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Overview of Information and Communication Technology

The document provides an introduction to information and communications technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the integration of telecommunications, computers, necessary software and storage that allows users to access, store, transmit and manipulate information electronically. ICT covers any product that can store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive digital information, such as computers, smartphones, digital TV and robots. The document also discusses the growth of the world's technological capacity to store information, the monetary spending on ICT worldwide, applications of ICT in science and healthcare, models of access to ICT, and the environmental impact of increased digitization and ICT usage.

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Eishanoor Shah
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41 views4 pages

Overview of Information and Communication Technology

The document provides an introduction to information and communications technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the integration of telecommunications, computers, necessary software and storage that allows users to access, store, transmit and manipulate information electronically. ICT covers any product that can store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive digital information, such as computers, smartphones, digital TV and robots. The document also discusses the growth of the world's technological capacity to store information, the monetary spending on ICT worldwide, applications of ICT in science and healthcare, models of access to ICT, and the environmental impact of increased digitization and ICT usage.

Uploaded by

Eishanoor Shah
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to ICT

NAME FARYAL SADIQ


ROLL NO. BOTN51BF21R030
SUBJECT COMPUTER
SUBMITTED TO SIR ARSALAN
UNIVERSITY OF THAL BHAKKAR

WHAT IS ICT?
Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information
technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration
of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as
necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access,
store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving It covers any product that will store,
retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g.,
personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework
for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for
ICT professionals for the 21st century.

TECHNOLOGICAL CAPICITY :
The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally
compressed) exabytes  in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally
compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 5 zetta bytes  in 2014. This is the informational
equivalent to 1.25 stacks of CD-ROM from the earth to the moon in 2007, and the equivalent of
4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun in 2014. The world's technological
capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of
(optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1.2
(optimally compressed) zettabytes in 2000, and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007 The world's effective
capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was
281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2
(optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007 and some
100 exabytes in 2014 The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly
guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in
2007.

ETYMOLOGY :
The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic
researchers since the 1980s The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a
report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997 and then in the
revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However,
in 2012, the Royal Society recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be
discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations

 From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word computing, which reflects the
addition of computer programming into the curriculum.

MONETISATION:
The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8 trillion  in 2017 and has been
growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%.
The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies

The average IT budget has the following breakdown:


 31% personnel costs (internal)
 29% software costs (external/purchasing category)
 26% hardware costs (external/purchasing category)
 14% costs of external service providers (external/services).
The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$6 trillion.
IN SCIENCE :

Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:

 Internet research
 Online research methods
 Science communication and communication between scientists
 Scholarly databases

IN HEALTH CARE:

Applications of ICTs in health care include:


 Telehealth
o A review found that in general, outcomes of such ICT-use – which were envisioned as
early as 1925– are or can be as good as in-person care with health care use staying
similar.
 Artificial intelligence in healthcare
 Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation
 mHealth
 Clinical decision support systems and expert systems

Models of access to ICT :

Devices

The most straightforward model of access for ICT in Warschauer’s theory is devices In this
model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or
computer Warschauer identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for
additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps
surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries.

Conduits
A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line
or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure
from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user
once the line is set up. For this reason, conduits usually divide people based on their
geographic locations. As a Pew Research Center poll reports, rural Americans are 12% less
likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely
to own the devices.
Environmental impact to ICTs:
Progress during the century :
There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the
positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the OECD countries a reduction of 0.235%
energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%.On the other side the
more digitization is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries
1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for
emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.

In problem solving :
In problem-solving
ICTs could also be used to address environmental issues, including climate change, in
various ways, including ways beyond education.

Common questions

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Global ICT spending was estimated to reach over US$6 trillion by 2022. The projected annual growth rate for the ICT sector was 5%, with new technologies experiencing the most rapid increase at 16%. This growth is driven by increasing investments in personnel, software, and hardware, reflecting the expanding role of ICT in various sectors .

Average IT budgets allocate 31% to personnel costs, 29% to software, 26% to hardware, and 14% to external service providers. These allocations reflect a prioritization towards human and software resources, indicating that the development, maintenance, and implementation of ICT solutions are capital and labor-intensive activities, emphasizing the need for skilled personnel and reliable software systems .

Warschauer's theory highlights several challenges in achieving equitable ICT access. Simply owning a device (like a phone or computer) does not ensure access due to additional costs such as software, telecommunications, and knowledge gaps. Access also depends on governmental regulation and infrastructure investments. The conduit model, requiring a connection to a supply line (e.g., Internet), further divides access based on geographic locations, with rural areas often lacking broadband infrastructure. Thus, access is more multifaceted than mere device ownership .

Government regulation plays a crucial role in the adoption of ICT as it influences the affordability and availability of telecommunication infrastructure and services. Model theories like Warschauer's highlight that regulations can either enable or impede access by affecting infrastructural investment and maintenance, dictating telecommunications access and costs, especially in regions where the market alone does not provide adequate services .

From 1986 to 2014, the world's capacity to store information expanded dramatically from 2.6 exabytes to 5 zettabytes, whereas the computing capacity of humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007. This showcases a significant leap in both storage and processing capabilities, facilitating the enhanced manipulation and transmission of digital information .

The evolution of ICT has vastly increased telecommunications networks' capacity to manage information exchange, growing from 281 petabytes in 1986 to 100 exabytes by 2014. This expansion supports a higher volume of digital communication, facilitating the global flow of information and interconnectedness while demanding ongoing infrastructural investments to sustain these networks' efficiency and reliability .

In OECD countries, a 1% increase in ICT capital results in a 0.235% reduction in energy use, showing potential environmental benefits. Conversely, increased digitization leads to higher energy consumption, with a 1% increase in internet users raising electricity consumption per capita by 0.026%. In emerging countries, this impact is more than 4 times greater. This implies that while ICT can contribute to efficiencies, it also necessitates strategies for sustainable energy use, particularly in developing regions .

ICT applications in healthcare, such as telehealth and AI, offer outcomes comparable to traditional in-person care. Evidence suggests they can maintain similar healthcare use levels. This indicates that ICT can serve as an effective alternative to face-to-face consultations, providing greater accessibility while ensuring quality care, particularly when care is challenging to deliver in person .

Beyond its traditional applications, ICT can address environmental issues by optimizing energy consumption, facilitating remote work to reduce carbon footprints, and enabling the development of smart grids and efficient transportation systems. ICT tools can also enhance data analytics for better environmental monitoring, driving innovation in sustainability practices and policies .

The term "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after Dennis Stevenson used it in a report to the UK government in 1997, and it appeared in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, the term attracted negative connotations, leading the Royal Society in 2012 to recommend discontinuing its use in British schools. Starting in 2014, the National Curriculum replaced ICT with the word "computing" to reflect the inclusion of computer programming .

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