorio, 2016).

Chicken Manure
 Chicken manure is dangerous to plant if the manure has not been

properly composted. Raw chicken manure fertilizer can burn, and even

kill plants. Composting chicken manure mellows the nitrogen and makes

the manure suitable for the garden (Rhoades, 2015). Chicken manure N-

P-K ratio ranges from 3-2.5-1.5 to 6-4-3 (Staff, 2004). What comes out of

a chicken coop isn’t simply fecal matter. It also consists of urine, feather,

undigested food and coop bedding material. Composting decomposes

these materials into a form that is good for plants (Anderson, 2010).
 METHODOLOGY

Experimental Design and Treatments

The experiment will be laid out using 2 x 4 Factorial in Randomize

Complete Block Design (RCBD) with Factor A as Hybrid Okra and Factor

B as manure. Each treatment combination will consist of 15 sample

plants replicated of three (3) times with a total of three hundred sixty

(360) sample okra plants.

The treatments will be as follow;

Factor A – Hybrid Okra

A1 -

A2 -

Factor B – Different Animal Manure

B1 – Recommended Rate of Cattle Manure

B2 – Recommended Rate of Rabbit Manure

B3 – Recommended Rate Chicken Manure

B4 – Vermicast
 Rep I Rep II Rep II

A2 B1 A1 B1 A1 B0

A2 B2 A1 B2 A2 B0

A2 B3 A2 B3 A2 B3

A1 B1 A2 B1 A1 B1

A1 B2 A2 B2 A1 B2

A1 B3 A2 B0 A1 B3

A1 B0 A1 B3 A2 B1

A2 B0 A1 B0 A2 B2

Figure 2. Experimental Layout in Factorial RCBD

Soil Sampling and Analysis

Soil sampling will be done before and after the conduct of the study.

The soil samples will be collected and air dried. It will be brought to soil

laboratory of the Department of Agriculture at Brgy. Taguibo, Butuan

City.

Nutrient Analysis of Manure

Manure sampling will be done before and after the study. The animal

manure will be collected at Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture

and Technology (ASSCAT), air dried will be submitted to Regional Soil

Laboratory Taguibo, Butuan City for Analysis.

 Procurement of okra

The okra seeds will be purchased at Diwata farm supply at San

Francisco, Agusan del Sur while the animal manure will be collected at

San teodoro , Bunawan Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and

Technology (ASSCAT).

Preparation of Experimental Field

The experimental field measures 12 x 32 or 408m 2 will be

thoroughly prepared by clearing and establish using digging tools and

shovel. Space rows measures 75cm apart, seeds will be planted 1 inch

deep and 75cm apart within a row. Cattle and chicken manure will be

collected at Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology

(ASSCAT). Rabbit manure will be purchased in market.

Planting

Okra seeds will be planted in a thoroughly prepared area at a

distance of about 75cm per hill and 75cm apart per row. Two seeds will

be planted per treatment per replication. Ten days after planting, thinning

will be done to remove excess germinated seeds until only one healthy

plant will be left.

 Application of Treatments

The Animal manure will be applied using basal method application

of fertilization. The application of these will be base on the treatments to

be used during planting. On the other hand, All the applications will be

according to each treatments.

Care and Maintenance

All treatments will be given uniform cultural practices such as

cultivation, watering, weeding, control of insect pest into the laboratory

for the testing diseases. Insecticides and fungicides will be spray

whenever necessary if there will be infestation accurence of diseases.

Harvesting

The okra plants will be harvested after 3 months of planting, and

when it reaches the horticultural maturity and marketable size.

Data to be gathered

A. Growth Data

1. Plant Height (cm) This data will be obtained by measuring the

plant height increment every month from the base of the plant up

to the tallest vertical height of the plant using tape measure or

meter stick.
 2. Stem Diameter (cm) This data will be determine by measuring the

stem diameter increment per month of the plant using digital

vermier caliper.

3. Number of Leaves. This data will be determined by counting the

leaves of the plants during the termination time.

B. Psychological data Area

1. Leaf area Index. Is a measurement of development of canopy at

a given time. It can be quantified by formula.

[Leaf Area ( m ) ]
2

LAI¿
[Ground Cover ( m ) ]
2

2. Chlorophyll Meter Index. This data will be taken during the

termination by measuring the leaf of the okra by using

chlorophyll meter.

C. Yield Data

1. Length (cm) of Fruits. This data will be obtained by measuring the

length of fruits using ruler.

2. Diameter (cm) of Fruits. This data will be done during the day of

termination by measuring the diameter broadest part of the okra

fruit using digital vermier caliper.

3. Number of Marketable Fruits. This data will be determined by

counting the number of marketable okra.

4. Weight of Fruits (g). This data will be obtained by weighing the

harvested okra fruit using digital weighing scale.

 5. Weight of Fruits per Plot. ). This data will be obtained by weighing
the harvested okra fruit using digital weighing scale.

D. Cost and Return Analysis. This data will be obtained by using the

formula.

The cost of Animal manure insecticides, labor and other expenses

including the sales of the study will be recorded All cost and sales by

treatment will be computed to determine the viability of the study.

Net Inc ome

R . O. I .= x 100
Initial Investment

Statistical Treatment

All data of the study will be organized and analyzed statistically

using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Randomized Complete Block

Design (RCBD). The Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will use to test

the difference among the treatment means.

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