Knowledge Review Chapter 1

Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. A growing number of dive operations have staff dress codes. How does this benefit the
perceptions customers have of the operation in general, and staff members in particular?

A dress code makes the staff look professional. This benefits customer perceptions
of the operation and the staff because it gives them credibility.

2. List at least five characteristics of a good role-model PADI Divemaster.

Have excellent dive skills
1. _______________________________________ Equipped with well-maintained gear
4. ______________________________________
Practice safe, responsible diving
2. _______________________________________ Easily build rapport with divers
5. ______________________________________
Demonstrate care for the environment
3. _______________________________________
Answers may vary.

3. Certified divers are responsible for following the safe diving practices they’ve been trained
to use. However, if they see a “professional” disregarding them, how may that affect their
perceptions?
Depending upon the situation, seeing a “professional” disregard safe diving
practices may cause questions about the practices, or raise questions about the
professionalism and credibility of the individual violating the practices.

4. List five benefits of being a PADI Divemaster and a PADI Member.

PADI's brand recognition
1. _______________________________________ Support of environmental efforts
4. ______________________________________
Ability to conduct certain programs
2. _______________________________________ PADI publications and Pros' Site
5. ______________________________________
Access to PADI services
3. _______________________________________
Answers may vary.

5. List five responsibilities of being a PADI Divemaster.

Adhere to PADI Standards
1. _______________________________________ Renew annual membership
4. ______________________________________
Meet Code of Practice
2. _______________________________________ 5. ______________________________________
Fulfill listed divemaster duties (mulitple answers possible)
3. _______________________________________
Answers may vary.

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. The Role and Characteristics of the PADI Divemaster 15
6. Explain how you expect your relationship with your instructor in the PADI Divemaster course to
differ from the relationship with your instructor in previous PADI courses.
In previous courses, my instructor relationship has been primarily a student-teacher
relationship. During the PADI Divemaster course, the instructor will, ideally, become more
of a mentor and coach who treats me as a junior peer. The instructor will share thinking
and explain judgment calls. The instructor will want to know how I think and why.
7. How does having a dive reference library relate to your ability to solve problems as a diving expert?
Experts in a given field are better able to solve problems than nonexperts because they have
a large knowledge and experience base to draw upon. This allows them to better recognize
the relationships of factors involved and better define a problem. A dive reference library
helps develop my knowledge base and puts the resources at my fingertips.
8. List at least five types of additional training you may want and how each may benefit you.
1. Specialty Diver courses
Training ___________________________________________ Answers may vary.
Expand knowledge and skill
Benefit ____________________________________________

2. Specialty Instructor courses

Training ___________________________________________
Teach popular courses
Benefit ____________________________________________

3. PADI TecRec courses

Training ___________________________________________
Expand knowledge and skill
Benefit ____________________________________________

4. Other dive-related or business courses

Training ___________________________________________
Help reach career goals
Benefit ____________________________________________

5. Discover Scuba Diving Leader

Training ___________________________________________
Introduce people to diving
Benefit ____________________________________________

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any questions I
answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand anything I may have
missed.

Signature _______________________________________________________________ Date_________________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

16 Chapter One form without the written permission of the publisher.
Knowledge Review Chapter 2
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. broad
As a divemaster, your role is generally to provide _________________________ planning that
other divers use to plan their individual buddy team dives within.

2. List three ways that wind can affect dive conditions.

Wind can cause upwelling that affects water
1. ____________________________________________________
Wind can cause upwelling that affects water temperature and visibility
2. ____________________________________________________
Wind can generate waves and surge
3. ____________________________________________________

3. slack high
The rule of thumb is that it is best to dive at _________________ tide, but this is a general rule.

4. List three broad considerations when planning dives for remote areas.
Cover broad logistics - air fills, sleeping arrangements, food, etc.
1. _______________________________________
Emergencies – more medical supplies, transport. etc.
2. _______________________________________
Self-sufficiency - communications, etc.
3. _______________________________________

5. The primary reason for having and using accounting procedures is to be sure every diver
returns from the dive. Incident reports indicate that problems with this usually result from
using an inaccurate accounting procedure.
divers refusing to participate in roll calls.
■ failure to use an accounting procedure at all.

6. List six characteristics of responsible diver behavior.

Plan dives within training/experience
1. _______________________________________ Check air frequently and end with reserve
4. ______________________________________
Properly equipped
2. _______________________________________ Stays well within no stop limits
5. ______________________________________
Maintains equipment and checks it
3. _______________________________________ Avoids contact with sensitive aquatic life
6. ______________________________________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Supervising Diving Activities 51
 7. What are four ways you can encourage responsible diver behavior?
Be a good role-model
1. _______________________________________ Make responsible behavior easy
3. ______________________________________
Remind about responsible behavior
2. _______________________________________ Reward responsible behavior
4. ______________________________________

8. behavior may help you assess for apprehension or stress

Paying attention to a diver’s ______________
related to the dive.

9. Signs and symptoms of psychological stress include (choose all that apply)
■ a. being uncharacteristically withdrawn.
■ b. talkativeness.
■ c. irritability.
■ d. distraction.
■ e. perceptual narrowing.

10. Before a dive along a wall that drops into extremely deep water, you notice a diver seems
preoccupied and withdrawn. You talk to the diver and learn the person doesn’t feel adequately
skilled with buoyancy control and fears descending out of control. Give an example of helping
this diver by removing the stressor.

Move the boat to a new dive site.

Guide the diver to a part of the site that is away from deep water.

Answers may vary.

11. List the four aspects of supervision in managing dives and identify what each consists of.
Planning - make/act on dive plan
1. _______________________________________ Vantage point - choose where to supervise
3. ______________________________________
Communication - inform divers
2. _______________________________________ Recognition – anticipate problems
4. ______________________________________

12. List eight types of equipment that can assist in supervising certified divers.
Clipboard and dive roster
1. _______________________________________ Rescue float or life ring
5. ______________________________________
Binoculars
2. _______________________________________ Marine radio or cellular phone
6. ______________________________________
Dive site map
3. _______________________________________ Tool kit and spare equipment
7. ______________________________________
Emergency oxygen and first aid kit
4. _______________________________________ Dive specific equipment
8. ______________________________________

52 Chapter Two
13. List two advantages and two disadvantages of inwater supervision.
Advantages
Close to divers
1. _______________________________________ Guide divers and point out aquatic life
2. ______________________________________

Disadvantages
Only watch one group
1. _______________________________________ Limits ability to explore independently
2. ______________________________________

14. List two advantages and two disadvantages of out of water supervision.
Advantages
Give buddies more individual options
Close to emergency-related equipment 2. ______________________________________
1. _______________________________________

Disadvantages
Can't remind divers of procedures
1. _______________________________________ Unable to show points of interest
2. ______________________________________

15. List the 10 points a dive briefing usually includes.

1. Dive site name 2. Site description 3. Your role
4. Entry & exit techniques 5. Dive procedures 6. Emergency procedures
7. Signal review 8. Roster/buddy check 9. Environmental orientation
10. Predive safety check

16. List three ways you can prepare to handle novel problems at a dive site.
Increase your knowledge, skill and experience
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Pay attention to steps required to deal with familiar and unfamiliar situations
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Gather physical resources
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________

17. It is important to include an environmental orientation in dive briefings because it helps

divers dive so that they minimize effects to the environment and familiarizes those with little
or no experience with the specifics of the environment.
■ True

False

18. To help divers interact responsibly with the environment, you should suggest that they:
(choose all that apply):
■ Dive carefully to protect the ecosystem.
■ Secure gauges or alternate air sources so they don’t drag and damage aquatic life.

Only touch or pick up creatures that seem docile.

■ Respect underwater life and be a role model for others.

Supervising Diving Activities 53

 experience
19. You develop good judgment through ________________. When making decisions that involve
doubt, or when making decisions in areas with which you have less experience, err on the
conservative
____________________ side.

20. You’re leading a group on a 12 metre/40 foot charter dive boat. The captain tells you that
water is rising slowly in the bilge. There’s no imminent danger, because the bilge pumps
are keeping up with it, but action is required. Following the problem-solving steps, you and
the captain examine below the decks and discover that a cooling hose leading outboard has
ruptured. What would you do next? Answers may vary.
Inventory resources.
Create several possible solutions.
Choose the best and devote energy to that solution.
Assess and revise solution as you go.

21. When managing an emergency situation, when delegating tasks one advantage you have as a
divemaster is that
you always have lots of Rescue Divers on hand.
your training lets you handle anything.
■ people expect you to take charge, and will do what you ask if they’re able.

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature _________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

54 Chapter Two form without the written permission of the publisher.
 Knowledge Review Chapter 3
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. logistics
As a PADI Divemaster assisting in training, your primary role is handling ______________ and
supervision
assisting with student diver _________________________.

2. Of the following, identify what your functions may include. (Choose all that apply.)
■ a. supervising the predive equipment distribution to student divers, post dive equipment
collection, and handling equipment difficulties.
■ b. supervising student divers not being immediately watched by the instructor.
■ c. handling logistics, such as coordinating student diver flow to keep things moving during
training.
■
d. conducting the tour for experience portion of dives.
■ e. providing the instructor with additional information about student diver performance.
■ f. checking divers in and out of the water at a training site.
■ g. helping student divers with learning difficulties on an individual basis.

3. Students may feel more comfortable confiding concerns and fears with you rather than the
instructor. Why?
a. They see you as being at the same level as they are.
b. Most instructors are not interested in concerns and fears.
■ c. You may seem like a member of the instructional team who is closer to their level.

4. On an open water training dive for PADI Open Water Diver students, the bottom is very silty
and easily stirred up. Of the student arrangements listed, which one would you probably pick
if the instructor asked you for a recommendation?
a. students in a line with you at one end and the instructor at the other; students rotate
position after each skill
b. students in a line with the instructor in the center and you centered above and behind the
line; students rotate position after each skill
■ c. students in a line with the instructor in the center and you centered above and behind the
line; the instructor goes from one student to the next for each skill

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Assisting With Student Divers 75
 5. Depending upon circumstances, if you must make direct contact with a student, holding the
BCD at the shoulder or low on the outside is a good general method.
■ True
False

6. Which of the following are duties normally expect of a PADI Divemaster when assisting with
PADI Open Water Diver students in training? (Choose all that apply.)
■ a. supervising the group while the instructor focuses on a single student
■ b. leading the group with the instructor taking up the rear, or vice versa
c. performing final skill mastery evaluations of students having skill learning difficulties
■ d. assisting with paperwork
■ e. enforcing facility safety rules
■ f. handling equipment and assisting students with it

7. Why would you demonstrate a skill? (Choose all that apply.)

a. when the instructor can’t do the skill well
■ b. when the skill requires two people (you’re the instructor’s buddy)
■ c. to redemonstrate while working with a student having learning difficulties

8. Watching role model demonstrations and videos can help you develop demonstration- quality
practice
skills, but there is no substitute for _________________________.

9. The 20 basic dive skills from the PADI Open Water Diver course and the four skills from
the PADI Skin Diver course are the only skills you need to be able to perform at the
demonstration quality level.
True
■ False

10. A student is having difficulty with regulator recovery and clearing. The instructor asks you to
assist the diver with learning the skill. What would your first step probably be in helping the
student?
■ a. redemonstrate the skill
b. have the student attempt the skill
c. point out what the student is doing wrong

76 Chapter Three
11. Specific requirements and obligations that apply to working with children may be found
a. in the Professional Membership Guide of the PADI Instructor Manual
b. in the Child Protection Guidelines for PADI Dive Centers and Resorts on Pro’s Site
■ c. Both a and b.

12. When helping a student, it is often best to let the student handle a problem to benefit from
learning, unless you must handle it for safety or logistical reasons.
■ True
False

13. When helping a student diver with a physical challenge accomplish a skill, focus on what the
can do
student _________________________.

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature ____________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Assisting With Student Divers 77
Knowledge Review Chapter 4
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. diver safety
The primary goal of risk management is _________________________.

2. Duty of care
_________________________ means that you are expected to act as a reasonably prudent
divemaster would act under the same or similar circumstances to help protect less
knowledgeable divers from harm. Most legal systems define failing to do this as
negligence
_________________________, which can lead to a lawsuit.

3. During a lawsuit, it is shown that divemaster Pat failed to properly use accounting procedures,
so the dive boat left with two divers still in the water. They were picked up several hours later,
but had mild hypothermia. The suit is seeking damages to compensate the two divers for the
costs of the medical care. The defense is able to show that Pat normally uses a very accurate
accounting procedure and intended to do so the day of the incident, but got distracted helping
another diver. In most legal systems, which statement likely reflects the bearing of this on the
case?
a. By demonstrating that Pat is normally a competent, responsible divemaster, the suit will
likely fail and Pat will win.
■ b. Demonstrating what Pat intended to do will not help much, if at all, because the court
primarily considers what actually happened.

4. Divemaster Carl does not exercise regularly to any significant degree, he does not eat a
reasonably balanced diet, and he routinely pushes his dive computer’s no stop limits. He
has not taken a diving course nor practiced or reviewed his dive skills in years. He may be
increasing, depending upon the situation, the risk to
a. himself.
b. his buddies.
c. the divers he supervises.
■ d. All of the above.

5. Diving can cause elevated physical stress that can strain the heart and cardiovascular system.
This can cause a heart attack, stroke or other heart/circulation-related event in predisposed
individuals.
■ True
False

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Diver Safety and Risk Management 97
 6. The first, and most important way you reduce risk by adhering to PADI Standards is that you
accident or incident in the first place.
reduce the risk of a(n) _________________________

7. Should an accident occur despite your best efforts, and you can demonstrate you were
following PADI Standards, you reduce your legal risk by showing that you acted credibly as a
professional and met that expected duty of care.
■ True
False

8. Local dive community and industry practices and regulations aren’t typically part of PADI
Standards,
■ a. but you should follow them conservatively as well as follow PADI Standards.
b. so you should disregard them.
c. and therefore have no legal merit.

9. The fact you were within PADI Standards alone is sufficient to defend your actions in the
event of a dive accident.
True
■ False

10. Divemaster Dawn is escorting several PADI Advanced Open Water Diver course students on
the AWARE, Fish Identification Adventure Dive. PADI Standards allow adult students to dive
as deep as 30 metres/100 feet on this dive, but there is a substantial thermocline and visibility
reduction at 12 metres/40 feet. Of the following choices, which is likely Dawn’s best decision
under these circumstances?
a. Allow the divers to go as deep as standards allow.
b. Cancel the dive entirely.
■ c. Limit the dive to 12 metres/40 feet and shallower.

intent
11. When applying a PADI Standard, consider the _________________________ of the standard and
judgment
then use good, conservative _________________________.

12. The PADI Member Code of Practice and the Youth Leader’s Commitment
a. are suggestions that you should usually follow.
■ b. are part of PADI Standards that all PADI Members must always follow.

98 Chapter Four
13. The first and most important role of paperwork is to inform divers and student divers about
the risks of diving, to confirm that they accept those risks, to confirm that they’re medically fit
to participate in diving and to remind them that it’s important to follow safe diving practices.
■ True
False

14. Enrolling in a PADI program, Lars checks “yes” to a condition listed on the medical history
form. At this point
■
a. Lars needs a physician’s approval before being eligible to dive.
b. the instructor or divemaster should ask Lars for more information to see if it is really a
problem.
c. Lars should have the option to complete a new medical form and indicate “no” if he
wants.
d. All of the above may be correct, depending upon circumstances.

15. At the scene of a dive accident in which she was involved, divemaster Alexandra is
cooperating with authorities to find out what happened. Based on her extensive experience
in diving, she tells them that the victim likely panicked and lost consciousness, though
she didn’t actually see it happen. What is the most likely result of Alexandra offering her
expertise?
a. Authorities will probably determine the accident’s cause more quickly.
■ b. The situation will get confused, because Alexandra’s opinion is not based on observed
facts.
c. It is not likely to help or hinder the investigation.

16. PADI Standards require you to report all PADI Standards violations that you personally
witness or hear about.
True
■ False

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature ____________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Diver Safety and Risk Management 99
Knowledge Review Chapter 5
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. To find standards that apply to all PADI programs, your primary reference is
_________________________ in the PADI Instructor Manual.
a. PADI’s Guide to Teaching
■ b. the General Standards and Procedures
c. the Discover Local Diving Program Guide
d. the PADI Skin Diver Course Guide

2. If you’re looking for tips, suggestions and reminders for organizing training sessions,
selecting dive sites, etc., you want to look in
■ a. PADI’s Guide to Teaching.
b. the General Standards and Procedures Guide of the PADI Instructor Manual.
c. individual program guides in the PADI Instructor Manual.
d. All of the above list tips, suggestions and reminders for organizing training sessions,
selecting dive sites, etc.

3. Participants in Scuba Review cover their knowledge development by reviewing their Open
Water Diver course materials, by completing Scuba Tune-up online or by completing the
Scuba Tune-up Guidebook
_________________________.

4. Discover Local Diving as part of Scuba Review.

If feasible, it is recommended you offer _________________________

5. The number of divers you can take on a Discover Local Diving tour is based on your judgment
regarding environmental conditions, logistics, diver training and experience levels, ages and
other similar factors.
■ True
False

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Divemaster Conducted Programs 117
 6. A couple tells you that they want to explore the underwater world, but that they don’t want
to deal with scuba gear. They have a 9 year old daughter whom they want to participate with
them. You would probably recommend
a. Discover Scuba Diving.
b. Discover Local Diving.
■ c. the PADI Skin Diver Course.
d. Scuba Review.

7. After which of the following would you complete the PIC process for successful participants?
a. Discover Scuba Diving
b. Discover Local Diving
■ c. the PADI Skin Diver Course
d. Scuba Review

8. As a PADI Divemaster who has completed the DSD Internship, you can take Discover Scuba
Diving participants on their first open water dive.
True
■ False

9. As a PADI Divemaster who is assisting an instructor with a Discover Scuba Diving experience
or as a DSD Leader, you must position yourself so you can make immediate contact or render
immediate assistance for participants at all times, and only look away from them briefly as
needed to lead the dive.
■ True
False

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature _________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

118 Chapter Five form without the written permission of the publisher.
Knowledge Review Chapter 6
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. You and your buddy are planning to map a dive site that is 100 metres/330 feet by 100
metres/330 feet. You need a useable map that has reasonable accuracy, but the map will be
used for dive briefings, not archaeology or anything scientific. What measurement method(s)
would be appropriate?
a. arm spans
■ b. timed swim
c. measured tape or line
■ d. kick cycles

2. Which of the following patterns would generally be the preferred pattern for mapping?
a. circular pattern
■ b. U-pattern
c. semicircular pattern
d. random path pattern

3. You have to anchor a float that will be used by Open Water Diver students on their first dive.
You find a very small sand patch right next to a beautiful coral stand. Which statement mostly
likely represents what you would do:
a. You would anchor the float in the coral.
b. You would anchor the float in the sand patch.
■ c. You would look for a better place to anchor the float.
d. You would tie the float to the coral.

4. Identify the statement that is not true regarding towing a float or DSMB.
a. Keep tension on the line to reduce the risk of entanglement.
■ b. Clip the line to your gear to keep your hands free.
c. Be cautious that the line does not harm aquatic life.
d. Pull down on the line to make a DSMB stand in the water.

5. The goal with any search pattern is to cover the search area as quickly as possible without
gaps
leaving _________________________.

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Specialized Skills and Activities 155
 6. Identify the characteristics of an expanding square search pattern.
■ a. well suited to looking for something lost in the immediate area
b. best choice for finding a small object in a large area
■ c. requires no special equipment
d. difficult to apply over obstructed bottom
e. use to search a large area for a medium to large object
f. requires a line and reel

7. Identify the characteristics of a circular or semicircular search pattern.

a. well suited to looking for something lost in the immediate area
b. best choice for finding a small object in a large area
c. requires no special equipment
■ d. difficult to apply over obstructed bottom
e. use to search a large area for a medium to large object
■ f. requires a line and reel

8. Identify the characteristics of a U-pattern search.

a. well suited to looking for something lost in the immediate area
b. best choice for finding a small object in a large area
c. requires no special equipment
d. difficult to apply over obstructed bottom
■ e. use to search a large area for a medium to large object
f. requires a line and reel

9. Identify the characteristics of a jackstay search pattern.

a. well suited to looking for something lost in the immediate area
■ b. best choice for finding a small object in a large area
c. requires no special equipment
d. difficult to apply over obstructed bottom
e. use to search a large area for a medium to large object
f. requires a line and reel

10. You’re ascending with a lift bag and it starts to runaway from you. You should ______________
let it go
__________________________________.

156 Chapter Six

11. A team of recreational divers wants you to supervise a dive to 24 metres/80 feet to map a
wreck’s wheelhouse, photograph the telegraph, locate a moray eel known to live there and
photograph the eel. Which of the following would probably be the most appropriate response?
a. Agree, but tell the divers to leave the eel alone.
■
b. Agree, but tell the divers they need to pick one or at most two, of those objectives.
c. Decline, no explanation.
d. Decline, but explain that when they’re all tec divers, you’ll reconsider.

12. When feasible, when deep diving it is good to practice to have spare weights and a spare
cylinder with regulator hanging at 5 metres/15 feet.
■ True
False

13. If divers appear uncomfortable while leading a deep dive underwater, at many dive sites an
appropriate action is to
a. share air for easier breathing.
b. take them deeper so they enjoy the experience more.
c. ascend rapidly.
■ d. lead the group to a shallower level and continue the dive.

14. One reason for altitude diving procedures is that most decompression models were developed
sea level
for use at _________________________.

15. It is common for groups of inexperienced drift divers to ascend as a group, whereas
experienced drift divers commonly ascend as individual buddy teams.
■ True
False

16. When surf diving, divers should move slowly through the surf zone so they remain stable and
sure-footed.
True
■ False

1
17. The minimum number of lights per diver on a night dive is _________________________,
2
though the recommended number is at least _________________________.

Specialized Skills and Activities 157

 18. Symptoms of hypothermia include (choose all that apply)
■
a. uncontrollable shivering.
■ b. loss of dexterity in fingers.
■ c. impaired mental processes.
d. skin itch.

19. In cold water diving, sufficient time should be planned between dives so divers can
rewarm
_________________________.

20. It is acceptable for EANx divers to use any EANx cylinder available.
True
■ False

21. Tec divers usually need you to set up their gear for them and remind them how to kit up.
True
■ False

22. Do not touch a tec diver’s gear unless asked to do so by the diver.
■ True
False

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature _________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

158 Chapter Six form without the written permission of the publisher.
Knowledge Review Chapter 7
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. Two divers come into the PADI Dive Center or Resort with which you’re affiliated as part
of the instructional staff, but not as an actual sales person. The divers ask you for guidance
in selecting dive computers. Assuming it doesn’t conflict with the store’s policies, your best
response is probably to
a. politely decline and suggest the divers speak with a salesperson.
b. agree because you have the best computer made and the store doesn’t stock it.
■
c. help the divers choose the computer that has the features and benefits they want.

2. The four Es of diving are

Equipment
1. _______________________________________
Education
2. _______________________________________
Experience
3. _______________________________________
Environment
4. _______________________________________

3. A diver asks for a wet suit with thigh pockets because they are ideal for storing slates and
other accessories the person uses during tec dives and photography. The dive center has a
single suit in stock with thigh pockets that the customer could probably make work, but you
know that next week a shipment is due that has wet suits exactly like the diver has described.
Following a customer-centric business philosophy while supporting the dive center’s business
needs, your best option is probably to
a. say nothing about the suits coming in and sell the diver the suit you have in stock.
b. tell the diver to come back next week because there will be more suits to choose from.
■ c. explain that the suits due next week sound exactly right and encourage the diver to put
down a refundable deposit on one.
d. ask the store manager what to do.

4. Customers choose to do business with you over the long term when they know you have their
best interests
_________________________ in mind.

5. PADI Instructors
There are more opportunities for_________________________ than for any other professional
in the dive industry.

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. The Business of Diving and Your Career 171
 6. Which of the following skills/qualifications are likely to make you more valuable in the dive
industry? (Choose all that apply.)
■ licensed boat captain
■ web/media production
■
retail sales training
■
compressor repair
■ scuba equipment technician

7. If you forget to renew your PADI Membership

■ a. you are no longer qualified as a certified assistant for PADI programs.
b. you may assist, but you aren’t authorized to conduct PADI Divemaster-conducted pro-
grams.
c. you may assist, but do not have access to any other PADI benefits.
d. nothing happens because renewal is only required at the PADI Instructor level.

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature ____________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

172 Chapter Seven form without the written permission of the publisher.
Knowledge Review Chapter 8
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. Being knowledgeable about the biological and physical properties of the underwater world
is important because it helps you with dive planning. It’s also important because divers are
curious
_________________________ about the organisms they’ve seen and discovered and expect you
to be reasonably knowledgeable about the local aquatic habitat.

2. Project AWARE
You can learn a great deal about the underwater environment in the ________________________
Specialty Diver courses, as well as the PADI Underwater Naturalist course.

3. Diving in an environmentally responsible manner is important so you role-model this

behavior. It’s also important because
a. divers are a significant threat to the underwater environment.
b. anything else is actually unsafe.
c. your buddy probably will not do so.
■ d. it’s part of the credibility needed to be environmental ambassadors.

4. 71
Water covers approximately _________________________ percent of the Earth’s surface.

5. hydrologic cycle
The “oceans” are actually one big connected ocean. Beyond this, the ________________________
is thought to ultimately connect all water on Earth.

6. heat distribution
The ocean provides oxygen and _________________________, both of which are vital to life on
Earth.

7. Phytoplankton
_________________________ are the base of the marine food chain.

8. Many scientists think the coral reef is the most diverse ecosystem on Earth.
■
True
False

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Awareness of the Dive Environment 199
 9. Because they are highly productive, coral reefs require water that is high in nutrients.
True
■ False

Mangrove
10. _____________________ forests are important to the survival of adjacent coral reef ecosystems.

11. To support sustainable fisheries, be an educated consumer who only buys sustainable,
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
managed species and support the establishment of _________________________

12. Heat can be a pollutant.

■ True
False

13. Efforts to counter alien (invasive) species are very effective, especially the practice of
introducing alien (invasive) counter species that act as predators.
True
■ False

14. A good rule of thumb is that if you don’t recognize an aquatic organism you should
a. kill it.
b. end the dive.
c. notify the local environmental authorities.
■ d. None of the above.

15. Currents that affect divers are most commonly caused by the Earth’s rotation, waves, tides and
wind
_________________________.

16. Generally, the recommendation when diving in a current is to swim ________________________

the current at the start of the dive.
■ a. into
b. with
c. perpendicular to
d. away from

Drift
17. _______________________ diving is a common practice where strong, unabated currents exist.

200 Chapter Eight

 wind
18. Most upwellings and downwellings result from the _________________________.

19. Depending upon how they affect conditions, dive planning may need to account for the tides
and tidal currents, or the tides may have so little effect that you don’t need to consider them.
■
True
False

1.3
20. A wave breaks in water that is _________________________ times its height.

wind
21. The most common disturbing force that causes waves is _________________________, though
passing vessels can also cause waves large enough to topple divers and equipment on a nearby
dive boat.

22. Waves can affect divers by

a. requiring the use of surf diving procedures.
b. making it difficult to stand on a boat deck.
c. causing seasickness.
■ d. All of the above.

23. The Project AWARE Foundation is a government-funded international organization that

involves divers and water enthusiasts in projects, activities and efforts that protect and
conserve underwater environments.
True
■ False

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature ____________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Awareness of the Dive Environment 201

Knowledge Review Chapter 9
Complete this review to be turned in to your instructor.

1. Water absorbs more heat than air does because it is denser, and because
a. it is thinner.
■ b. water molecules form weak bonds between themselves.
c. water transmits light well.
d. None of the above.

2. The tendency for water to cool you because water in contact with your skin warms, becomes
less dense and rises, being replaced by cooler water, is called
a. elasticity.
b. conduction.
■ c. convection.
d. induction.

3. Eventually, you chill even with an exposure suit on, unless you have on very heavy exposure
in relatively warm water.
■ True
False

4. When light passes from one material to another, such as from water into air, it changes
speed
_________________________ , which causes it to alter direction slightly.

5. Loosely, we say that sound travels faster through water than in air because water is denser
elasticity
than air. But, more precisely, it is because water has more _________________________ than air
does.

6. At the surface at sea level, the absolute pressure is

a. 0 bar/0 ata
■ b. 1 bar/1 ata
c. 2 bar/2 ata
d. None of the above.

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

form without the written permission of the publisher. Dive Theory Review 269
 7. At the surface at sea level, the ambient pressure is
a. 0 bar/0 ata
■ b. 1 bar/1 ata
c. 2 bar/2 ata
d. None of the above.

8. If you take a volume of air in a flexible container from 0 metres/feet to 10 metres/33 feet in
seawater, the volume will be _________________________ what it was at the surface.
a. 33 times
b. 10 times
c. 2 times
■ d. one half

9. To lift an object in 20 metres/66 feet of seawater, you must fill an open bottomed lift bag
halfway full of air. Assuming you don’t vent air from a valve on the way up, will expanding
air start bubbling out the bottom of the bag before you reach the surface?
■ Yes
No
There’s not enough information to answer the question.

30
10. If a given cylinder of air lasts 20 minutes at 20 metres/66 feet, it will last ________ minutes at 10
metres/33 feet, all else being the same.

11. One method of increasing your buoyancy is by increasing your displacement. How would you
do this?
a. by dropping your weights
■ b. by inflating your BCD
c. by both dropping your weights and inflating your BCD
d. None of the above.

12. A PADI Enriched Air Diver is planning a dive to 10 metres/33 feet using EANx32. The diver
.64 bar/ata.
would calculate oxygen exposure based on a PO2 of _______

13. When gas in contact with a liquid has dissolved into the liquid to the point of equilibrium, no
more gas can go into solution. This is called
a. supersaturation.
■ b. saturation.
c. desaturation.
d. M-value.

270 Chapter Nine

 Arteries
14. _________________________ are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
_________________________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

dead air
15. Long, slow deep breathing helps avoid concerns related to _________________________ spaces.

16. Excessive hyperventilation prior to a breathhold dive risks shallow water blackout, which is
caused by significantly depleting body carbon dioxide and excessively delaying the urge to
breathe.
■ True
False

17. The primary way to avoid CNS oxygen toxicity is to stay within the time-exposure limits of the
“CNS clock.”
True
■ False

18. A patient who has recovered from near drowning feels fine, seems perfectly recovered and
asks to go home. What would you recommend?
a. No problem, drive safely.
b. Go home, but stay near the telephone and call a doctor if you feel ill.
c. Go home, but keep breathing oxygen for at least four hours.
■ d. Don’t go home; medical examination and care are still necessary.

19. A buddy team is planning a dive to 40 metres/130 feet and tells you that nitrogen narcosis
won’t be a concern because they’re using EANx28. Is their thinking valid?
Yes
■
No

20. Dissolved gases in the tissues exert pressure, even though they’re in solution.
■ True
False

21. A diver surfaces and shortly after gearing down, begins to complain about pain in the right
elbow and shoulder. Although you’re not a doctor and there’s no need to diagnosis to provide
first aid for suspected DCI, the specific type of DCI is probably
a. AGE.
■ b. Type I DCS.
c. Type II DCS.
d. subcutaneous emphysema.

Dive Theory Review 271

 22. Do physiologists think strenuous exercise makes you more or less at risk of DCS?
a. More at risk.
b. Less at risk.
■ c. More immediately before or after a dive, but less several hours before.
d. There are no data to answer this question.

23. A diver in a dry suit in very hot weather is delayed entering the water. The diver was sweating
profusely, but now is not sweating. The diver’s skin is hot and flushed, and the diver has a
strong, rapid pulse. You would suspect
■ a. heat stroke.
b. heat exhaustion.
c. hypothermia.
d. overexertion.

24. When severe, life-threatening hypothermia sets in, the victim often stops shivering, feels
warm and becomes drowsy.
■ True
False

25. What is the serious ear injury that can result from a long, forceful equalization?
a. middle ear squeeze
■ b. round window rupture
c. reverse squeeze
d. pneumothorax

26. Arterial gas embolism is an injury characterized by air overexpanding in the lungs and
■ a. entering the arterial bloodstream.
b. collapsing a lung.
c. accumulating in the center of the chest.
d. accumulating under the skin at the base of the neck.

27. Mediastinal emphysema is an injury characterized by air overexpanding in the lungs and
a. entering the arterial bloodstream.
b. collapsing a lung.
■ c. accumulating in the center of the chest.
d. accumulating under the skin at the base of the neck.

140 percent of a cylinder’s working pressure.

28. A burst disk will burst at approximately _______

272 Chapter Nine

29. A hydrostatic test checks for metal fatigue by comparing cylinder _________________________
before and after filling it to test pressure.
■ a. displacement
b. color
c. weight
d. buoyancy

30. During a predive safety check, a diver’s SPG needle swings to almost zero then, rises back to
full pressure, with each test breath. You would suspect
a. the SPG is near failure.
b. the regulator is out of tune.
c. the cylinder needs to be filled.
■ d. the valve is only partially open.

servicing
31. If a regulator freeflow persists, the regulator requires _________________________ .

32. A mechanical SPG has a curved tube in it that flexes when pressure is put into it. The degree of
flex is what moves the SPG needle.
■ True
False

33. The first step in dive computer use is to read the instructions for use manual.
■ True
False

34. The dive community guideline is that standard regulators, BCDs, SPGs and alternate
40 percent oxygen, though
air sources may be used with EANx blends with up to ______
manufacturer guidelines and local regulations should be followed.

35. A diver’s computer fails between dives, and the person has not been diving with a backup.
The recorded depth and time limits are outside table limits. What should the diver do?
a. Rent or borrow a computer and continue diving.
■ b. Discontinue diving for 12 to 24 hours before resuming with another computer.

36. To account for the fact that the body doesn’t absorb and release inert gas on a single time scale,
tissues
Haldanean models have theoretical _________________________ , also called “compartments.”

halftime
37. Each compartment in a Haldanean model is assigned and named for a _____________________,
which represents how fast it absorbs and releases inert gas.
Dive Theory Review 273
 38. The “fast” tissues have ____ M-values compared to “slow” tissues.
■ a. higher
b. lower
c. either higher or lower

39. Dr. Raymond Rogers created the RDP for

■
a. recreational divers.
b. special forces.
c. Commercial divers.
d. All of the above.

40. The RDP concepts were tested with more than 1000 individual hyperbaric and inwater dives.
These included multilevel and repetitive dives.
■ True
False

41. Dive computers offer divers considerably more no stop dive time than do tables because
computers use decompression models that differ substantially in their validity and reliability.
True
■ False

Candidate Statement: I’ve completed this Knowledge Review to the best of my ability and any ques-
tions I answered incorrectly or incompletely I’ve had explained to me, and I now understand any-
thing I may have missed.

Signature ____________________________________________________________ Date _______________

Knowledge Reviews may not be reproduced in any

274 Chapter Nine form without the written permission of the publisher.